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For efficient feedstock and energy utilization, integrated biorefinery processes are applied to furfural production from bagasse to convert furfural residue into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)-an important intermediate building block for the production of various biochemicals. Here, a techno-economic analysis of the integrated processes of furfural and HMF production combined with electricity generation under different scenarios was performed to identify the most suitable process design. Simulations revealed that using the whole bagasse in the biorefinery plant and recycling 50% waste from the HMF production to recover unreacted sugar (scenario 2) achieved the maximum furfural and HMF production with minimum CO2 emission, compared with integrated processes without sugar recycling (scenario 1), with 80% (scenario 3) and 60% biomass (scenario 4) bypassed to the biorefinery, and with a standalone combined heat and power system (scenario 5). Moreover, heat integration improved the efficiency of biorefinery plant (scenario 2), with an energy recovery potential of 71%, leading to the maximum profit at 11% internal rate of return. However, the high operating cost associated with the requirement of solvents and catalysts for HMF production represents the largest cost distribution in the proposed integrated processes. Sensitivity analysis revealed that solvent cost was the most important parameter for economic benefit. In addition, improving technological efficiency in the pretreatment and HMF production phases can enhance product yield, thereby benefiting the profitability of this process.

The analyzing powers $^{T}T_{10}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}},^{T}T_{20}$, and $^{T}T_{30}$ for the $^{12}\mathrm{C}(^{7}\mathrm{Li},t$) reaction were measured and combined with new and previously determined angular distributions to probe the role of multistep processes through coupled channel Born approximation (CCBA) calculations employing new $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle spectroscopic amplitudes calculated with the phenomenological shell model in the unrestricted $psd$ space. Good descriptions of the cross-section angular distributions could be obtained except for the larger angles for the 6.05 MeV ${0}^{+}$ and 6.13 MeV ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states, while the analyzing powers were not generally described. The calculations presented demonstrate the sensitivity of the angular distributions of both the differential cross sections and the analyzing powers to various multistep routes. While the measured analyzing power $^{T}T_{30}$ is roughly zero for all states, the various CCBA calculations produced large and highly oscillatory values for this observable, showing that other multistep processes must be present beyond those taken into account in this work. Standard distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) calculations were also carried out and these show considerable differences from the CCBA results but the description of the analyzing powers, while slightly improved, is still poor.

Resume Le service de geriatrie de l’hopital Edouard-Herriot a Lyon a mis en place une ligne d’appel directe pour les medecins non hospitaliers. L’objectif etait d’identifier les attentes et perceptions des medecins non hospitaliers de cette ligne d’appel directe. Nous avons realise une enquete qualitative aupres de 20 medecins. Les medecins interroges n’arrivaient pas a faire acceder leur patient et leur demande d’avis au milieu hospitalier. Un gain de temps etait percu par les medecins utilisant ce dispositif. L’acces a l’hospitalisation et a l’avis specialise est facilite par une ligne d’appel directe dans un service de geriatrie. Ceci a permis d’eviter aux patients une hospitalisation dans certaines situations.

The dispersion potential of mechanical vectors is an important factor in the dissemination of pathogens. A mark-release-recapture experiment was implemented using two groups (unfed and partially fed) of the Tabanidae (Diptera) (Haematopota spp.) and biting Muscidae (Diptera) (Stomoxys calcitrans) most frequently collected in Belgium in order to evaluate their dispersion potential. In total, 2104 specimens of Haematopota spp. were collected directly from horses and 5396 S. calcitrans were collected in a cattle farm using hand-nets. Some of these insects were partially fed in vitro and all were subsequently coloured. Overall, 67 specimens of S. calcitrans (1.2%) and 17 of Haematopota spp. (0.8%) were recaptured directly on horses. Stomoxys calcitrans flew maximum distances of 150 m and 300 m when partially fed and unfed, respectively. Haematopota spp. travelled maximum distances of 100 m and 200 m when partially fed and unfed, respectively. Segregation measures seem essential in order to reduce the risk for pathogen transmission. A distance of 150 m appears to be the minimum required for segregation to avoid the risk for mechanical transmission, but in areas of higher vector density, this should probably be increased.

The direct component of the 60Fe(n,γ)61Fe cross section was investigated by populating the bound states of the 61Fe nucleus through the (d,pγ) transfer reaction in inverse kinematics using a radioactive beam of 60Fe at 27A MeV. The experiment was performed at GANIL using the MUST2 array and an annular double-sided silicon strip detector for the detection of the light charged particle in coincidence with the photons measured in the EXOGAM γ-ray detectors. For the first time, the spectroscopic factors of the first 3/2−, 5/2−, 1/2−, and 9/2+ states of 61Fe were deduced experimentally from an adiabatic distorted wave approximation analysis of the data. The obtained results show a very good agreement with the shell-model predictions. The calculated direct component of the (n,γ) cross section was found negligible and of about 2% of the total, indicating a dominant resonant component.

gamma-ray and fast-timing spectroscopy were used to study levels in Al-30 populated following the beta(-) decay of Mg-30. Five new transitions and three new levels were located in Al-30. A search was made to identify the third 1(+) state expected at an excitation energy of similar to 2.5 MeV. Two new levels were found, at 3163.9 and 3362.5 keV, that are firm candidates for this state. Using the advanced time-delayed (ATD) beta gamma gamma (t) method we have measured the lifetime of the 243.8-keV state to be T-1/2 = 15(4) ps, which implies that the 243.8-keV transition is mainly of M1 character. Its fast B(M1; 2(+) -> 3(+)) value of 0.10(3) W.u. is in very good agreement with the USD shell-model prediction of 0.090 W.u. The 1801.5-keV level is the only level observed in this study that could be a candidate for the second excited 2(+) state.

The unbound O12 nucleus was studied via the two-neutron transfer (p,t) reaction in inverse kinematics using a radioactive O14 beam at 51 MeV/u. Excitation energy spectra and differential cross sections were deduced by the missing mass method using MUST2 telescopes. We achieved much higher statistics compared to the previous experiments of O12, which allowed accurate determination of resonance energy and unambiguous spin and parity assignment. The O12 resonance previously reported using the same reaction was confirmed at an excitation energy of 1.62±0.03(stat.)±0.10(syst.). MeV and assigned spin and parity of 0+ from a distorted-wave Born approximation analysis of the differential cross sections. Mirror symmetry of O12 with respect to its neutron-rich partner Be12 is discussed from the energy difference of the second 0+ states. In addition, from systematics of known 0+ states, a distinct correlation is revealed between the mirror energy difference and the binding energy after carrying out a scaling with the mass and the charge. We show that the mirror energy difference of the observed 0+ state of O12 is highly deviated from the systematic trend of deeply bound nuclei and in line with the scaling relation found for weakly bound nuclei with a substantial 2s1/2 component. The importance of the scaling of mirror asymmetry is discussed in the context of ab initio calculations near the drip lines and universality of few-body quantum systems.

Nuclear break-up as a tool to study neutron correlations is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. First a time dependent theory going beyond mean field has been developed and shows that correlations between nucleons can be probed through nuclear break-up. Secondly, nuclear break-up of 6 He on 208 Pb target was studied at 20 A.MeV using a secondary beam of 6 He produced by the SPIRAL facility at GANIL. From the correlation function, a strong contribution of the di-neutron configuration of 6 He is found.

The measurement of the Isoscalar Giant Monopole Resonance(GMR) in unstable nuclei remains a major experimental challenge due to low radioactive beam intensities and unfavourable conditions in reverse kinematics. At GANIL, we have tested a new experimental method based on the unique capabilities of the active target Maya to probe the GMR by the inelastic scattering reaction 56Ni(d,d') at 50 AMeV. The preliminary excitation energy spectrum of 56Ni presents a bump between 12 and 25 MeV where isoscalar resonances are expected. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

10 pags.; 11 figs.; 2 tabs.; PACS number(s): 23.40.Hc, 29.30.Kv, 27.50.+e, 21.10.Pc; Open Access funded by Creative Commons Atribution Licence 3.0

Analyzing powers and cross sections for the elastic scattering of polarized 7 Li by targets of 6 Li, 7 Li and 12 C are shown to depend only on the properties of the projectile for momentum transfers of less than 1.0 fm −1 . The result of a detailed analysis of the experimental data within the framework of the coupled channels model with ground state reorientation and transitions to the excited states of the projectile and targets included in the coupling schemes are presented. This work suggests that nuclear properties of weakly-bound nuclei can be tested by elastic scattering experiments, independent of the target used, if data are acquired for momentum transfers less than ∼ 1.0 fm −1 .

NESTER; The fast timing $\beta\gamma\gamma(t)$ method was applied to investigate the level lifetimes in $^{30,31,32}$Mg. Levels in Mg have been populated in $\beta$ and $\beta$-delayed neutron emission of Na at the ISOLDE facility. From the $\gamma\gamma$ coincidences a number of new states have been identified and new level schemes were constructed for $^{30,31,32}$Mg. The following preliminary half lives have been determined: T$_{1/2}$ = 3.9(4) ns for the 1789 keV state in $^{30}Mg, T$_{1/2}$ = 133(8) ps and 10.5(8) ns for the 221 keV and 461 keV states in $^{31}$Mg, respectively, and T$_{1/2}$ = 16(4) ps for the 885 keV level in $^{32}$Mg. The 1789 keV level was established as a candidate for the intruder 0$^+$ configuration in $^{30}$Mg with a possible strong E0 branch to the ground state.

4 pages, 3 figures.-- PACS nr.: 23.40.-s.-- Printed version published Apr 2004.-- et al., Beta-decay experiments are a primary source of information for nuclear-structure studies and at the same time complementary to in-beam investigations of nuclei far from stability. Although both types of experiment are mainly based on γ-ray spectroscopy, they face different experimental problems. The so-called Pandemonium effect is a critical problem in β-decay if we are to test theoretically calculated transition probabilities. In this contribution we will present a solution to this problem using total absorption spectroscopy methods. We will also present some examples of experiments carried out with the Total Absorption Spectrometer (TAS) at GSI an describe a new device LUCRECIA recently installed at CERN., This work was partially supported by C.I.C.Y.T. (Spain) under contract AEN96-1662, by MCYT (Spain)contract No. FPA2002-04181-C04-03, by C.S.R. (Poland) grant KBN-2Pp03B-039-13, by R.F.B.R. (Russia)-D.F.G. (Germany) contract 436 RUS 113/201/0(R). Support from the HPMF-CT-1999-00394 project as well as from the European Large Scale Facility program at CERN is also aknowledged.

Primary standards for 7Li polarimetry requiring a measurement of the reaction p(7Lio,a)at03 to the beamline imposeexcessiveradiationdamageonthedetectors.Eliminatingthisdamagerequirestheestablishmentofsecondarystandardsfortheonlinemeasurementofbeampolarization.Acompletesetofanalyzingpowershasbeenobtainedforthescatteringofpolarized7Liby4Hetothe4.63MeVexcitedstateof7Liatabombardingenergyof31.5MeV.Certainanglesatwhichboth the di!erential cross-sections and analyzing powers are large are tabulated as secondary polarization stan-dards. ( 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Polarized 7Li polarimetry 1. IntroductionEstablishing the magnitude and sign of a beam’spolarizationis now largelyroutinedue tothe greate!ort that has gone into establishing primary po-larization standards for beams of spin 12,1or32nuclei. For heavy-ion beams of spin 32nuclei, thepioneering experimental work of the Heidel-berg}Marburg group showed that angular mo-mentum conservation rules allow a beam tensorpolarization to be determined from measurementsat03or1803[1}3].Theirexperimentswithpolariz-ed7Liand23Nabeamsshowedmanynovelphysicse!ects. Perhaps one of the most startling was thatvirtual projectile excitations can lead to large ana-lyzing powers even when the spin}orbit force issmall [4,5]. Recent experimental work on under-standing the structure of loosely boundhalo nuclei[6] has rekindled interest in studies involving thestable but loosely bound nuclei 6,7Li.All 7Li beam standards are currently based onthe fact that for the p(7Lio,a)a reaction induced bya tensor polarized beam, the tensor analyzingpowers are „20"!1 and

The odd rank analyzing powers T T 10 and T T 30 for 12 C( 7 Li → , 7 Li) 12 C and 12 C( 7 Li → , α ) 15 N have been measured with high precision for a 7 Li → bombarding energy of 34 MeV. The angular distributions of the T T 10 and T T 30 data are strongly correlated, marking the first experimental evidence of a relationship between analyzing powers of different rank. The ratio of T T 30 to T T 10 obeys limits derived from the assumptions that the reaction is both peripheral and well localized in the reaction plane, allowing, for the first time, a third rank analyzing power to contribute to our understanding of 7 Li.

Elastic and inelastic proton scattering to the 21+ state of the single closed shell radioactive nucleus 20 O have been measured in inverse kinematics with a beam energy of 30 MeV/u. The matrix element determined for the 0gs+→21+ transition in this work is compared with the corresponding electromagnetic matrix element to determine the ratio of the neutron and proton multipole matrix elements for this transition, Mn/Mp=2.9(4), which is quite different from the value Mn/Mp=N/Z=1.5 that would be expected for a purely isoscalar transition. A comparison of this result to a corresponding result for 18 O suggests that the strength of the core polarizing interactions between the valence neutrons and the core protons and neutrons is changing significantly with mass.

The inelastic scattering of Ar-40 on Ni-58 has been studied at 44 MeV per nucleon incident energy in coincidence with light particle emission. Besides the well known mechanisms of inelastic excitation, pick up break up and nucleon knock out, a new phenomenon has been observed, giving rise to fast forward moving particles with specific angular correlations. This newly observed mechanism seems to be a generic phenomenon present for various projectile-target combinations and incident energies. Its contribution to the inelastic spectrum has been extracted and a tentative interpretation is given. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The proton scattering on unstable38S nuclei has been measured in inverse kinematics by using a38S secondary beam at 39 MeV/nucleon. The first 2+ state is seen at 1.2 MeV excitation energy and its angular distribution is extracted. Optical and folding model calculations are compared with the elastic and the 2 1 + angular distributions and the β2 value is determined to be 0.35±0.04. This value is compared with the corresponding result from a Coulomb excitation measurement and theM n/Mp value is extracted.

A 39A MeV {sup 38}S radioactive beam was used with inverse kinematics to measure angular distributions for elastic and inelastic proton scattering from a CH{sub 2} target. Optical potential and folding model calculations are compared with the elastic distribution. Using coupled channel calculations, the {beta}{sub 2} value for the 2{sub 1}{sup +} state is determined to be 0.35{plus_minus}0.04. This value, when compared with the corresponding result from a Coulomb excitation measurement, leads to M{sub n}/M{sub p}=(1.5{plus_minus}0.3) N/Z, indicating an isovector contribution to the 2{sub 1}{sup +} state of {sup 38}S. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}

Elastic and inelastic scattering of protons on unstable 38 S nuclei has been measured in inverse kinematics by using a 38 S secondary beam at 39 MeV/nucleon. The excitation energy spectrum is measured up to 5 MeV. The first 2 + state is seen at 1.2 MeV excitation energy, and strength at around 3–5 MeV is also observed. Angular distributions for inelastic and elastic scattering are shown and compared to optical potential and folding model calculations. The preliminary β 2 value extracted for the first 2 + state is 0.38±0.05.

A study of the Gamow-Teller strength distributions $B$(GT) in the beta decay of ${}^{78}$Sr and ${}^{76,78}$Rb has been made using a total absorption spectrometer (TAS). Following the success in deducing the sign of the deformation for ${}^{76}$Sr, a similar approach is adopted for ${}^{78}$Sr based on a comparison of the measured $B$(GT) with quasiparticle random-phase approximation calculations. This work confirms its previously expected prolate deformation in the ground state. Conclusions about the structure of the odd-odd ${}^{76,78}$Rb isotopes have been drawn based on their measured $B$(GT) distributions.

The quenching of the N=20 shell gap in neutron-rich nuclei is investigated by studying the single-particle structure of 27Ne via neutron transfer using a 26Ne beam. Two low-lying negative-parity intruder states have been observed, the lowest of which is identified as Jπ=3/2−, confirming earlier speculations. A level identified as 7/2− is observed higher in energy than the 3/2−, contrary to the ordering at β-stability and at an energy significantly different from the predictions of previous shell-model calculations. The measured energies and deduced spectroscopic factors are well reproduced in full (0,1)-ℏω 0s-0p-0d-1s-0f-1p calculations in which there is a significant ad hoc reduction (∼0.7 MeV) in the N=20 shell gap.

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.84.011301.

We have undertaken a clinical ground study of proton-induced light flashes (phosphenes). Patients treated at the Institut Curie – Centre de Protontherapie in Orsay, France, received radiation therapy to cure ocular and skull-base cancers. Sixty percent of the patients treated for choroidal melanomas using 73 MeV protons report anomalous phosphenes. Delivering a radiation dose on the retina only is not sufficient to trigger the light flash. The present study may be the first indication of phosphenes triggered by protons of few tens of MeV.

INTEGRAL and RHESSI spacecrafts recently detected the 1.173 and 1.333 MeV γ‐ray lines coming from the 60Fe—60Co—60Ni radioactive decay chain. The long lived isotope 60Fe (T1/2 = 1.5 106y) is believed to be primarily produced in core‐collapse supernovae. However the interpretation of the observations is difficult because of the large uncertainties concerning 59Fe(n,γ)60Fe and 60Fe(n,γ)61Fe cross sections, involved in 60Fe nucleosynthesis.The direct component of the 60Fe(n,γ)61Fe reaction was studied indirectly via the d(60Fe,pγ)61Fe transfer reaction. The experiment performed in GANIL in spring 2009 will allow to determine the excitation energies of the populated excited states of 61Fe and for the first time their spectroscopic factors as well as their transfer angular momentum.I will first give an overview of the astrophysical context, then I will describe the experimental setup and finally present some preliminary results of the ongoing analysis.

Microsporum canis is a pathogenic dermatophyte that causes a superficial cutaneous mycosis, mainly in cats and humans. Proteolytic enzymes, including subtilisins, have been postulated to be key factors involved in adherence and invasion of the stratum corneum and keratinized epidermal structures.To evaluate the importance of Sub3 as a M. canis virulence factor using a SUB3 RNA-silenced strain.The stability of a previously constructed RNA-silenced strain IHEM 22957 was tested in three different ways. The involvement of Sub3 in the adherence process was evaluated using a new ex vivo adherence model of M. canis arthroconidia to feline epidermis. In order to investigate the contribution of Sub3 in epidermal invasion, the pathogenicity of the SUB3 silenced strain was compared with that of the control strain in a guinea pig model of experimental M. canis dermatophytosis.The silenced strain was shown to be stable after four in vitro transfers and after the in vivo experimental infection. This strain has dramatic loss of adherence capacity to feline corneocytes when compared with the parental strain. In contrast, no significant differences were observed at any time during the infection between the control strain and the SUB3 silenced strain, indicating that Sub3 secretion is not required for invasion of epidermal structures.RNA interference is a useful tool to evaluate pathogenic mechanisms of M. canis. For the first time, a role in pathogenicity could be attributed to a protease of a dermatophyte, namely Sub3 from M. canis, which is required for adherence to but not for invasion of the epidermis.

An excited state in the proton-rich unbound nucleus $^{12}\mathrm{O}$ was identified at 1.8(4) MeV via missing-mass spectroscopy with the $^{14}\mathrm{O}(p,t)$ reaction at $51\text{ }\text{ }A\mathrm{MeV}$. The spin-parity of the state was determined to be ${0}^{+}$ or ${2}^{+}$ by comparing the measured differential cross sections with distorted-wave calculations. The lowered location of the excited state in $^{12}\mathrm{O}$ indicates the breakdown of the major shell closure at $Z=8$ near the proton drip line. This demonstrates the persistence of mirror symmetry in the disappearance of the magic number 8 between $^{12}\mathrm{O}$ and its mirror partner $^{12}\mathrm{Be}$.

An excited state in the proton-rich unbound nucleus 12O was identified at 1.8(4) MeV via missing-mass spectroscopy with the 14O(p,t) reaction at 51 AMeV. The spin-parity of the state was determined to be 0+ or 2+ by comparing the measured differential cross sections with distorted-wave calculations. The lowered location of the excited state in 12O indicates the breakdown of the major shell closure at Z=8 near the proton drip line. This demonstrates the persistence of mirror symmetry in the disappearance of the magic number 8 between 12O and its mirror partner 12Be.

The nuclear break-up of 6He on a 208Pb target was studied at 20A MeV using a secondary beam of 6He produced by the SPIRAL facility at GANIL. $ \alpha$ -particles were detected in coincidence with two neutrons with a large angular coverage and the reaction mechanism was identified. From the distribution of the relative angles between the two neutrons the correlation function was extracted. It shows a strong correlation at small relative angles attributed to the contribution of the di-neutron configuration of 6He .