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The world is entering a new era of accelerated elimination of cervical cancer, while the age-standardized incidence, and mortality of cervical cancer in China are rising rapidly. This article summarizes and describes the current situation and trends of the burden of cervical cancer in China, reviews and analyzes the comprehensive prevention practice of cervical cancer, focusing on critical reasons for the increasing burden of cervical cancer, from the perspectives of sociology, behavior, and epidemiology in the population. Countermeasures are proposed to provide guidance and theoretical reference for the precise prevention of cervical cancer to eliminate cervical cancer.全球正协力迈入加速消除宫颈癌的新时代，而我国女性宫颈癌的年龄标化发病率和死亡率在快速上升。本文对我国宫颈癌疾病负担现状及趋势进行总结，并对宫颈癌防治实践工作进行回顾分析，从人口社会学、行为学及流行病学角度着重剖析我国宫颈癌疾病负担不断上升的关键原因，并提出应对策略和措施，旨在为我国宫颈癌精准防控提供方向指引和理论参考，从而达到消除宫颈癌的目的。.

Cervical cancer can be eliminated through primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Yet it remains one of the gravest threats to women's lives worldwide. In November 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially launched the global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer, and underlined that screening and treatment for cervical pre-cancer lesions are two of three key measures for the elimination. In July 2021, WHO issued the second edition of"WHO guideline for screening and treatment of cervical pre-cancer lesions for cervical cancer prevention"to provide important guidance to countries to support them in achieving the target of cervical cancer elimination in all women. This article will interpret the methods for the guideline development, the recommendations/good practice statements on screening and treatment to prevent cervical cancer (including the age to start/stop screening, screening methods, screening interval, the management of screen-positive women and treatment of the precancerous lesions, etc.) and its impact globally, providing reference for the updates of guideline and policy making on cervical cancer prevention and control in China.宫颈癌是严重威胁全球女性健康的恶性肿瘤之一，也是目前唯一可通过三级预防措施予以消除的恶性肿瘤。2020年11月，“加速消除宫颈癌全球战略”正式启动，针对宫颈癌前病变的筛查和治疗是消除宫颈癌的关键举措。2021年7月，世界卫生组织（WHO）发布《预防宫颈癌：WHO宫颈癌前病变筛查和治疗指南（第二版）》，为全球各国宫颈癌消除战略的制定提供重要方向和指导。本文将从指南制定方法学、指南中关于宫颈癌筛查和治疗策略方面的推荐/良好实践声明（包括筛查起止年龄、筛查方法、筛查间隔、筛查异常人群管理及癌前病变治疗等）以及指南的国际影响等方面进行解读，为我国宫颈癌防控指南的更新和相关策略的制定提供参考。.

Cervical cancer is a common malignant tumor that seriously threatens the health of Chinese women. The situation of prevention and control is still serious. In the past decade, the Chinese government has made great efforts to cervical cancer prevention and control and achieved remarkably in HPV vaccine development, sound health screening system, and treatment capacity of early cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. However, due to the large population base, unequal allocation of health resources, and uneven service quality across regions, there is still a significant gap to achieve the WHO's goal of eliminating cervical cancer by 2030. In order to fulfill the Global Strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer, China urgently needs to learn from the international experience, combined with the real situation of cervical cancer prevention and control and the latest research progress in China and to put forward appropriate action recommendations and implementation approaches, which will contribute to promote the cervical cancer elimination process and to build a paradigm for "Healthy China" cancer prevention.宫颈癌是威胁我国女性健康的常见恶性肿瘤之一，防控形势严峻。近十几年，我国政府高度关注宫颈癌防控工作，在疫苗研发、筛查体系建设以及早期宫颈癌和癌前病变的治疗方面成效显著。但由于我国人口基数大、卫生资源分布不均，不同地区宫颈癌防控质量参差不齐，距离实现WHO 2030年消除宫颈癌阶段性目标还存在明显差距。因此立足于全球消除宫颈癌的国际背景，我国亟需借鉴国际宫颈癌防控经验，并结合我国宫颈癌防控形势和最新研究进展，提出适宜国情的宫颈癌防治行动建议和实施路径，助力推动宫颈癌消除进程，树立“健康中国”癌症防治典范。.

Cervical cancer is the fourth common cancer in women globally, with the number of new cases accounted for 18.6宫颈癌是全球女性第四大常见恶性肿瘤，我国发病人数占全球的18.6

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare heritable skeletal disorder which is mainly caused by defected type I collagen. Autosomal recessive OI (AR-OI) is caused by mutations of genes that are responsible for type I collagen modification and folding, and is often associated with more severe phenotypes. Due to the limited number of recessive OI patients, it has been difficult to study the mutation spectrum as well as the correlation of genotype and phenotype. This study recruited a Chinese cohort of 74 AR-OI families, aiming to establish the mutation spectrum and to examine the genotypic and phenotypic correlation. We identified 82 variants including 25 novel variants and 57 HGMD reported variants in these AR-OI patients, using whole exome sequencing/panel sequencing combined with Sanger sequencing. Pathogenic mutations were found at WNT1 (n = 30, 40.54%), SERPINF1 (n = 22, 29.73%), FKBP10 (n = 10, 13.51%), CRTAP (n = 3, 4.05%), P3H1 (n = 3, 4.05%), SERPINH1 (n = 2, 2.70%), SEC24D (n = 3, 4.05%), and PLOD2 (n = 1, 1.35%) respectively. Thus, WNT1 represents the most frequent pathogenic gene of AR-OI in Chinese population. The most common clinical manifestations of AR-OI patients include walking problem (72.86%), scoliosis (65.28%) and frequent fractures (fractures ≥2/year) (54.05%). Interestingly, ptosis represents a unique phenotype of patients carrying WNT1 variants, and it was rare in patients harboring other pathogenic genes. Our study expanded the mutation spectrum of AR-OI and enriched the knowledge of genotypic and phenotypic correlation in Chinese cohort with AR-OI.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a rare inherited bone dysplasia, which is mainly caused by mutations in genes encoding type I collagen including COL1A1 and COL1A2. It has been well established to identify the classical variants as well as consensus splicing-site-variants in these genes in our previous studies. However, how atypical variants affect splicing in OI patients remains unclear. From a cohort of 867 OI patients, we collected blood samples from 34 probands which contain 29 variants that are located close to splice donor/acceptor sites in either COL1A1 or COL1A2. By conducting minigene assay and sequencing analysis, we found that 17 out of 29 variants led to aberrant splicing effects, while no remarkable aberrant splicing effect was observed in the remaining 12 variants. Among the 17 variants that affect splicing, 14 variants led to single splicing influence: 9 led to exon skipping, 2 resulted in truncated exon, and 3 caused intron retention. There were three complicated cases showing more than one mutant transcript caused by recognition of several different splice sites. This functional study expands our knowledge of atypical splicing variants, and emphasizes the importance of clarifying the splicing effect for variants near exon/intron boundaries in OI.

Protein adsorption plays a key role in bone repair and regeneration by affecting cell behavior. In this study, TiO

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare hereditary skeletal dysplasia, characterized by recurrent fractures and bone deformity. This study presents a clinical characterization and mutation analysis of 668 patients, aiming to establish the mutation spectrum and to elucidate genotype-phenotype correlations in Chinese OI patients. We identified 274 sequence variants (230 in type I collagen encoding genes and 44 in noncollagen genes), including 102 novel variants, in 340 probands with a detection rate of 90%. Compared with 47 loss-of-function variants detected in COL1A1, neither nonsense nor frameshift variants were found in COL1A2 (p < 0.0001). The major cause of autosomal recessive OI was biallelic variants in WNT1 (56%, 20/36). It is noteworthy that three genomic rearrangements, including one gross deletion and one gross duplication in COL1A1 as well as one gross deletion in FKBP10, were detected in this study. Of ten individuals with glycine substitutions that lie towards the N-terminal end of the triple-helical region of the α1(I) chain, none exhibited hearing loss, suggesting a potential genotype-phenotype correlation. The findings in this study expanded the mutation spectrum and identified novel correlations between genotype and phenotype in Chinese OI patients.

The etiology of cervical cancer has been fully demonstrated. Different screening strategies are available for different areas with various level of development. The prophylactic human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine has launched the era of comprehensive cervical cancer control, which is the milestone in the history of human fighting against cancer. However, cervical cancer is still a major public health issue in the world, especially in developing countries. The main challenge lies in the improvement for the coverage of cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination. Especially for China with large population, various level of the economic development, and the HPV vaccine later than the world for ten years, how to improve the coverage of cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination? There is a long way to go for the elimination of cervical cancer.宫颈癌病因明确，且存在多种筛查方案适合不同资源地区使用，尤其是预防性人类乳头瘤病毒（HPV）疫苗的成功研发，开启了宫颈癌的全面防控时代，是人类肿瘤防控史上的里程碑。但目前宫颈癌仍是全球，特别是发展中国家的重大公共健康问题，其防控瓶颈主要在于提高宫颈癌筛查和HPV疫苗的覆盖率。尤其在我国，人口众多，各地区经济发展不平衡，且HPV疫苗晚于世界十年之久，如何使更多妇女参与宫颈癌筛查、接种HPV疫苗，最终消除宫颈癌，任重而道远。.

Prophylactic HPV vaccine was a milestone in the prevention and control of HPV-related diseases, especially cervical cancer. The first HPV vaccine has been marketed in the world for more than 10 years. The follow-up study of HPV vaccine clinical trials further confirms the effectiveness and safety. Since HPV vaccine had been introduced into more and more national immunization programs, the population-level effectiveness of HPV vaccine was increasingly proved: Reduced the incidence of HPV infection, genital warts and high-grade precancerous lesions, and improved the herd immunity effect among non-vaccinated populations. However, improvement of the coverage of HPV vaccine, especially in low-and-middle income countries, is the major challenge in putting the HPV vaccine into practice.预防性人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)疫苗的研发成功对于HPV相关疾病，特别是宫颈癌的防控具有里程碑式意义。世界上首个预防性HPV疫苗上市已经10余年，临床试验后续的随访研究进一步证实了HPV疫苗的有效性和安全性。随着越来越多的国家将HPV疫苗纳入国家免疫接种规划，疫苗的人群应用效果包括降低HPV感染、尖锐湿疣和高度宫颈癌前病变的发生率，以及对于非接种人群的群体免疫效应日益凸显。扩大疫苗接种覆盖率，特别是扩大疫苗在中低收入国家的应用是当前HPV疫苗实施的主要挑战。.

Bivalent and quadrivalent HPV vaccine have been approved by CFDA successively in China. However, currently available prophylactic vaccines have no therapeutic effect for established infection or disease. In recent years, based on the application of genomics and proteomics for interpretation of tumor antigen, animal experiments and clinical trials of vaccines aiming at a wide variety of antigens have been conducted. In this review, we summarize about the preclinical and clinical research status of HPV therapeutic vaccine and find that the efficacy of HPV therapeutic vaccine alone or combined with other conventional cancer treatment is satisfying, which has potential clinical application value. As the further research of tumor immune regulation and optimization of strategies for the HPV therapeutic vaccine, the vaccine will play an important role in improving the quality of life in cancer patients and eventually become widely used in clinical practice.二价和四价HPV疫苗已相继在中国上市，但是对于已经感染HPV的妇女并没有治疗作用。近年来，基于基因组学和蛋白组学对肿瘤抗原的解析，针对各种抗原设计的治疗性疫苗开始了动物和人体临床试验。本文对HPV治疗性疫苗的临床前和临床研究现状进行分析和总结，认为HPV治疗性疫苗单独或与常规肿瘤治疗联合使用取得了一定的疗效，体现了潜在临床应用价值。随着对肿瘤免疫调控的进一步研究和治疗性疫苗策略的优化和改造，安全有效的HPV治疗性疫苗将在肿瘤治疗，改善患者生活质量方面发挥重要的作用，最终成为临床广泛应用的治疗手段。.

To assess the risk of cervical cancer and high grade cervical intraepithelial in women with negative human papillomavirus (HPV) and cytology atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and to provide evidence for clinical management.We pooled 17 population-based cross-sectional studies which were conducted across China from 1999 to 2008. Totally, 30 371 women aged 17-59 were included in these studies. All women received liquid-based cytology test (LBC), HPV testing (hybrid capture 2 test, HC2) and visual inspection with acetic acid test (VIA). Women with any positive result from above tests were referred to colposcopic examination. Totally, 28 810 women with complete results from HPV, cytology and pathology were included in the final analysis. Women with negative HPV (LBC-/HPV-) or negative cytology (LBC-) results served as the control, respectively. Risk on high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+) was calculated for women with HPV negative and ASC-US results (ASC-US/HPV-).There were 22 003 women with LBC-/HPV-, 24 139 women with LBC-, and 1 834 with ASC-US/HPV- indentified in our study. CIN2+prevalence rates to the above women appeared as 0.05%, 0.36% and 0.16%, respectively. Compared with women with LBC-/HPV- and women with LBC-, the odds ratios (ORs) for CIN2+in women with ASC-US/HPV-were 3.00 (95%CI: 0.85-10.65) and 0.46 (95%CI:0.15-1.45), with adjusted ORs as 4.00 (95%CI: 1.08-14.87) and 0.47(95%CI: 0.15-1.49), respectively.The risk of CIN2+ in women with ASC-US/HPV- was in between the risks of women with LBC-/HPV- or with LBC-. Based on the "equal risk, equal management" principle, women with ASC-US/HPV- were suggested to be followed under the '3-year interval' program, which was the same as for those cytology negative women. However, in areas with limited health resources, the follow-up interval can be extended to 5 years, similar to the management on women with LBC-/HPV-.

The objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of a new method for self-sampling for high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) with direct sampling and liquid based cervical cytology. In Shanxi Province, China, 8,497 women (ages 27–56) underwent a self-sample for HPV using a conical-shaped brush placed into the upper vagina and rotated. Three to sixteen months later the women were screened with liquid-based cytology and direct HPV tests. Subjects with any abnormal test underwent colposcopy and multiple biopsies. Mean age was 40.9 years. 4.4 percent of subjects had ≥CIN II, 26% a positive self-sample and 24% a positive direct test for HPV. The sensitivity for detection of ≥CIN II was 87.5% for self-sampling, and 96.8% for the direct test (P < 0.001). The specificity was 77.2% for the self-sample and 79.7% for the direct test. With an abnormal Pap defined as ASCUS or greater the sensitivity of the Pap for the detection of ≥ CIN II was 88.3% and the specificity was 81.2%. We conclude that self-sampling for HPV is less sensitive for ≥ CIN II than the direct test, but similar to liquid based cytology.

One key challenge with the the use of III-nitride materials in solid state lighting devices is the use on thermally and/or electrically insulating substrates. In order to transition the lift-off tehniques from laserbased processing to more benign chemical techniques, it is essential to realize the integration of chemical soluble layers into the LED-growth process. This work presents the comparison of physical and chemical vapor deposition techniques used in the growth of ZnO, one such possible isostructural buffer layer and a comparison of the materials properties of samples grown by low temperature chemical vapor deposition and pulsed laser deposition. The quality of the films was highly dependent on the growth conditions and substrate preparation. For room temperature depostion, amorphous ZnO films were observed, while completely oriented films were observed for 750°C growth. Pulsed chemical vapor deposition of the films at 175°C showed smoother polycrystalline films with c-axis texture. ZnO films were etched at room temperature demonstrating the suitability for chemical liftoff.

Several screening methods for cervical cancer and its precancerous lesion are reviewed. Cervical cancer screening using visual inspection, colposcopy, oncogenic human papillomavirus DNA testing, liquid-based monolayers and automated Pap smear screening instruments are all potentially valuable when used alone or in combination. Newly developed techniques provide an opportunity to extend practical cervical cancer screening to large population in limited resource areas, and help do more cost-effectiveness of screening tests in high risk population.

Microstructures and crystallographic orientations of cuboid growth pits in lead selenide (PbSe) epilayers grown on Si (1 1 1) by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) have been studied by scanning electron microscopy and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. Cuboid density was found to be dependent on MBE growth parameters such as sample thickness and substrate temperature. Cuboid growth defects nucleate spontaneously on the PbSe growth surface probably at Pb droplets. This nucleation results in randomly oriented PbSe crystallites that preferentially grow along the [1 0 0] axis of the NaCl-type crystal structure. This preferential growth results in cuboid crystallites with cubic faces protruding from the epitaxial (1 1 1) face.

It has been demonstrated that photosynthetic organisms have the ability of regulating the distribution of excitation energy between PSII and PSI to balance the photochemical events within them in order to maintain maximal rates of photosynthesis. The distribution of excitation energy between the two photosystems can be altered by adding cations, which control the spillover of energy from PSII to PSI [l].Recently it was shown that phosphorylation of the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (LHC–II) was thought to be reversibly related to an increase in the energy distributed to PSI and a decrease in the distributed to PSII [2]. Increasing evidences have been presented in indicating that the regulation of excitation energy distribution between PSI and PSII is attributed to the movement of the LHC between grana and stroma [3, 4, 5].

We present the results of photoluminescence experiments on InSb∕AlxIn1−xSb multi-quantum-wells on GaAs substrates. A comparison of the photoluminescence signals with transmission measurements shows Stokes shifts of 2.8–6.9meV, indicating that the low temperature luminescence is mainly due to bound excitons localized by interfacial potential minima. The high temperature signal is attributed to ionized free carriers. The well width dependent thermal activation energy investigation indicates that nonradiative carrier loss from the wells to the barriers is not a dominant mechanism. Instead, we suggest that the thermal recombination by surface dislocations or defects might be the main nonradiative channel for high temperature luminescence.