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Bu çalışmada, sosyolojinin kuruluşundan itibaren en temel çalışma konularından biri olan değişme kavramının sosyoloji tarihinde ele alınış biçimlerine değinilerek, yirmi birinci yüzyılda afetler ve sonrasında yaşanan değişme süreçleriyle beraber incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, klasik değişme kuramları kısaca incelenerek, değişmenin temel dinamikleri ortaya konulmuştur. Ardından, yirmi birinci yüzyılda sayıları artan doğal afetler sonrasında yaşanan travma ve yıkım sonucunda gerçekleşen fiziksel ve toplumsal değişimler dirençlilik kavramıyla ele alınarak, değişme ve sosyal değişme ilişkisine değinilmiştir. Afet sonrasında yeniden düzene dönebilme kapasitesi olarak ele alınabilecek olan dirençlilik ile değişme birbiriyle yakın ilişkili olarak tartışılmış ve özellikle dirençliliğin bir alt kategorisi olarak kırılganlık kavramı da sosyal boyutuyla incelemeye dahil edilmiştir. Değişme, dirençlilik ve kırılganlık kavramları ekseninde, toplumların afet sonrası düzene yeniden geri dönebilme veya yeni düzene uyum sağlama kapasiteleri önemli belirleyiciler olarak kabul edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla, afet yönetimi planlarında ve hazırlık aşamalarında, dirençlilik kapasitelerinin belirlenebilmesi, sosyal kırılganlık düzeyleriyle ilişkili olarak önem taşımaktadır. Ayrıca, siyasalar oluşturulurken, dikkate alınacak planlarda, değişme ve dirençlilik ilişkisine önem verilmesi, toplumların en kısa sürede yeniden düzene ve uyumluluğa kavuşabilmesine önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır.

Objective: Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit difficulties with organizational skills such as task planning, managing materials, and organizing activities that have downstream consequences on academic functioning. At the same time, deficits in working memory have been linked with both the organizational skills difficulties and academic underachievement and underperformance observed in children with ADHD and have been hypothesized to account for the link between organizational and academic functioning. However, the extent to which working memory and organizational skills independently versus jointly contribute to ADHD-related academic difficulties remains unclear., Method: The present study is the first to examine the unique and shared roles of working memory and organizational skills for explaining ADHD-related underachievement and underperformance in a clinically evaluated sample of 309 children with and without ADHD ( M age = 10.34, SD = 1.42; 123 girls; 69.6% White Not Hispanic or Latino)., Results: Bias-corrected, bootstrapped latent path analyses revealed that working memory and organizational skills together accounted for 100% of the academic achievement ( d = -1.09) and 80.6% of the academic performance ( d = -0.58) difficulties exhibited by children with ADHD. Working memory ( d = -0.95 to -0.26), organizational skills ( d = -0.30 to -0.11), and shared variance across working memory and organizational skills ( d = -0.13 to -0.06) each independently predicted ADHD-related difficulties in both academic achievement and performance outcomes., Conclusions: These findings are consistent with models suggesting that working memory has downstream consequences for functional impairments in ADHD, as well as evidence that organizational skills and working memory are each important predictors of ADHD-related academic functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Introduction: Children with ADHD demonstrate difficulties on many different neuropsychological tests. However, it remains unclear whether this pattern reflects a large number of distinct deficits or a small number of deficit(s) that broadly impact test performance. The current study is among the first experiments to systematically manipulate demands on both working memory and inhibition, with implications for competing conceptual models of ADHD pathogenesis., Method: A clinically evaluated, carefully phenotyped sample of 110 children with ADHD, anxiety disorders, or co-occurring ADHD+anxiety ( M age =10.35, 44 girls; 69% White Not Hispanic/Latino) completed a counterbalanced, double dissociation experiment, with two tasks each per inhibition (low vs. high) x working memory (low vs. high) condition., Results: Bayesian and frequentist models converged in indicating that both manipulations successfully increased demands on their target executive function (BF 10 >5.33x10 8 , p <.001). Importantly, occupying children's limited capacity working memory system produced slower response times and reduced accuracy on inhibition tasks (BF 10 >317.42, p <.001, d =0.67-1.53). It also appeared to differentially reduce inhibition (and non-inhibition) accuracy for children with ADHD relative to children with anxiety (BF 10 =2.03, p =.02, d =0.50). In contrast, there was strong evidence against models that view working memory deficits as secondary outcomes of underlying inhibition deficits in ADHD (BF 01 =18.52, p =.85)., Discussion: This pattern indicates that working memory broadly affects children's ability to inhibit prepotent tendencies and maintain fast/accurate performance, and may explain the errors that children with ADHD make on inhibition tests. These findings are broadly consistent with models describing working memory as a causal mechanism that gives rise to secondary impairments. In contrast, these findings provide evidence against models that view disinhibition as a cause of working memory difficulties or view working memory as a non-causal correlate or epiphenomenon in ADHD., Competing Interests: The principal investigator MK holds a patent for neurocognitive interventions that target central executive working memory and inhibitory control. These interventions were not used in the current study. MK discloses travel reimbursement from the American Professional Society for ADHD and Related Disorders APSARD and consulting payments from Sky Therapeutics and Boys Town National Research Hospital in the past 2 years (no prior disclosures). None of the other investigators have potential conflicts to report., (Copyright © 2024 Kofler, Groves, Chan, Marsh, Cole, Gaye, Cibrian, Tatsuki and Singh.)

Growing evidence suggests that childhood ADHD is associated with larger impairments in working memory relative to inhibition. However, most studies have not considered the role of co-occurring anxiety on these estimates - a potentially significant confound given prior evidence that anxiety may increase working memory difficulties but decrease inhibition difficulties for these children. The current study extends prior work to examine the extent to which co-occurring anxiety may be systematically affecting recent estimates of the magnitude of working memory/inhibitory control deficits in ADHD. The carefully-phenotyped sample included 197 children with ADHD and 142 children without ADHD between the ages of 8 and 13 years (N = 339; M age  = 10.31, SD = 1.39; 144 female participants). Results demonstrated that ADHD diagnosis predicted small impairments in inhibitory control (d = 0.31) and large impairments in working memory (d = 0.99). However, child trait anxiety assessed dimensionally across multiple informants (child, parent, teacher) did not uniquely predict either executive function, nor did it moderate estimates of ADHD-related working memory/inhibition deficits. When evaluating anxiety categorically and controlling for ADHD, anxiety diagnosis predicted slightly better working memory (d = 0.19) but not inhibitory control for clinically evaluated children generally. Findings from the current study indicate that trait anxiety, measured dimensionally or categorically, does not differentially affect estimates of executive dysfunction in pediatric ADHD. Further, results suggest that trait anxiety is generally not associated with executive dysfunction above and beyond the impact of co-occurring ADHD. Future research is needed to further assess the role of anxiety in ADHD behavioral symptomatology, neurocognitive functioning, and mechanisms underlying these relations., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently demonstrate deficits in working memory and in multiple domains of math skills, including underdeveloped problem-solving and computation skills. The Baddeley model of working memory posits a multicomponent system, including a domain-general central executive and two domain-specific subsystems-phonological short-term memory and visuospatial short-term memory. Extant literature indicates a strong link between neurocognitive deficits in working/short-term memory and math skills; however, the extent to which each component of working/short-term memory may account for this relation is unclear., Method: The present study was the first to use bifactor (S·I-1) modeling to examine relations between each working/short-term memory subcomponent (i.e., central executive, phonological short-term memory, and visuospatial short-term memory), ADHD symptoms, and math skills in a clinically evaluated sample of 186 children ages 8-13 ( M years = 10.40, SD = 1.49; 62 girls; 69% White/non-Hispanic)., Results: Structural equation modeling indicated that all three working/short-term memory components exert a significant and approximately equal effect on latent math skills (β = .29-.50, all p < .05) and together explain 56% of the variance in children's math achievement ( R ² = .56). Exploratory analyses indicated that teacher-reported ADHD inattentive symptoms provided a small but significant contribution to predicting latent math skills (Δ R ² = .07) and accounted for 24% of the central executive/math association., Conclusions: These findings suggest that math difficulties in children with ADHD and clinically evaluated children without ADHD are associated, in large part, with their neurocognitive vulnerabilities in working/short-term memory and, to a lesser extent, overt ADHD symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: The current randomized controlled trial (RCT) was the first to examine the benefits of central executive training (CET, which trains the working components of working memory [WM]) for reducing organizational skills difficulties relative to a carefully matched neurocognitive training intervention (inhibitory control training [ICT])., Method: A carefully phenotyped sample of 73 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity-impulsivity disorder (ADHD; ages 8-13, M = 10.15, SD = 1.43; 20 girls; 73% White/Non-Hispanic) participated in a preregistered RCT of CET versus ICT (both 10-week treatments). Parent-rated task planning, organized actions, and memory/materials management data were collected at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 2-4 month follow-up; teacher ratings were obtained at pretreatment and 1-2 month follow-up., Results: CET was superior to ICT for improving organizational skills based on teacher report (Treatment × Time interaction: d = 0.61, p = .01, BF₁₀ = 31.61). The CET group also improved significantly based on parent report, but this improvement was equivalent in both groups (main effect of time: d = 0.48, p < .001, BF₁₀ = 3.13 × 10⁷; Treatment × Time interaction: d = 0.29, p = .25, BF₀₁ = 3.73). Post hocs/preregistered planned contrasts indicated that CET produced significant and clinically meaningful (number needed to treat = 3-8) pre/post gains on all three parent (d = 0.50 -0.62) and all three teacher ( d = 0.46 -0.95) subscales, with gains that were maintained at 1-2 month (teacher report) and 2-4 month follow-up (parent report) for five of six outcomes., Conclusions: Results provide strong initial evidence that CET produces robust and lasting downstream improvements in school-based organizational skills for children with ADHD based on teacher report. These findings are generally consistent with model-driven predictions that ADHD-related organizational problems are secondary outcomes caused, at least in part, by underdeveloped working memory abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The 'simple view of reading' is an influential model of reading comprehension which asserts that children's reading comprehension performance can be explained entirely by their decoding and language comprehension skills. Children with ADHD often exhibit difficulty across all three of these reading domains on standardized achievement tests, yet it is unclear whether the simple view of reading is sufficient to explain reading comprehension performance for these children. The current study was the first to use multiple indicators and latent estimates to examine the veracity of key predictions from the simple view of reading in a clinically-evaluated sample of 250 children with and without ADHD (ages 8-13, M age =10.29, SD=1.47; 93 girls; 70% White/Non-Hispanic). Results of the full-sample structural equation model revealed that decoding and language comprehension explained all (R 2 =.99) of the variance in reading comprehension for children with and without ADHD. Further, multigroup modeling (ADHD, Non-ADHD) indicated that there was no difference in the quantity of variance explained for children with ADHD versus clinically-evaluated children without ADHD, and that the quantity of explained variance did not differ from 100% for either group. Sensitivity analyses indicated that these effects were generally robust to control for monomethod bias, time sampling error, and IQ. These findings are consistent with 'simple view' predictions that decoding and language comprehension are both necessary and together sufficient for explaining children's reading comprehension skills. The findings extend prior work by indicating that the 'simple view' holds for both children with ADHD and clinically-evaluated children without ADHD., Competing Interests: Declarations of interest: none

Objective: Utilizing a multi-level meta-analytic approach, this review is the first to systematically quantify the efficacy of reading interventions for school-aged children with ADHD and identify potential factors that may increase the success of reading-related interventions for these children., Method: 18 studies (15 peer-reviewed articles, 3 dissertations) published from 1986 to 2020 ( N  = 564) were meta-analyzed., Results: Findings revealed reading interventions are highly effective for improving reading skills based on both study-developed/curriculum-based measures ( g  = 1.91) and standardized/norm-referenced achievement tests ( g  = 1.11) in high-quality studies of children with rigorously-diagnosed ADHD. Reading interventions that include at least 30 hours of intervention targeting decoding/phonemic awareness meet all benchmarks to be considered a Level 1 (Well-Established) Evidence-Based Practice with Strong Research Support for children with ADHD based on clinical and special education criteria., Conclusions: Our findings collectively indicate that reading interventions should be the first-line treatment for reading difficulties among at-risk readers with ADHD.

Introduction: Approximately 48-54% of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have impairing difficulties with emotion regulation, and these difficulties are not ameliorated by first-line ADHD treatments. Working memory and inhibitory control represent promising intervention targets given their functional, if not causal, links with ADHD-related emotion dysregulation., Methods: This preregistered randomized controlled trial tested whether two digital therapeutic training protocols that have been previously shown to improve working memory (Central Executive Training [CET]) and inhibitory control (Inhibitory Control Training [ICT]) can improve emotion regulation in a sample of 94 children with ADHD aged 8-13 years ( M = 10.22, SD = 1.43; 76% White/non-Hispanic; 29 girls)., Results: Results of Bayesian mixed model ANOVAs indicated both treatment groups demonstrated significant decreases in emotion dysregulation relative to pre-treatment at immediate post-treatment (parent report; d = 1.25, BF 10 = 8.04 × 10 13 , p < 0.001), at 1-2 months after completing treatment (teacher report; d = 0.99, BF 10 = 1.22 × 10 6 , p < 0.001), and at 2-4-months follow-up (parent report; d = 1.22, BF 10 = 1.15 × 10 14 , p < 0.001). Contrary to our hypotheses, the CET and ICT groups demonstrated equivalent reductions in emotion dysregulation and maintenance of effects. Exploratory analyses revealed that results were robust to control for informant expectancies, ADHD medication status/changes, in-person vs. at-home treatment, child age, and time from treatment completion to post-treatment ratings., Discussion: To determine whether working memory and inhibitory control are causally linked with ADHD-related emotion dysregulation, future studies should include active control conditions that do not train executive functions prior to making decisions about the clinical utility of CET/ICT for the treatment of emotion dysregulation in ADHD., Clinical Trial Registration: [https://clinicaltrials.gov/], identifier [NCT03324464]., Competing Interests: The principal investigator MK/Florida State University (FSU) was awarded U.S. Patent 11,210,967 for the Neurocognitive Interventions described in the present study. Central Executive Training was recently licensed to Sky Therapeutics, where MK is in negotiations to serve as Chief Science Officer and consultant. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Groves, Chan, Marsh, Gaye, Jaisle and Kofler.)

Objective: Central executive training (CET) is a "Level 2" evidence-based treatment for improving ADHD-related executive dysfunction and behavioral symptoms, but the extent to which these gains extend to the disorder's well-documented academic difficulties is unknown., Method: Across two clinical trials, 108 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 8-13 years old ( M = 10.29, SD = 1.50; 32 girls; 75% White/Non-Hispanic) were treated with CET ( n = 52), inhibitory control training (ICT; n = 29), or gold-standard behavioral parent training (BPT; n = 27)., Results: CET was superior to BPT and ICT ( d = 0.62-0.88) for improving masked teacher perceptions of academic success, impulse control, and academic productivity at 1-2 months posttreatment. At 2-4-month follow-up, CET ( d = 0.76) and ICT ( d = 0.54) were superior to BPT for improving objectively-tested academic achievement overall (reading comprehension, math problem-solving, language comprehension), and CET was superior to ICT ( d = 0.56) for improving math problem-solving. The significant benefits of CET on academic success, academic productivity, reading comprehension, and math problem-solving replicated across both trials and were clinically significant as evidenced by low number needed to treat estimates (Needed to Treat; NNT = 3-7) and significantly higher proportions of individual cases demonstrating reliable improvements in academic success/productivity (33%-36% vs. 0%-18%) and achievement (38%-72% vs. 18%-54%) across outcomes (all p ≤ .01)., Conclusions: Results across the two trials provide strong support for the efficacy of CET for ADHD, and are consistent with model-driven hypotheses that academic difficulties in ADHD are due, in part, to these children's underdeveloped executive functioning abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Bond-breaking bio-orthogonal chemistry, consisting of a "click" reaction between trans -cyclooctene and tetrazine, followed by an intramolecular cyclization-driven uncaging step is described. The two-step process allows activation of caged compounds in biological media at neutral pH. The feasibility of this chemistry has been illustrated using NMR, while kinetics and pH-dependence were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy using caged coumarin. The practicality of the strategy is illustrated by activation of an anticancer drug, etoposide.

Introduction: Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing a rapid epidemiological transition with the increasing incidence of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD). Among these, cancer is one of the main causes of death in adults. This is a public health problem whose burden is unknown due to lack of statistical data. In addition, the already overburdened health systems are experiencing enormous constraints to address the problem with the double challenge of communicable and NCDs., Methods: The purpose of this evaluation was to assess the capacity and needs of health systems to prevent and control cancer. A cross-sectional study, using both quantitative and qualitative methods, was conducted between April 2017 and February 2018 in target countries, through in-depth interviews with key actors, direct observations and documents review. The WHO framework for health system strengthening with the 6 pillars was used for the gaps analysis., Results: Little priority is given to the fight against cancer because of low political commitment. Programs´ resources are very limited and there is a poor coordination of the actions. Human resources are insufficient, and most of them are concentrated in the capital city. This limits access to care with a late consultation of patients. Diagnosis and treatment services are expensive and generally paid by households. Finally, the unavailability of reliable data at national level hinders the decision-based evidence., Conclusion: There is an urgent need to create strong partnerships at national and regional levels to (i) Advocate for a strong political commitment; (ii) Strengthen the coordination of actions and create more synergy among stakeholders; (iii) Improve the quality and quantity of human resources; (iv) Extend universal health coverage to cancer and improve program funding; and (v) Set up cancer registries at national level., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© Omobolaji Ayandipo et al.)

Previous research has focused on the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as a key brain region in the mitigation of the competition that arises from two simultaneously active signals. However, to date, no study has demonstrated that ACC is necessary for this form of behavioral flexibility, nor have any studies shown that ACC acts by modulating downstream brain regions such as the dorsal medial striatum (DMS) that encode action plans necessary for task completion. Here, we performed unilateral excitotoxic lesions of ACC while recording downstream from the ipsilateral hemisphere of DMS in rats, performing a variant of the STOP-signal task. We show that on STOP trials lesioned rats perform worse, in part due to the failure of timely directional action plans to emerge in the DMS, as well as the overrepresentation of the to-be-inhibited behavior. Collectively, our findings suggest that ACC is necessary for the mitigation of competing inputs and validates many of the existing theoretical predictions for the role of ACC in cognitive control., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest., (Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.)

Aim: To assess the effectiveness of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) used as an indirect pulp-capping material in human molar and premolar teeth., Methodology: We conducted a clinical evaluation of 60 teeth, which underwent an indirect pulp-capping procedure with either MTA or calcium hydroxide cement (Dycal(®) ). Calcium hydroxide was compared with MTA and the thickness of the newly formed dentine was measured at regular time intervals. The follow-up was at 3 and 6 months, and dentine formation was monitored by radiological measurements on digitised images using Mesurim Pro(®) software., Results: At 3 months, the clinical success rates of MTA and calcium hydroxide were 93% and 73%, respectively (P = 0.02). At 6 months, the success rate was 89.6% with MTA, and remained steady at 73% with calcium hydroxide (P = 0.63). The mean initial residual dentine thickness was 0.23 mm, and increased by 0.121 mm with MTA and by 0.136 mm with calcium hydroxide at 3 months. At 6 months, there was an increase of 0.235 mm with MTA and of 0.221 mm with calcium hydroxide., Conclusions:   A higher success rate was observed in the MTA group relative to the Dycal(®) group after 3 months, which was statistically significant. After 6 months, no statistically significant difference was found in the dentine thickness between the two groups. Additional histological investigations are needed to support these findings., (© 2012 FDI World Dental Federation.)

The purpose of this study was to determine radiographically the prevalence of periapical periodontitis in teeth restored with crown in a Senegalese population. Full mouth periapical radiographs were obtained from 208 consecutive adult patients (6234 teeth) presenting as new patients to the Dental Service of the University. The presence of crown restorations, the periapical status and technical quality of root fillings associated were evaluated. 7.69% (n = 16) of patients had at least one tooth that was crowned. The total number of crowns assessed was 0.95% (n = 59). The molars were the teeth most crowned 40.67% (n = 24) followed by anterior teeth 30.50% (n = 18) and premolars 28.81% (n = 17). All the crowned teeth had previous root canal treatment of which only 16.94% (n = 10) were acceptable. 53 % (n = 32) of the teeth had apical periodontitis (PAI > 2). Unacceptable root fillings were associated with a higher prevalence of periapical disease (p < 0.05). Crown with a post extending more than 4 millimetres from the apex were associated with more periapical lesions 64.28% (p < 0.05). The results indicate a low prevalence of crowned teeth, an absence of vital preparation, a high prevalence of radiographic periapical disease and unacceptable root fillings associated.

Purpose: to confirm or infirm structural modification of oral mycosis at the summit after fifteen days of wearing removable resin partial dentures., Methods: our study took place at the health center of Rufisque in Senegal from January to July 1998, involved fourteen patients divided into two groups according to sex: seven males and seven females who came for removable resin partial dentures. The macroscopic examination was conducted through to inspection and touching of mycosis at the level of toothless summit before the wearing of the denture. A biopsy was conducted on each patient before and after the wearing of the resin dentures. Tissue reaction was appreciated qualitatively through morphological analysis., Results: Before the wearing of the removable resin partial dentures 92.9% of patients had epithelial hyperplasia; 7.1% epithelial hypoplasia and 85.7% keratosis at the level of the chorion the number of collagen fibbers (28.6% discrete, 50% moderate, 21.4% important), fibroblasts (35.7% discrete; 42.9% moderate ; 21.4% important), inflammatory cells (71.4% discrete; 28.6% moderate; 0% important) and for blood vessels (64% discrete; 35.70% moderate; 0% important) after fifteen days of wearing partial denture. After fifteen days of the wearing removable resin partial dentures: 85.7% of patients had epithelial hyperplasia; 14.3% normal epithelial and 100% de keratosis at the level of the chorion the number of collagen fibbers (14.3% discrete; 21.4% moderate; 64.3% important), fibroblasts (42.9% discrete; 42.90% moderate; 14.3% important), inflammatory cells (50% discrete, 35.7% moderate: 14.3% important), blood vessels (43% discrete; 28.6% moderate; 28.6% important)., Conclusion: Biopsies of the summit are reliable contribution; they provide precise information on the quality of tissue supporting resin partial dentures. This tissues may seem healthy appearance (inspection and touching) but show sign of suffering at this anatomy-pathological examination.

The non carious cervical lesion (NCCL) is a loss of tooth tissue at the neck of affected teeth that is unrelated to tooth decay. They are commonly encountered in clinical practice and present in a variety of forms. The purpose of this paper is to determine the prevalence of the NCCL in a Senegalese population. From 655 patients, 112 with cervical lesions were identified i.e. a global prevalence of 17.10%. The prevalence rate for abrasion was reported to be 77.70%, 12.50% for abfraction and 9.80% for erosion. Etiological factors were studied for abrasion and erosion. 54% of the patients with abrasion used their toothbrush horizontally. For erosion, only external factors were identified: consumption of acidic drinks (9 patients) or alcohol (1 patient) and professional environment (1 patient). Dentists should consider these lesions in their daily practice.

The maxillary first molar is submitted to frequent endodontic treatment and more over, it presents the highest failure rates, often in relation with his mesio-buccal root. Several studies about failures factors showed implication of root canal anatomy often in relation with the frequency of second canal. However, other failures factors, as the foramen situation, which is very important in endodontic practice, could increase the failure rate. The aim of this study was to determine the foramen situation in Senegalese people. The results showed 63.85% of excentric foramina (83 out of 130). 86% of excentric foramina were located at 1.5mm radiology apex.

After the introduction of the lateral compactage of gutta percha in endodontic clinic of OdontoStomatology Institute of Dakar in 1995; the immediate evaluation of the quality and the limit of the canal obturation due to a prospective study on 157 monoradicular teeth so be 168 canals (11 supplementary canals) has shown that 75% of canals are of type I of Vertucci and that the apical limit of security is reached within 80.25% of cases. The manual step back canal preparation (79.17%) and the technique of canal obturation by lateral compactage of gutta percha [(64.88%); Apical limit of security: 59.52%] permit to obtain a densities (95.83%) and homogeneous (79.57%) canal obturation. The indication of gutta percha compactage on monoradicular teeth (hermetic and tridimensional root canal filling) must avail to apical curved roots of lateral incisive, the use of adapted instruments in case of canines (31 mm) and apical stop cone on necrotic pulp teeth.

An investigation conducted over dental surgeons of 52 dental offices in Dakar and it's near suburb (40 from private sector and 12 from public and quasi-public) has shown that the use of retro-alveolar radiography during endodontic treatment was not systematic, due to the price of retro-alveolar film, waste of time and relative facility of the endodontic treatment of monoradicular teeth. The preparatory negative is favored (32.70%) particularly by private dental surgeons, who use two retro-alveolar films for endodontic treatment: pre and post operative radiography (30%). The immediate post operator control is executed only in case of post-operator pains by public and quasi-public dental surgeons (16.67%) with one retro-alveolar film on average for the endodontic treatment; at term any radiographic control is done. Three retro-alveolar films per endodontic treatment were exceptionally used (9.61%) and offset incidences (15%) are not much used as well as support-films (angulators). The retro-alveolar radiography is still a reliable guide for a clinical success in endodontic treatment with a minimum of three retro-alveolar films and offset incidences.

It's about the conservation of a central maxillary incisive, presenting an horizontal radicular fracture, without communication with the intra-oral cavity and after endodontic treatment and fasten down. The post-therapeutic control after 6 months has shown a cicatricial cal formed.

This study shows and evaluates the quality of the new root canal filling and periapical healing about 24 cases of endodontic retreatment, equivalent of 7.76% of endodontic treatments done at the clinic. The main consultation purposes were pain (54.17%) and pre-prosthetic control (40.90%) on these patients. 75% of teeth were treated in a single session attempt to 45 minutes. The root canal filling is performed in 91.65% of cases, with the safe apical limit reached in 88.13% and 94.11% per apical healing toward a short term results.

This prospective study done in a dental care center in a near suburb of Dakar during a period between January 1999 and December 2000, bas shown that permanent incisors traumatism's frequency is about 10.30% (61 teeth) which come within common values of the literature; and a sex ratio of 2.25. These traumatisms concern central maxillary incisors (75.41%) on patients less than 20 years old; falls, violence and road accidents are the major etiology. The consulting time limit is quite disadvantaged to preserve pulp vitality and dental re-implant in case of recent traumatisms. 53.33% of old dental traumatisms are observed to patients between 20 and 40 years old. And overall 80.76% of endodontic treatments realised in this case were not finished. The control of pain and anxiety would ease the emergency treatment. The information's of patients about significance of the consulting time limit, their motivation on differed dental treatments and/or endodontic treatments, as well the post traumatic watch would improve the management and the prognostic by setting of a referenced dental care units.

The alvéolite is an post-extractionnel accident, very frequent, unforeseeable, characterized by a deterioration of the physiological process of formation of the clot and occurring as well at the healthy subject at the degenerate. The objective of this work is to make an exploratory study on the cases of alvéolites which have occurred in three structures of odontological care in Dakar between October 2000 and June 2001. We studied the clinical and therapeutic aspects alveolites among 55 patients having undergone 168 extractions. On the whole 68 cases of alveolites were indexed including 18 suppurées forms and 50 dry forms. The alveolite was occured among 44 women and 11 men and the section of age which most touched ranges between 20 and 29 ans (51 %). The evoked factors etiologic are multiples(taken oral contraceptives, use of vasoconstricteurs. technical of extraction etc?). The treatment is local by type of antiseptic paste and general with base of antibiotic, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory. We don't have real coding of the treatment. The prevention remains the best attitude and consists with: - To carry out the acte operational with a rigorous asepsis - To avoid the inopportune instrumental traumatisms - To Irrigate the bone in permnance during the utilisation of rotary instruments.

It is a holy study of observation and prevalence concerning a population of 268 pupils in first degree of the primary schools depending on the health center Nabil Choucair. 82% of these pupils have dental decay with DMFT egals 3.94. Our results suggest needs of preventive intervention on the intention to reach the objectives health for all by 2000 relatively to dental health in Senegal.

The calcium hydroxide used as intracanalar temporary medication in modern endodontics, is the aim of this clinical and radiographic appraisal of endodontic treatment during two sessions (HESS J. C. and all. 1990); on 22 mature permanent teeth with peri apical lesion. In this second Dakar serial study, the mediate disinfection during 6 weeks in average, was followed by a root canal filling for: 11 mono-radicular teeth by compactage of gutta percha, adjusted monocone for 11 pluri-radicular teeth; and so by definitive coronal restoration. The direct magistral preparations used in this study are not expensive, but simple and efficient; our endodontic processing (pre-treatment and treatment) end up at clinical silence and radiographic apical healing in 90.91% of cases after 9 months for 66.67% of root canal filling located at the safety apical limit.

The retrospective study on the endodontic retreatments done at the Odonto-Stomatology Institute of Dakar from 1986 to 1997 shows a small rate of 1.94% (unreached canalar root filling) for 4325 endodontic treatments. The endodontic retreatments concern almost women (54.76%), ageing between 20 to 30 years (45.24%); maxillary central incisors (21.43%) and first molars (21.43%). The clinical reason having conducted to a retreatment is prosthetic (46.4%) and symptomatic (38.10%); the immediate success rate of these retreatment stays favourable at 59.52%.