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This 1-year follow-up survey of 214 medical inpatients aged 65 and older describes the outcome of major depressive episode (MDE), determines the incidence of new episodes and identifies factors associated with outcome and with new episodes of MDE.Follow-up information was obtained from 160 patients, 69 men and 91 women.Of the 48 cases of MDE who were interviewed, 44% improved. Underlying dysthymic disorder strongly influenced outcome: of 21 cases of MDE alone, 62% were improved at follow-up; of the 27 cases in which MDE was superimposed on dysthymic disorder initially, only 30% were improved. New episodes of MDE occurred in 21% of patients, and were associated with dysthymic disorder initially and with change of meaning of life.Among older medical inpatients, MDE, particularly when superimposed upon dysthymic disorder, is a persistent condition. Randomized trials are necessary to identify efficacious treatments.

The current practice of placing large-size fossil and nuclear steam-generating units into commercial operation will continue unabated for at least the next 10 years. Such units, intended primarily for base-load operation, generally do not have large load-turndown and two-shift cycling capabilities. Consequently, a loss of operating flexibility is slowly being created with potential future problems for power system operation.

This article discusses the results of two years' work, in Presidio, Texas, on the effects of plowing and of irrigation as measures of pink boll worm ( Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders) control. The best control was obtained by thorough plowing followed as soon as practicable by irrigation.

From 1922 to 1926, an average of 3.27 per cent of cotton boll weevils survived the winter in various types of protective shelters at Florence, South Carolina. Practically all weevils issuing from hibernation before cotton was available as a food plant died, the average longevity at this time being 5.64 days. Of weevils emerging from winter quarters after cotton came up, and placed in field cages on young cotton plants, a great majority died before these started to square, their average longevity under these conditions being 8.12 days. Weevils emerging at or after the time when squares were developed on cotton plants were longer lived in these same field cages than those emerging prior to this time, the average longevity for males being 16.28 and for females, 13.42 days. The maximum longevity at this time was 66 days for males and 46 for females. According to trap crop records and field counts, weevils continued to enter the cotton fields for three to four weeks after the first squares formed, or until about the time the first blooms appeared. In 1925, 90.01 per cent of the surviving. weevils had emerged in all cages at the time cotton began to square, 73.04 in those in the woods, 90.37 in those in the field, and 47.01 per cent in the trap crops. That year emergence in the hibernation cages located in the woods corresponded very closely with that in the two trap crops after May 14. In 1926, 98.03 per cent of the weevils had emerged in all the hibernation cages when cotton began to square, all in those in the woods, 97.91 per cent in those in the field, and none had been collected in the trap crops. The emergence of the weevils in the hibernation cages is called the “total emergence,” and that in the trap crops the “effective emergence,” since the latter represents those weevils that emerge late enough to find cotton. Trapcrop records and field counts for the two years indicate that there may be a considerable migration of weevils to cotton fields after first square production, although this may actually represent a small percentage of the total survival for that year. The use of the trap crop in determining the rate of “effective emergence” of the weevil from hibernation is more reliable and more representative of field conditions than is that of the hibernation cage.

Summary Slightly more than 35 billion pounds of manufacturing grade milk was delivered to plants and dealers in 1965. This was about 31% of the volume of milk delivered. Manufactured dairy products continue to be an important segment of the dairy industry. However, the adoption by state regulatory agencies of recommended uniform minimum standards for milk for manufacturing purposes and its production and processing has been slow. Reasons are given for a joint effort by industry and state agencies to aggressively deal with the problem of variable quality of milk used in manufactured dairy products. The program suggests: (a) a realistic standard, (b) adequate and efficient enforcement, and (c) industry cooperation.

Complementing the boiler-turbine-grid theoretical relationships presented in Part I of this paper, a description of the dynamic characteristics of the supercritical pressure boiler and its coordinated control system are presented in Part II. This section contains results from both computer simulation studies and actual open and closed loop tests of supercritical boiler plants.

The biological control of insects as related to host resistance is a relatively new field of study in which recent development has been rapid. Many insects, especially species that attack field crops which are produced on marginal land, cannot be economically controlled by the use of insecticides. Therefore it is necessary to seek other means. In many cases the most feasible method of control seems to lie in the development of resistant varieties of plants.

Tests conducted with home-made Bordeaux: Mixture, 4–4–50 formula and also with three proprietary preparations of this compound, indicate that these spray materials are toxic to the nymphs of at least one common and injurious cicadellid, namely: Empoasca mali Le B. They also are apparently toxic to the nymphs of three other species of leafhoppers, namely: Empoa rosae Linn, Erythroneura comes Say, and E. tricincta Fitch. The young nymphs are more susceptible to the action of the Bordeaux than the older ones, while the adults, although they are repelled from plants sprayed with this preparation, are not affected when forced to feed from treated leaves. Bordeaux mixture should therefore be classed as a specific insecticide for certain species of leafhoppers.

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The results of three years studies on the hibernation of the pink bollworm are presented. It was found that in the cotton field the greatest number of the over-wintering stages were in bolls on the stalks, although a considerable number were in shed forms or cocoons in trash on the surface of the ground. A comparatively small percentage were in the soil. Averages for three years show that the final survival in bolls buried 4 inches but not irrigated was greater than in bolls on the surface of the soil when not irrigated, though this ratio was reversed in sandy-loam soil or when bolls were buried in the month of March. An irrigation of surface bolls increased the survival. March burial of 4 inches produced greater mortality than December burial at the same depth, without irrigation in either case. Immediate irrigation of bolls buried 4 inches caused much greater mortality under certain conditions than occurred in bolls buried the same depth but not irrigated, but three-year averages under such irrigation in all soil types studied and for all months show very little difference. Delaying irrigation three months after burial greatly increased survival over that in bolls buried 4 inches but not irrigated or in bolls buried 4 inches and irrigated at once. The survival in bolls in sandy loam was much lower than in bolls in silty-clay soil.

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In 1954 a study was undertaken to determine the effects of several insecticides on the insect, spider, and mite populations in an alfalfa field. One of the first problems was to develop a standard method of sampling which would have a minimum amount of experimental error. A review of literature showed that several methods had been used by other workers. Five methods were tested and some were modified. This paper is a report on these tests, most of which were made in 1955.

On the basis of these tests, if lead arsenate is to be used as a spray for killing the adults it should be applied at the rate of 6 pounds per 50 gallons of water. The practicability of controlling the adults with a stomach poison is not proved, however. Field studies show the beetles to be exceedingly active in running about over the branches and main trunks of trees and in flying from tree to tree. Even if all the trees in an orchard were sprayed it would not prevent beetles from flying in and ovipositing on the trees.

The period of emergence of either the fall or spring brood of Hessian flies, Phytophaga destructor Say, varies from year to year with bioclimatic conditions. On this account "fixed" or "approved" dates are unreliable and the seeding date each year should be correlated with the season and with the fall brood of flies. In Iowa, the flaxseed count has been the only constant and reliable factor to use in predicting accurately the actual f1y-free-date. One hundred or more flaxseeds were collected at each station each day (average about 1,000 per day at Monona county station) from old stubble dug up at random in heavily infested fields. These flaxseeds were then classified as parasitized, empty and viable. The viable flaxseeds were then dissected to determine the per cent of larvae, of pupae and of parasitized larvae. Hence, the flaxseed count gave the daily rate of transformation from the larva to the pupa and to the adult state, as well as the rate of approach of the fly-free-date. When this count yields very few pupae and only a small per cent of larvae in contrast to a large number of empty flaxseeds, it ;s proof that the actual fly-free-date is at hand and that the few remaining pupae will immediately issue as flies, lay their eggs and perish before wheat drilled at this time will come up. Thus it is possible to predict the f1y-free-date so that farmers can begin drilling wheat six or seven days before the end of the egg laying period of the fall brood of flies. The records of the Iowa Observation Stations for 1922 and 1923 are given in the form of a summary.

A theoretical explanation of the supercritical boilerturbine-grid control relation is presented using the results of computer simulation studies. The energy storage behavior of an isolated steam-electric grid is described, and the tuning flexibility of modern control systems is examined from the standpoint of the effects on the stability of grid frequency.

Two of the most common wet land wireworms in Iowa are Melanotus Communis Gyll. and M. pilosus Blatch. They have a six year life cycle, the adults laying eggs chiefly in June of the first year, the larvae hatching mostly by July. The second, third, fourth and fifth years are spent in the larval stage. Pupation takes place usually in August of the sixth year and the adults emerge on an average of from 14 to 18 days later. These adults hibernate in protected situations above the ground, issuing from hibernation next year in May and June. The food of the adults is chiefly pollen.

In preparing the recommended standards for frozen desserts, the various State laws and regulations were reviewed. Confidence in the uniform quality of products between regulatory agencies and between industry and regulatory agencies is strengthened as well as greatly simplified when uniform standards are well known and uniformly applied. It was on this premise that the Dairy Division, Consumer and Marketing Service, undertook to develop and recommend for State adoption the standards for the manufacture of frozen desserts. The standards do not carry any new or startling requirements. The same types of sanitary requirements applicable to any good food operation are applicable here. The milk quality requirements follow closely the program recommended in the Minimum Standards for Milk for Manufacturing Purposes published by the Dairy Division in 1963. Draft copies of the standards were distributed for review and comment prior to publication in the Federal Register, February 16, 1967, under Public Notice. Many comments were received from the soft-serve industry and the National Restaurant Association requesting exemption from the requirements of the standards and requesting coverage under existing laws and regulations covering food service establishments. An amendment was subsequently published on April 13, 1967, recommending these businesses be covered by the USPHS Code. This was not completely satisfactory either. Much depends on application and enforcement. Comments that will be constructive are welcome at any time and the Dairy Division solicits the help of all regulatory agencies and sanitarians as to the best solution of the problems.

In 1972 the World Health Organization organized a cross-cultural five-centre study of depressive disorders. This report is concerned with data collected, after an 11-year follow-up period, in the sample of 110 depressed patients in Montreal, Canada. Eighty-five percent were traced and 59% were interviewed. Of 93 patients, 20 were dead at the follow-up date, 11 by suicide. Fifty-two percent of patients were receiving psychiatric treatment at follow-up, but there was no relation between psychiatric morbidity and treatment-seeking. Moderate or severe impairment of social functioning was present in 32%; in women, a trend linking the presence of social impairment and the time spent in episodes was observed. Of the episodes of psychiatric illness recorded after the index episode, 86% were diagnosed as depressive, 14% as unspecified affective disorder. The mean durations of the index and four subsequent episodes were 10, 11, 7, 11, and 2 months respectively. At least one recurrence after the index episode was reported by 78%, at least four recurrences by 19%. Episodes lasted at least one year in 5%, 4%, 6%, and 6% in the first, second, third and fourth episodes respectively. Sixteen percent were depressed for at least one year and 31% for at least 2 years. There was a marked trend from inpatient to outpatient treatment and from ECT to drug therapy over time. Twenty-two percent reported either moderate or severe problems with alcohol or substance abuse. There was a statistically significant association between the amount of time patients spent in depressive episodes and the number of life events they reported.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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The Fifth Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Branch of the Entomological Society of America was held in San Antonio, Texas, March 11 and 12, 1957.