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The key factors driving the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease are still not fully understood. At present, it is believed that the direct toxic effects of ethanol and its intermediate metabolite acetaldehyde can cause oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, adipogenesis, malnutrition, intestinal endotoxin leakage, etc., thereby participating in the occurrence and progression of alcoholic liver disease. Among the many pathogenic factors that have been revealed, the immunological mechanism plays an important role. Therefore, the role of immune cells and inflammatory mediators has attracted much attention. This article reviews and summarizes the new progress of specific immune cell mechanisms involved in innate and adaptive immune response during the formation and development of alcoholic liver disease, and proposes potential therapeutic targets and clinical trials of related new drugs, which may improve the re-recognition of molecular mechanism and treatment expectation in clinical practice.驱动酒精性肝病发病机制的关键因素至今尚不完全明晰。目前认为，乙醇及其中间代谢物乙醛的直接毒性作用可引起氧化应激、线粒体损伤、脂肪生成、营养不良和内毒素从肠道中渗漏等，这些因素均参与了酒精性肝病的发生及进展。在诸多已被揭示的致病因素中，免疫学机制占有重要地位，而免疫细胞及炎性介质在其中发挥的作用引人关注。现对酒精性肝病形成、发展中参与的先天及适应性免疫反应的特定免疫细胞作用机制新进展进行总结及评述，呈现潜在治疗靶点及相关新药临床试验开展情况，提升临床实践中对酒精性肝病分子机制及治疗期待的再认识。.

A fifth-order bandpass filter (BPF) with super high selectivity using three pairs of coupled lines and two open stubs is proposed. Twelve transmission zeros (TZs) from 0 to 2f_0 (f_0 denotes center frequency of the passband) and five transmission poles (TPs) in the passband can be obtained to realize good out-of-band suppression and sharp roll-off skirts. For demonstration, a simple BPF prototype centered at 2.04 GHz is designed, fabricated with measured 3-dB fractional bandwidth of 18% and very high transition band roll-off rates of over 567 dB/GHz. Good agreement between the simulations and measurements validates the design method.

骨韧带样纤维瘤是一种来源于骨纤维组织的交界性病变，临床进展一般缓慢，发生于颌面部可出现面型不对称、张口受限、疼痛麻木等临床症状。本文报道1例下颌骨骨韧带样纤维瘤。.

This Letter reports the first extraction of individual antineutrino spectra from ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu fission and an improved measurement of the prompt energy spectrum of reactor antineutrinos at Daya Bay. The analysis uses 3.5×10^{6} inverse beta-decay candidates in four near antineutrino detectors in 1958 days. The individual antineutrino spectra of the two dominant isotopes, ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu, are extracted using the evolution of the prompt spectrum as a function of the isotope fission fractions. In the energy window of 4-6 MeV, a 7% (9%) excess of events is observed for the ^{235}U (^{239}Pu) spectrum compared with the normalized Huber-Mueller model prediction. The significance of discrepancy is 4.0σ for ^{235}U spectral shape compared with the Huber-Mueller model prediction. The shape of the measured inverse beta-decay prompt energy spectrum disagrees with the prediction of the Huber-Mueller model at 5.3σ. In the energy range of 4-6 MeV, a maximal local discrepancy of 6.3σ is observed.

Pulmonary thromboembolism （PTE）, which is caused by detachment of venous thrombosis, is a common cause of sudden death in forensic practice. In the cases which die of PTE after trauma or die of PTE during non-thrombosis disease hospitalization, forensic pathologists are required to analyze the time sequence between trauma or medical practice and venous thrombosis, and then analyze their causal relationship. This review summarizes the history of thrombus age estimation and recent advances in forensic medicine, and then gives a brief outlook for future research to provide reference for forensic identification of PTE and guide follow-up studies.静脉血栓形成时间推断的法医学研究进展.静脉血栓脱落导致的肺血栓栓塞症（pulmonary thromboembolism，PTE）是法医学实践中常见的猝死原因之一。对于一些机体受创伤后因PTE死亡，或是以非血栓相关疾病收治入院期间因PTE死亡的案例，需要法医病理学工作者分析创伤或医疗行为与静脉血栓发生之间的时间顺序，进而分析其因果关系。本文总结了法医学领域有关静脉血栓形成时间推断的研究成果，并对今后的研究进行了简要展望，以期为PTE的法医学鉴定提供参考，并为后续的研究指引方向。.法医病理学；肺血栓栓塞症；静脉血栓形成；综述.

Plasma adiponectin (APN) levels are decreased in diabetic patients. Dysfunctional mitochondrial biogenesis is involved in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) pathogenesis, by unclear mechanisms. The present study determined (1) whether myocardial mitochondrial biogenesis was impaired in cardiomyocytes exposed to a high glucose/high fat (HGHF) medium (a T2DM in vitro model), (2) the effects of APN administration upon mitochondrial biogenesis in cardiomyocytes affected by HGHF incubation, and 3) the involved underlying mechanisms.Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) were isolated and incubated in HGHF medium. Mitochondrial function was assessed by ATP content, and fluorescent microscopic analysis of myocardial apoptosis was determined by TUNEL staining and caspase-3 activity.HGHF treatment reduced mitochondrial biogenesis, altered mitochondrial structure, and induced mitochondrial dysfunction in NRVMs. Administration of APN partially rescued these effects. However, siRNA-mediated knockdown of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α) significantly blocked the beneficial effects of APN in mitochondria and cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation injury.In the current study, we have provided the direct in vitro evidence that APN partially rescues HGHF-induced impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis and function via PGC-1α-mediated signaling.

We propose a scheme to achieve switchable coupling between nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) center in diamond and superconducting charge qubit by a quantized nanomechanical resonator (NAMR) as a data bus. This procotol can be used to transfer the quantum state from charge qubit to N-V center. Owing to the N-V center has relatively long decoherence time, the information can be stable stored in it. Finally, we discuss the experimental feasibility of our scheme.

Human influenza viruses are major concern as the leading cause of global pandemics. In infecting cells, they preferentially bind to sialyloligosaccharides containing terminal N-acetyl sialic acid linked to galactose by an α-2,6-linkage (NeuAcα2,6Gal). The amount of NeuAcα2,6Gal in Vero cells, which are predominantly used for production of influenza vaccines over the past 30 years, may not be as high as that in epithelial cells of human respiratory tract, what leads to the suboptimal virus growth in Vero cells. In this study, we stably transfected Vero cells with cDNA of human α-2,6-sialyltransferase (SIAT1), an enzyme catalyzing α-2,6-sialylation of galactose on glycoproteins. Overexpression of SIAT1 in the transfected Vero cells (Vero-SIAT1 cells) was confirmed by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy. Vero-SIAT1 cells expressed 7 times higher amounts of NeuAcα2,6Gal, but 3 times lower amounts of NeuAcα2,3Gal as compared to parental Vero cells. Furthermore, the influenza viruses A (H1N1 and H3N2) and B grew in Vero-SIAT1 cells to the higher titers than in Vero cells. Taken together, these results imply that Vero-SIAT1 cells are useful not only for the propagation of human influenza viruses, but also for the preparation of influenza vaccines.

Retinoblastoma is a commonly seen and dangerous intraocular malignant tumor in infants. Studies have found that Claudin-1 and MMP-2, whose expressions may be connected, play roles in tissues of retinoblastoma. In this study we analyze and discuss changes of Claudin-1 and MMP-2 expressions, and the correlation between the expressions and retinoblastoma histological differentiation and optic nerve invasion. MaxVisionTM was applied to detect expressions of Claudin-1 and MMP-2 in 45 samples of retinoblastoma and 15 paraffin-embedded samples of normal retina. The correlation between Claudin-1 expression and MMP-2 expression was analyzed based on chi-squared test and Spearman’s correlation test. Positive expressions of Claudin-1 in retinoblastoma were fewer than those in retina; higher positive expressions were found in differentiated tissues than in undifferentiated tissues; while compared to expressions in invasive optic nerves, Claudin-1 expressed more positively in optic nerves without invasion. As for MMP-2, its expressions were higher in retinoblastoma than in normal retina; undifferentiated tissues had higher positive expressions than differentiated tissues, which were not statistically significant; higher positive expressions were detected in invasive optic nerves. Thus, it could be concluded that the correlation between Claudin-1 expression and MMP-2 expression in retinoblastoma was negative. Expressions of Claudin-1 were positively related to histological differentiation and optic nerve invasion of retinoblastoma; while MMp-2 expression had negative correlation with histological differentiation and optic nerve invasion of retinoblastoma. Claudin-1 and MMP-2 played a negative role in the optic nerve invasion and tumor development of retinoblastoma.

Four hemicellulosic preparations were extracted using hot water at 70° and 80°C from dewaxed sugarcane bagasse and 10% KOH and 10% NaOH from the corresponding delignified bagasse. Their chemical and physical characteristics were determined using GC, HPLC, GPC, and FT-IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that two water-soluble hemicellulosic fractions consisted of arabinoxylans and pectic polysaccharides as shown by their sugar composition of xylose (51.7–53.5%), galactose (22.1%), arabinose (11.6–12.3%), glucose (7.0–8.2%), mannose (5.1–5.6%), uronic acids (4.5–6.2%), and rhamnose (0.9–1.0%), while the two alkali-extractable hemicellulosic preparations were dominated by arabinoxylans in which xylose (82.2–82.5%) and arabinose (9.7–11.3%) were the major sugar components. These differences in the structure of arabinoxylans between water and alkali extracts indicated that water-soluble arabinoxylans had significantly lower xylose-to-arabinose ratios (4.3–4.5) than those extracted w...

The chemical modification of native wheat straw hemicelluloses with succinic anhydride using N,N-dimethylformamide/lithium chloride system as solvent and pyridine and/or 4-dimethyaminopyridine as catalyst has been examined. In particular, the progress of the succinoylation reaction is studied as a function of the molar ratio of succinic anhydride/anhydroxylose unit in native hemicelluloses from 1:1 to 5:1, DMAP concentration 0.025-0.20 g, reaction temperature 40-140°C, and reaction time 2-12 h with succinic anhydride. The degree of substitution of succinylated hemicelluloses ranges between 0.4 and 1.5 depending on the experimental conditions. FTIR and 1 H NMR spectroscopic characterization of the esterified polymers indicates a monoester substitution. The thermal stability of the esterified polymer decreases slightly upon chemical modification, but no significant further decrease in thermal stability is observed for DS > 0.7.

This study investigates the effects of a carbohydrate (CHO; lotus-root starch) predominant, late-evening snack (LES), containing 200 kcal (50 g CHO) on fasting resting energy expenditure (REE) and nutrient oxidation in hospitalized adults with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Adults with ACLF were randomized to receive daily LES (treatment; n=35) or standard care (n=35; non-supplemented control) for 14 days. REE and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured by indirect calorimetry, nutrient oxidation (CHO, protein and fat), intake and biochemical parameters were measured in both groups at baseline and after 14 days using validated techniques. Disease severity was measured using the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD). No significant differences in macronutrient intake, anthropometric, demographic characteristics or MELD scores were observed between groups at baseline (P>0.05). Fasting RQ was significantly higher in the LES supplemented verses the control group after 2 weeks (P=0.02). CHO oxidation was significantly higher (P=0.001) and fat oxidation (P=0.02) was lower in the LES-supplemented group when compared with controls after 2 weeks. Fasting RQ and REE in the LES-supplemented group increased significantly (0.83 verses 0.88; P=0.007/1301±409 vs 1687±718 kcal/day; P=0.02) in patients with MELD scores ⩽30 when compared with patients with MELD scores >30 (0.82 verses 0.84; P=0.27/ 1361±405 vs 1437±429 kcal/day; P=0.67) after supplementation. A carbohydrate-predominant LES is associated with increases in fasting carbohydrate oxidation, REE and reductions in fat oxidation in adults with ACLF. Therapeutic strategies utilizing LES may promote improved nutritional status in adults with ACLF.

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. IL23/Th17 is a newly confirmed pathway in psoriasis.To investigate the gene-gene interactions in IL23/Th17 pathway underlying psoriasis.A total of 299 single-nucleotide polymorphisms from 11 genes in IL23/Th17 pathway were genotyped on 1139 patients with psoriasis and 1694 controls. Multifactor dimensionality reduction and logistic regression algorithms were applied to explore the gene-gene interactions.We found that there were a three-way interaction among IL21, CCR4 and TNF(χ(2) = 5.02(1), P = 0.025) and three pair-wise gene-gene interactions between IL12RB1 and CCR4(χ(2) = 11.66(4), P = 0.0201), IL22 and CCR4 (χ(2) = 11.97(4), P = 0.0176), IL12RB1 and IL6 (χ(2) = 7.31(1), P = 0.0069) in psoriasis.Our results might be helpful for explaining the missing heritability of the psoriasis due to epistasis and provide a deep insight into the important role of the IL23/Th17 pathway in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

Accumulating evidence indicates that psoriasis is associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity. However, few studies have investigated this relationship in Chinese Han population.The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between overweight/obesity and psoriasis and to evaluate the overweight/obesity effect on the clinical features of psoriasis in Chinese Han population.A hospital-based study was conducted, which involved in 4452 patients and 1166 controls of Chinese Han through epidemiological investigation. Controls used in the study were individuals without psoriasis from health examination centre, and other skin disease patients from outpatient department.Compared with the control group, a significantly greater prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed in psoriasis patients. The estimated ORs were 1.301 (95% CI, 1.105-1.531) and 1.680 (95% CI, 1.134-2.491) respectively. The disease severity of psoriasis measured by psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) was statistically correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.184, P0.01). Moreover, a high proportion of overweight patients had affected hands or/and feet, buttocks, trunk, legs, arms and arthritis (P0.01).Our study suggested that psoriatic patients have a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity compared with non-psoriatic patients in Chinese Han population. Overweight and obesity has different risk effect on severity and manifestations of psoriasis and might be useful for better evaluating psoriasis clinically.

Iron base composite coatings were deposited on mild steel substrates by arc spraying and cored wire with TiC ceramic powders. The abrasive wear resistance properties were examined on the MLS-225 wet sand/rubber wheel tester. The microstructure, phase compositions and worn surface morphologies of the coatings were observed by means of optical, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that composite coatings with TiC ceramic hard phases were reinforced by the TiC hard particles distributed in the iron-based coating. The average micro hardness of the coatings is about 1137 HV0.1. The coatings have the excellent abrasive wear resistance which is 6 times higher than that of the Q235 mild steel. Wear mechanisms of coatings was mainly micro-ploughing and brittle fracture.

Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are a promising energy storage technology due to their high efficiency, compact design, and ability to be used in a renewable energy system. Before they are able to make a large commercial impact, there are several hurdles facing the technology today. Two powerful techniques for both in-situ and ex- situ characterizations to improve upon their performance and better understand their corrosion are electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, respectively. In this paper, the authors use both methods in order to characterize the anode gas diffusion layer (GDL) in a PEMWE cell and better understand the corrosion that occurs in the oxygen electrode during electrolysis.

44 cases of ectopic pregnancy have been treated conservatively by combining laparoscopy with TCM and all were successful. After confirmatory diagnosis was made under laparoscope low dose (5-15mg) of Methotrexate (MTX) was injected into tubal swelling, as well as taking modified Huo-Luo-Xiao-Ling Dan orally and using Ding-Tong paste and Zi-Gong pill externally, it not only improved the function of herbal medicine that was not potent enough to kill active embryo, but also gave full play of TCM which could remove stasis and masses by promoting blood circulation to assist in killing the embryo. The successful rate (100%) of combined therapy was significantly higher than that (78.2%) of control group (using TCM only, P0.01). Comparing with the two groups in successful cases, the mean serum hCG concentrations per day of combined therapy lowered faster than that of control group (P0.005), the mean time of abdominal pain disappearance and hospitalized period of combined group were shorter (P0.01). In a word, this combined therapy is a simple and safe method which could preserve reproductive function to the maximum.

A multidrug-resistant (mdr) clone of human cancer KB cells was isolated by stepwise selection on exposure to increasing doses of vincristine. The final clone, KBv200, obtained after ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis showed 175-fold higher resistance to vincristine than did KB cells. The cells were also cross-resistant to taxol, colchicine and adriamycin. Cellular accumulation of vincristine in KBv200 was decreased to less than one-fifth of that in KB. To determine the presence of mdr 1 mRNA in KBv200 and KB, total cellular RNAs from each cell line were analyzed by means of slot blot hybridization. The result showed that the mdr 1 gene had been highly expressed in KBv200. In addition, verapamil, a calcium channel blockers, was shown to increase VCR accumulation in KBv200 and reverse the vincristine resistance. All these results demonstrate that the mechanism of KBv200 cell resistance to multiple drugs resulted from increased expression of mdr 1 gene and brought about over production of P-glycoprotein and increased the efflux of drugs.

Experiments showed that in patients of renal yin deficiency who took orally Liuwei Dihuang granules for 4 weeks, the contents of cAMP, E2, Zn and Cu were found mankedly lower, but the contents of T mankedly higher than before using the drugs. This indicates that the granules are equally effective as pills and decoction.

Observations of the polarisation-sensitive optical absorption in single-crystal proustite have been made over the temperature range from 82 to 460 K. By combining the data obtained from a number of samples of varying thickness the complete absorption spectrum has been found for absorption coefficients of up to approximately=2*104 cm-1. The experimental results show that the optical inter-band transitions are dominated by indirect processes up to photon energies of about 3 eV. The phonons involved in these transitions have been tentatively identified. Deviations from the simple indirect transition scheme at high absorption coefficients are attributed to additional indirect transitions to higher branch conduction band minima. A possible schematic band structure is suggested close to the Gamma point.

Measurements of the complex dielectric constant of single-crystal proustite over the frequency range 10-2-5*106 Hz have shown the presence of a temperature-dependent relaxation process with characteristic times of between 1*10-2 and 6.5*10-4 s. Three activation energies are observed in the resistance measurements which correlate with reported phase transitions in this material. The dielectric relaxation can be interpreted in terms of a combined model, in which the 'Universal' dielectric dispersion law describing the anomalous low-frequency behaviour is combined with a two-layer Maxwell-Wagner model to account for the relaxation processes. The limited dielectric properties of the material have been established.

The levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in three regions of rat brain were assayed in 62 rats. Bilateral common carotid artery ligation was done in 50 rats. Half an hour before ligation 26 rats were given 10 g/kg of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RSM); 24 rats were given same volume of normal saline as controls. A sham operation was done in 12 rats. Half an hour (n = 30) and 3 hours (n = 32) after operation, the rats were quickly decapitated. VIP levels were assayed in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and caudate nucleus. In salin-treated animals, VIP levels of cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus at 3 hour group were significantly decreased compared with the sham-operated group. No significant difference was found between RSM-treated and sham-operated groups. The preliminary results suggest that VIP may be involved in the pathophysiological procedures of cerebral ischemia and RSM may attenuate the dysfunction of VIP during cerebral ischemia.