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Full implementation of phylogenetic classifications remains pending, particularly to delimit infrageneric divisions of large genera. Mimosa, one of the largest genera of Fabaceae, includes five sections and 41 series, most of which are not monophyletic. Here we investigated the phylogenetic relationship among species of Mimosa series Pachycarpae and Setosae, two diverse series from the Brazilian Cerrado (savanna) Domain. We analysed morphological and molecular data for a wide taxonomic sample in a total-evidence approach. Our results show the non-monophyly of these series is more problematic than previously realized and extends to M. series Piresianae. Nonetheless, most taxa of M. series Pachycarpae and Setosae fall in a clade, which has an enlarged underground organ as one of its synapomorphies and an important functional trait underlying adaptation to fire in the Cerrado Domain. On the basis of these results, and after transferring some species to M. series Piresianae, we synonymize M. series Setosae under M. series Pachycarpae. These updates are a first step towards aligning the infrageneric classification of Mimosa with the tenets of phylogenetic systematics.

In this paper, an adaptive protection system applied to distribution electric power systems (EPS) which include distributed generation and active network management (ANM) is proposed. Obtained results provide also coordination and selectivity for all analyzed scenarios, as the possibility to use proposed adaptive protection methodology to indicate the deactivated directional function. Traditional adjustments do not provide an accurate coordination system. Modern techniques of control and operation in EPS have been extremely important to the development of solutions to old EPS problems, like loss of coordination and selectivity in protection systems after topological or operational modifications. Methodologies able to keep all protection devices coordinated after network modifications, provoked by ANM system, are actual and relevant. The benefits of the coupled actuation of these techniques made more evident when small generators have been connected to the power grid, a fact that improves a high level difficult to determine power protection parameters based on overcurrent relays. The obtained results indicate for reductions of up to 45% of the improper operations of protection system when compared to the traditional protection systems.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T15:13:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 The high seed yield and optimum harvesting of short-height castor (Ricinus communis L.) genotypes have enabled its large-scale cultivation and introduction in the Brazilian cropping systems. Thus, studies to optimize plant density are essential to adequate plant population since this is the key management to influence castor biomass and seed production. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of plant density by altering plant arrangement (i.e., spacing between and within rows) on growth, biomass production and partitioning, and seed yield of a castor cultivar in fall–winter cropping season. Field experiments were conducted over two seasons in southeastern Brazil. Two close-spaced (0.45 × 0.23 m and 0.45 × 0.44 m) and a traditional (0.90 × 0.44 m) plant arrangements were tested. Plant arrangements influenced plant growth, biomass production and partitioning, and seed yield. Compared to the traditional layout, close-spaced plant arrangements resulted in thinner basal stems and lower leaf area per plant, but increased leaf area index. The plant arrangement with higher plant density increased per-unit area production of stem plus leaf biomass (43–48%), which also resulted in increased (24%) seed yield, compared to traditional layout. Although a greater amount of biomass was partitioned to reproductive organs in close-spaced plant arrangements, this allocation was not enough to influence the harvest index. Therefore, the adaptive performance of short-height castor adjusting biomass partitioning to maximize stem plus leaf biomass production and seed yield at close-spaced plant arrangement demonstrated this to be a suitable option to cultivate in the Brazilian fall–winter season. Dep. of Crop Science College of Agricultural Sciences São Paulo State Univ. (UNESP), São Paulo ICL América do Sul, São Paulo Dep. of Soil Water and Climate Univ. of Minnesota Dep. of Crop Science College of Agricultural Sciences São Paulo State Univ. (UNESP), São Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:41:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 Crop nitrogen (N) status monitoring is required as a decision-making tool to optimize N management of current potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.). Field experiments were conducted to assess the leaf N concentration (LNC) as a diagnostic tool of the N status of potatoes grown in tropical environments of southeastern Brazil. Treatments consisted of two cultivars (Agata and Electra) and five N managements, which varied in rates (0–320 kg N ha−1) and application timings. The LNC was monitored in the most recently matured leaves from 10 to 59 days after emergence (DAE). Total dry matter (DM) biomass and N uptake at vine killing (~ 85 DAE) and fresh tuber yield were also measured. High variation was observed in total DM biomass (3.53–9.75 Mg ha−1), N uptake (41–224 kg ha−1), and tuber yield (14–61 Mg ha−1), with most of the variations ascribed to N management (60–90%). High variation in LNC (68.0–30.8 g kg−1) was attributed to N management and leaf sampling date. Relative tuber yields were positively related to the LNC values across the potato cycle. The threshold value of LNC to reach 95% of maximum tuber yield linearly decreased from 17 to 59 DAE (i.e., from 283 to 999 cumulative growing degree days after emergence) in both potato cultivars. The reference values of LNC to ensure N sufficiency varied from 63.8 g kg−1 (17 DAE) to 52.6 g kg−1 (59 DAE). These outcomes can guide growers to adjust the supply of N according to potato N requirements up to mid-season, preventing the application of excess N fertilizer. Department of Crop Science College of Agricultural Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Universitária, 3780, SP Center of Tropical Roots and Starches São Paulo State University (UNESP), SP Institute of Plant Production and Protection Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja Department of Soil Water and Climate University of Minnesota Rural Development Institute of Paraná - IAPAR-EMATER (IDR-Paraná), PR Department of Crop Science College of Agricultural Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Universitária, 3780, SP Center of Tropical Roots and Starches São Paulo State University (UNESP), SP

Study question Is the high-intensity interval training (HIIT) able to prevent the increase of the inflammatory proteins in the testis of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)? Summary answer HIIT for 8 weeks inhibits the increase of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and the interleukin 6 (IL6) in the testis of SHR. What is known already Hypertension increases the inflammatory cytokines of the cardiovascular system, causing damage in the microcirculation and in the testes. Hypertension is a cause of low fertility in men and exercises are indicated to decrease blood pressure and improve overall health. HIIT is characterized by short periods of exercise, with an intensity equal to or greater than the anaerobic threshold, separated by recovery periods. HIIT can be indicated for cardiac patients, as this type of training improves the cardiac autonomic nervous system and lipemic control in both hypertensive and normotensive individuals. Study design, size, duration Male Wistar-Kyoto rats without hypertension and SHRs were divided into 3 groups (n = 4): WKY (Wistar-Kyoto); SHR; and SHR-HIIT (SHRs that performed HIIT). The HIIT was realized in treadmill for 5 days/week for 8 weeks. HIIT started with 5 times of 4 minutes of 100% of the maximum exhaust speed, with active rest intervals of 3 minutes at 60%. There was an increase of once every week until reaching 7 times each session. Participants/materials, setting, methods Samples from testicles were used for immunostainig IL6 and TNFα. After the blocking, the sections were subjected to reaction of specific antibodies IL6 (1:50, E–4, sc–28343) and TNFα (1:50, 52B83, sc–257) at 4ºC overnight, and with secondary antibodies m-IgGK (1:200, IgG-HRP, sc–516) at room temperature for 2 hours. Diaminobenzidine (1:50) was used against Harris stained with Hematoxylin and evaluated in the photomicroscope. Data were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey post test (P Main results and the role of chance The immunostainig of IL6 was higher in SHR (10.23 ± 0.47) than in SHR-HIIT (8.69 ± .44) group (P = 0,0237). From the same perspective, immunoexpression of TNFα was higher in SHR (10.10 ± 0.42) than WKY (8.24 ± 0.24) and SHR-HIIT (7.82 ± 0.39) groups (P = 0.0018). Limitations, reasons for caution As a limitation of the study, we have no measurement of fertility parameters to affirm that the HIIT improve the fertility because of the reduction of inflammatory mediators. Wider implications of the findings: The hypertension drugs have a negative effect on fertility. HIIT can be suggested as a treatment for hypertension as an alternative to medication, since HIIT can inhibit the increase of the inflammatory mediators in testis and its consequences to the reproduction. Financial support by São Paulo Research foundation, FAPESP (2018/22682–0). Trial registration number 2018/22682–0

Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne viruses that can cause fever, rash, arthralgias, and encephalitis. The mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the most frequent transmitters of alphaviruses. There are no effective vaccines or specific antivirals available for the treatment of alphavirus-related infections. Interestingly, changes in ion concentration in host cells have been characterized as critical regulators of the alphavirus life cycle, including fusion with the host cell, glycoprotein trafficking, genome translation, and viral budding. Cardiac glycosides, which are classical inhibitors of the Na+ K+ ATPase (NKA), can inhibit alphavirus replication although their mechanisms of action are poorly understood. Nonetheless, results from multiple studies suggest that inhibition of NKA may be a suitable strategy for the development of alphavirus-specific antiviral treatments. This review is aimed at exploring the role of changes in ion concentration during alphavirus replication and at considering the possibility of NKA as a potential therapeutic target for antiviral drugs.

Recently a large number of small units of electric generation are being installed in the electric power distribution system in Brazil, due to the governmental investments on renewable energy. Modifications in the settings of the protection system may be caused by the high penetration of distributed generation (DG) in the electric system and parameterize the protection system for this new setting is necessary. However, this task is being made with much difficulty in many companies which use the conventional methods. In this paper, an adaptive protection scheme is proposed to determine instantaneous overcurrent relay setting. Frequency estimation was used to determine load and power supply changes in a real Brazilian system, and these modifications on the system were used to the adaptive protection block to determine the update on relays settings. The application of frequency estimation methods to adaptive overcurrent protection presented good results and improvements on the protection of the electric system

Models are important tools to analyse performance of the components of power electric system (PES). Some researchers have been proposing relay models for a lot of analysis on the PES. However, when adaptive protection is analysed, there is not a defined model on technical literature. In this paper, a complete model for an adaptive instantaneous overcurrent relay is shown. Proposed relay allows protective settings will be send to it and update with a short time delay. Streszczenie. Przy analizie systemow energetycznych czesto jest uzywany model przekaźnika. Tak nie jest w przypadku systemow adaptacyjnych. W artykule zaproponowano przetezeniowy model przekaźnika do analizy systemow adaptacyjnych. Model umozliwia ustawianie zabezpieczen z bardzo malymi opoźnieniami. Przetezeniowy przekaźnikowy model sieci energetycznych z adaptacyjnymi zabezpieczeniami.

This paper proposes a metaheuristic optimization method based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) that can be conveniently used to determine launch power profiles of elastic optical channels subject to nonlinear physical impairments. The method focuses on optimizing the overall OSNR margin of heterogeneous connections in a single-link network. The evolutionary method is contrasted to an analytical process widely used for WDM channels and shows a disruptive behavior to what is expected as well as a relevant gain in terms of additional propagated spans when applied to flexible-grid links.

In Elastic Optical Networks (EON), the problem of routing and spectrum Allocation (RSA) has been solved along the years through the use of optimization techniques or heuristics, with the aim of minimizing the use of network resources or maximizing the capacity for future requests. The effects of the physical layer in the RSA problem are of fundamental importance given that there is a distance limitation with the required bit rate and modulation format used to transmit the signal. On considering the linear and non-linear noise effects, it is possible to include quality of transmission (QoT) in the optimization process. In this paper, we propose a modification to a traditional heuristic for the RSA problem in Elastic Optical networks to consider both effects of the physical layer. The proposed modification takes into account the channel input power and SNR Margin to choose all modulation formats and to assign resources. The main goal is to increase the spectral efficiency and throughput of the channels by mitigating blockages in the physical layer. Simulations were performed for various topologies, and the results suggest advantages in terms of number of blocked channels and spectrum usage of the new proposal in relation to the traditional BSR heuristics.

With increasing of distributed generation (DG) and smart grid applications, power protection system (PPS) have been passing for several challenges. Traditional relay coordination presents a relevant difficult to operate with DG plants. Modifications on short-circuits levels and current directionality may include miscoordinations on PPS. An alternative of traditional relay system is adaptive protective system (APS). APS provides an automatic update of relay setting ever when power grid have a modification. A large number of method may be used to identify these modification. In this paper a frequency estimation method was used to identify grid modification and flag to APS methods. To evaluate proposed method, a real Brazilian distribution system was used considering that only instantaneous overcurrent relay compose PPS. Obtainer results shown a efficacy on grid topology identification and same modification among obtained relay settings using APS architecture.

BACKGROUND: Immunological and virological status of HIV-infected individuals entering the Brazilian public system over time was analyzed. We evaluated the impact of ART on virological immunological and antiretroviral resistance over time. METHODS: CD4+ T cell counts viral loads and genotypes from patients over 13 years old from 2001-2011 were analyzed according to demographic data. We compared groups using parametric t-tests and linear regression analysis in the R statistical software language. RESULTS: Mean baseline CD4+ T cell counts varied from 348 (2003) to 389 (2009) and was higher among women (p = 1.1 x 10(-8)) lower in older patients (p< 1 x 10(-8)) and lower in less developed regions (p = 1.864 x 10(-5)). Percentage of treated patients with undetectable viral loads increased linearly from 46% (2001) to 77% (2011) was lower among women (p = 2.851 x 10(-6)) younger ages (p = 1 x 10(-3)) and in less developed regions (p = 1.782 x 10(-4)). NRTI acquired resistance was 86% in 2001-3 and decreased over time. NNRTI resistance increased from 2001-3(50%) to 2006-9 (60%) PI resistance decreased from 2001-3 (60%) to 2009 (40%) and 3-class resistance was stable over time around 25%. Subtype prevalence comprised B (75.3%) B/F recombinants (12.2%) C (5.7%) F (5.3%) and B/C recombinants (1.5%) with regional variations. Three-class resistance was 26.5% among Bs 22.4% among Fs and 17.2% among Cs. CONCLUSIONS: HIV diagnosis occurs late especially among elderly Brazilians. Younger individuals need special attention due to poor virological response to treatment. Antiretroviral Resistance profile is subtype related.

Objective: to present the case of a girl who was previously healthy but had fatal evolution due to Coxsackie B2 viral meningoencephalitis. Methods: the authors describe the case of a female child with fatal meningoencephalitis caused by Coxsackie B2 virus and present a review of the literature (Medline and Lilacs). Results: the girl was eight years old when she presented meningoencephalitis with bad evolution, leading to death on the 32nd day of internation. The exams showed positive serologic reaction to Coxsackie B2. The virus taken from two stool samples was isolated. The CRF exam showed an increase four times higher on Coxsackie B2 titulation. Conclusion: the death of healthy patients with enteroviral encephalitis, as described here, is rarely dealt with in the medical literature, perhaps because of lack of clinic suspicion. This case tries to drive attention to the importance of an early etiologic diagnosis in the meningoencephalities and the search for specific etiological treatment.

Surveillance for Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) infection in children up to 15 years of age was carried out in Brazil, from 1988 to 1990. Patients with acute neurological diseases (AND) such as flaccid paralysis, Bell's palsy, acute cerebellar ataxia and Guillain-Barré syndrome were included in the study. EV-71 infection was detected in 24 of 426 children (5.6%) with AND. EV-71 infection was confirmed only by virus isolation in 13 children, by virus isolation and seroconversion in 4, and by seroconversion alone in 7. EV-71 was also isolated from 15 of the 427 household contacts (3.5%) of 165 AND patients. There was some evidence of high infectivity of EV-71: household clusters were detected in the case of 7 of 24 children (29.1%) infected with EV-71 and manifesting AND; EV-71 was isolated from 11/40 household contacts (27.5%) of the infected patients but from only 4/387 household contacts (1.0%) of children in whom it was not possible to demonstrate EV-71 infection. Seven of the 24 children infected with EV-71 exhibited residual motor deficiency when examined 6 months after the disease onset. The relevance of these results for the Plan for Global Eradication of Wild Poliovirus is discussed, as well as the need to increase knowledge about the behaviour of this virus and its possible association with AND.

Thermal spraying covers a range of spraying processes in which any metallic, ceramic or polymer-based material can be sprayed onto a substrate to be protected. This flexibility of thermal spraying makes the technology extremely successful in different engineering applications. Protection of the metallic components by hard oxide or ceramic-metallic coatings has proven to be an effective way to reduce wear and corrosion. Polymer coatings are increasing in importance as protection against corrosion and wear for several environmental conditions. Polymeric materials typically exhibit a low shear strength and low elastic modulus that make them viable for use under tribological conditions. Thermally sprayed polymers have the potential both to lower material costs and improve coating performance in drastic environments. In this work, a comparative study is carried out to evaluate the performance of some thermoplastic and hydrocarbon derived polymers deposited onto steel by thermal spray technology. Several tests were performed to evaluate the obtained coatings mainly related to tribological performance.

To evaluate the effectiveness of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate gel and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis.One hundred and eighty dentine tubes prepared from intact freshly extracted bovine maxillary central incisors were infected in vitro for 7 days with E. faecalis. The specimens were divided into four groups, according to the intracanal medicament used, as follows: Group 1: 2% chlorhexidine gluconate gel; Group 2: calcium hydroxide in a viscous vehicle (polyethyleneglycol 400); Group 3: 2% chlorhexidine gluconate gel + calcium hydroxide and Group 4: Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth (control group). The medicaments were placed into the canal lumen and left there for experimental times of 1, 2, 7, 15 and 30 days. After each period, irrigation with sterile saline to remove the medicament was performed and the canals were dried with sterile paper points. Dentine chips were removed from the canals with sequential sterile round burs at low speed. The samples obtained with each bur were immediately collected in separate test tubes containing BHI broth. The tubes were incubated at 37 degrees C and daily observed for microbial growth, visualized by the medium turbidity.Chlorhexidine gel alone completely inhibited the growth of E. faecalis after 1, 2, 7 and 15 days. Calcium hydroxide allowed microbial growth at all experimental times. The combination of chlorhexidine and Ca(OH)2 was effective after 1 and 2 days demonstrating 100% antibacterial action; however, its antibacterial activity reduced between 7 and 15 days.Under the conditions of this study, it can be concluded that 2% chlorhexidine gel alone was more effective against E. faecalis than calcium hydroxide (P0.05). However, its antibacterial activity depended on how long it remained inside the root canal.

An epidemic of exanthematic illness in a day care center is described. Ten children aged 7 to 13 months were affected by the illness. The exanthem was characterized by nonconfluent macular or maculopapular lesions that appeared on the face, body and limbs. Fifty percent of the infected children had fever of up to 39ºC at the beginning of the disease. Coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) was isolated from the stool of one ill child. Paired serum samples were obtained from eight ill children and six of them presented seroconversion to CB3. Antibodies to CB3 were detected at titers higher than 16 in a single serum sample collected from the other two patients. Neutralizing antibodies to CB3 were detected in 71.0% of the contact children. É descrita uma epidemia de doença exantemática em uma creche, acometendo 10 crianças de 7 a 13 meses de idade. O quadro exantemático caracterizou-se por lesões máculo ou maculopapulares não confluentes, que atingiam a face, tronco e pernas. 50% das crianças infectadas apresentaram febre de até 39ºC, no início da doença. Foi isolado das fezes de uma criança doente o coxsackievírus B3 (CB3). Foram examinados soros pareados de 8 das 10 crianças doentes e em 6 delas demonstrou-se soroconversão para CB3. Duas crianças que apresentaram sintomatologia e que tiveram amostras de sangue colhidas somente 7 meses após a epidemia, apresentaram anticorpos específicos contra o CB3, em títulos superiores a 16. Entre os contatos das crianças doentes, verificou-se que 71,0% do total apresentaram anticorpos neutralizantes específicos contra o CB3.

In this paper the performance of three algorithms for frequency estimation is evaluated and they are applied in an adaptive protection scheme (APS) which was proposed to determine the instantaneous overcurrent relay setting. The APS will monitor system modifications done from the estimation of the fundamental frequency. For this, three methods of fundamental frequency estimation such as: (a) zero-crossing, (b) adjustment of points to a pure sinusoidal waveform method (APPSW), and (c) algorithm based on discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Here, these algorithms were applied in distribution systems with distributed generation (DG), and were compared and analyzed the behavior of the APS. The proposed adaptive protection method by frequency estimation was applied in a real Brazilian sub-transmission system, owned by Eletrobrs Distributer of Alagoas (EDAL). APS was built using ATP/MODELS. The evaluation methodology for the frequency estimators is based in statistical error such as mean square error. The DFT based estimator presented better results in comparison with the other evaluated algorithms. Therefore, the application of the DFT method to the adaptive overcurrent protection presented good results of the relays settings and on the protection of the system.

Use of antiretrovirals is widespread in Brazil, where more than 200,000 individuals are under treatment. Although general prevalence of primary antiretroviral resistance in Brazil is low, systematic sampling in large metropolitan areas has not being performed. The HIV Threshold Survey methodology (HIV-THS, WHO) was utilized, targeting Brazil's four major regions and selecting the six most populated state capitals: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Porto Alegre, Brasilia and Belem. We were able to sequence samples from 210 individuals with recent HIV diagnosis, 17 of them (8.1%) carrying HIV isolates with primary antiretroviral resistance mutations. Five, nine and four isolates showed mutations related to resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs), respectively. Using HIV-THS, we could find an intermediate level of transmitted resistance (5% to 15%) in Belem/Brasilia, Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Lower level of transmitted resistance (