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Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is defined by a very low weight for height (below -3z scores of the median WHO growth standards), by visible severe wasting, or by the presence of nutritional oedema. To determine the factors associated with malnutrition and its management. To measure the degree of wasting, stunting, with the help of BMI, the socio-economic status with malnutrition. To evaluate nutritional status and growth of the children with CLD (chronic liver disease), GIT (gastro intestinal tract) problems, RTI (respiratory tract infections) and the effectiveness and acceptability need to use therapeutic food among malnourished. A prospective observational study was conducted between August 2017 - January 2018. We included both male and female patients of 0-13years diagnosed with Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) in In-patient, department of paediatrics. The tool of measurement for degree of malnutrition for each individual patient in this study was the Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) scale.120 were malnourished in which female toddlers are more prone to malnutrition indicating most commonly stunted and found that Respiratory tract infections (RTI) are predominant than other diseases like GIT, CNS, etc. Apart from therapeutic diet, factors such as infections that occur recurrently and socioeconomic status play an important role in deciding the overall physical, mental and nutritional status of the paediatric populations that are affected with malnutrition. The therapy indicated at normalizing the patient condition in order to gradually alleviate the symptoms includes F-75 (starter formula) followed by F-100 (maintenance formula) or both (if patient condition does not improve). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) accounts for approximately 1 million child deaths per year. High mortality is linked with comorbidities, such as diarrhea and pneumonia. Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to determine the extent to which carbohydrate malabsorption occurs in children with SAM. Data Sources: The PubMed and Embase databases were searched. Reference lists of selected articles were checked. Data Extraction: All observational and controlled intervention studies involving children with SAM in which direct or indirect measures of carbohydrate absorption were analyzed were eligible for inclusion. A total of 20 articles were selected for this review. Data Synthesis: Most studies reported carbohydrate malabsorption, particularly lactose malabsorption, and suggested an increase in diarrhea and reduced weight gain in children on a lactose-containing diet. As most studies reviewed were observational, there was no conclusive scientific evidence of a causal relationship between lactose malabsorption and a worse clinical outcome among malnourished children. Conclusion: The combined data indicate that carbohydrate malabsorption is prevalent in children with SAM. Additional well-designed intervention studies are needed to determine whether outcomes of SAM complicated by carbohydrate malabsorption could be improved by altering the carbohydrate/lactose content of therapeutic feeds and to elucidate the precise mechanisms involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human bone consists of graded structure which is more compact in the outer layer and porous inside the bone. This structure ensures blood circulation occur inside the bone and also sustains high impact load throughout the bone activity. In this research, functionally graded of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and Co-Cr-Mo (F75) was synthesised using powder metallurgy to imitate the natural bone. Three layers of graded structures were synthesised based on first layer was the 100wt% HAP, intermediate layer was the mixture of HAP and F75, finally third layer was the 100wt% F75. The effect of composition in the intermediate layer was studied by varying the weight percentage of HAP and F75 in the intermediate layer. Microstructure and hardness behaviour were investigated. The finding showed that pores and microcrack present as the content of HAP increased in the intermediate layer. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that the diffusion of calcium, cobalt, chromium and molybdenum occurred during sintering process. Hardness value indented on the intermediate layer increased as the percentage of HAP increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]