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Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) represent a vast group of orphan genetic disorders associated with enzyme deficiencies, substrates accumulation and products depletion. For several decades, the cornerstone of life-saving therapies in IEM was based on extreme manipulations of the nutritional intakes. Such outstanding dietary engineering is still relevant today, but new therapeutic avenues have emerged last years, based on better pathophysiological understanding and technological advances. In this paper, we summarize current and new therapeutic options in the field of IEM.Les erreurs innées du métabolisme (EIM) représentent un groupe de conditions génétiques associées à une déficience enzymatique causant une accumulation du substrat en amont de la réaction et une déficience du produit en aval. Pendant des décennies, la pierre angulaire du traitement de ces affections a été basée sur des régimes drastiquement restrictifs. Ces manipulations diététiques extrêmes sont encore aujourd’hui d’actualité, mais l’arsenal thérapeutique s’est considérablement élargi ces dernières années, basé sur de meilleures connaissances physiopathologiques et sur des progrès technologiques et pharmacologiques. Dans cet article, nous résumons les différentes stratégies et nouveautés thérapeutiques dans le domaine des erreurs innées du métabolisme.

Psychiatric disorders in children may be the expression of underlying organic conditions. These are numerous and varied. The clinical presentation is often frustrating : psychiatric signs can remain isolated for years before other more specific organic signs appear. More recently, new treatments have been developed, making it possible to improve the prognosis of some of these organic diseases; screening them is therefore a daily concern for the child psychiatrist. This literature review discusses various paediatric treatable organic disorders that may have an isolated psychiatric presentation, to finally propose a decision tree algorithm based on somatic and psychiatric complaints reported.Les troubles psychiatriques chez l’enfant peuvent être l’expression d’affections organiques sous-jacentes. Celles-ci sont nombreuses et variées avec une expression clinique souvent fruste, les signes psychiatriques pouvant rester isolés pendant des années avant que d’autres signes organiques plus spécifiques n’apparaissent. Plus récemment, de nouveaux traitements ont été développés, permettant d’améliorer le pronostic de certaines de ces maladies organiques; le dépistage de celles-ci constitue, dès lors, une préoccupation quotidienne pour le pédopsychiatre. Cette revue de littérature discute des différentes affections organiques traitables chez l’enfant pouvant avoir une présentation psychiatrique isolée. Elle propose, par la suite, un algorithme décisionnel orienté en fonction des plaintes somatiques et psychiatriques rapportées.

Congenital Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CIHH) is caused by an inherited mechanism of impairment of the pituitary-gonadal axis, interfering with gonads' control. Currently, different forms of HHCI with (Kallmann syndrome or KS) or without anosmia-hyposmia are known. There are six forms of KS already described but in several cases no genetic mutation is found. The genetic anomalies already described are: KAL1 (locus Xp23) coding for anosmine-1, KAL-2 or FGFRI (8p11. locus 2 - p11.1) coding for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1), KAL4 or PROk2 (locus 3p21.1) and KAL3 or ProKR2 (locus 20p13) coding respectively for the Prokinecitin-2 and its receptor, KAL5 or CHD7 (locus_8q12.1) coding for a chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein-7 gene (CHD7) and lastly KAL6 or FGF8 (10Q 24 loci) coding for Fibroblast Growth Factor 8. The other genetic anomalies without anosmia are less frequent. These are associated either with Gnrhl gene (8p2-11. 2), GnRHR (4q21.2), GPR54 (19p13),TAC3R or neurokinine receptor 3 (4 q 25), LH (19q13.32) or FSH (11p13). The isolated congenital hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism phenotype is variable depending on gender, the importance of the deficit, and ultimately, according to a specific regulatory mechanism of the axis, affected by an inherited genetic anomaly. In this review, we describe the essential aspects of the different phenotypes and genotypes of HHCI, in order to assess clinicians an early disease's diagnosis and management.

We report the case of a young boy who had had multiple bone fractures (more than 10) since the age of 19 months. The father had the same clinical history. The clinical examination was normal for his age except blue sclera. The bone densitometry showed a severe osteoporosis for his age. Biological exam swere correct. The genetic exploration revealed mutation of COL1A2 gene. With this clinical history, the diagnosis of Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) was retained. OI is a hereditary dystrophy with abnormal synthesis or metabolism of collagen with, often, mutation of COL1A1 or COL1A2 genes. There are 7 different forms. We consider the possible differential diagnoses. The goal of any treatment is to promote bone remineralisation and to decrease the fracture frequency. The treatment includes calcium and vitamin D, and in the presence of some precise criteria, biphosphonate therapy.

We report the case of a 2.5-month-old infant with severe anaemia discovered fortuitously during an acute febrile illness. The patient was admitted because of a septic arthritis of the knee. Initial biology showed a 3.5 g/dl haemoglobin concentration. The anaemia was microcytic and hypochromic, with obvious haemolysis and reticulocytosis. Standard analysis was not contributive. Further investigations allowed the diagnosis of elliptocytosis. The patient was treated by antibiotics, orthopaedic measures and iterative transfusions. Now, 18 months from the initial episode, she is in good health. With this history, we discuss the clinical process facing severe anaemia during infancy and review the particularities of such uncommon congenital anaemia. Elliptocytosis is a haemolytic anaemia caused by congenital anomalies of the erythrocyte membrane. Diagnosis requires morphological studies of the red blood cells on peripheral blood smear. The disease is often overlooked by membrane protein electrophoresis. The condition is heterogeneous concerning clinical, biochemical and genetic aspects. Most of the cases are linked to mutations of the alpha-spectrin gene, in autoassociation regions. Search of spectrin and protein 4.1 genes mutations can confirm the diagnosis but is not routinely performed.