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The study of Scottish migration in the early modern period has experienced extensive growth in recent decades, but has tended to privilege overseas movement over the presence of Scots elsewhere in Britain. This is particularly true of migrants from the Scottish Highlands: much has been written about Highlanders in America or Continental Europe, but almost nothing is known about their experiences in England and Wales, and in particular in London, consistently the major destination of Scots moving southwards. This article seeks to address that gap by exploring the extent and nature of Highland migration to London during the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. It begins by surveying the surviving evidence for Highlanders’ presence in the English capital, suggesting that they were most readily to be found in the elite and mercantile sectors, and were comparatively rarer among the ranks of artisans, professionals, or the poor. It is also argued that Highlanders tended not to form a coherent ethnic ‘bloc’, but instead were subsumed within the wider Scottish diaspora. This, however, was paradoxical, because London was during this period developing a strong image of ‘the Highlanders’ as distinctive from ‘the Scot’. The article therefore goes on to explore the origins of Highlander imagery, and concludes that those Highlanders actually resident in London contributed very little to it. Instead, image-makers drew predominantly on pre-existing Scottish stereotypes, travellers’ reports, outlaw tales, and political discourse, for example surrounding Jacobitism. All of this suggests a degree of invisibility around the Highland community in early modern London, and that, the article suggests, underlines the fundamental blurriness of the Highland/Lowland divide within Scotland. It also indicates that a segmented, rather than ethno-cultural model of assimilation might offer the most reliable means of understanding the Scottish diaspora in early modern London.

Skilled scientific or academic writing is of great importance to research communication and journal publication ultimately. The four fundamental sections of a scholarly manuscript are introduction, methods, results and discussion. The discussion serves to interpret and analyze the study results in view of the existing body of evidence. Moreover, it serves to transform the usually rigid numerical statistical data of the results section into practical and clinically utilizable information. A well-formulated discussion can provide readers with informed decisions on the validity of the results and their exact generalizability to the broader community. It can also isolate shortcomings of the existing literature. Despite the extensive growth in biomedical publications lately, little attention has been paid to the importance of medical writing in general and to the discussion section of a medical manuscript in specific. This applies to curricular education and medical literature. The implications of well-executed studies with important findings can go unnoticed if authors are less skilled at writing a comprehensive discussion and conclusion among other manuscript sections. I intended to convey the experience I have accumulated in authoring and peer-reviewing for leading society journals and supervising in-house academic theses and dissertations. The objective of this article was to help authors present and communicate their research findings methodically, efficiently and impartially. Orthopedic research was taken as a practical example.

In recent years, the software production industry has experienced significant changes largely caused by extensive growth of globalisation, outsourcing, and competitive pressure. With these changes,...

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the extent to which productivity and formal research collaboration has changed in the fields of social sciences in Mexico. The results show that all fields have had extensive growth in the number of publications, mainly since 2005 when the number of journals in Social Sciences indexed in Web of Science (WoS) started a significant growth. However, there are important variations among areas of knowledge. The four most productive fields, considering only publications in WoS, are Business & Economics; Education & Educational Research; Social Sciences Other Topics; and Psychology. The evolution of the mean of coauthors per paper, over the period of analysis, has not had a steady growth. On the contrary, the evolution has been almost flat in almost all fields of knowledge. The evolution of communication and information technologies does not seem to have influenced substantially co-authorship in Social Sciences in Mexico. Nor has there been a big change in terms of collaboration. On average, 42% of the publications in all fields of knowledge were by solo authors, and 26% were local collaborations, i.e. collaborations among authors affiliated at Mexican institutions. Related to international collaboration, 24% of the publications were bilateral collaboration (Mexico and another country) and only 8% of the publications involved researchers from three or more countries (multilateral collaboration).

The extensive growth of urban tourism is influencing the living environment of urban citizens worldwide, which is among others due to changes in the range of commercial amenities. For example, the existing supply of retail and hospitality services is gradually changing from a focus on inhabitants to the tourist. As a result, the call for municipal intervention grows. However, little is known about the steerability of this development. In this article we therefore asses how tourism affects the range of commercial amenities in city streets, and what local policy responses are most suitable. The research builds on the concepts of tourism gentrification and different types of ‘policy-instrument fit’. Our case study of the city centre of Amsterdam, including a media and policy document analysis, as well as in-depth interviews with stakeholders, show that some problems caused by mass tourism require 'hard' forms of government control, while others require a 'softer' process approach, linking local parties to jointly improve a city street. The presented steering perspectives are not only relevant for the city of Amsterdam, but also for many other towns within, and beyond, the Netherlands, that are struggling with the growth of tourism.

Economic and social development of a country rely on advanced science and technology, skilled, educated workforce, extensive growth of innovation and population density. The process of innovation creation can be long and winding and should take into account the needs of technological development and definitely bring benefits to business. The concept of a science park has not been new. The United States of America were pioneers who in early 1950s suggested a brand new model for bridging the gap between academia and industry. Nowadays developed countries employ that model, though its objectives, funds, inputs and outcomes may vary. This paper will focus of the issue of real interaction of institutions of education, science and industry and will raise a number of controversial issues in the correction of the vector for socio-economic modernization. The authors analyzed a set of legislation acts on regulating the cooperation of academia and business. The paper gives a graphical model of reciprocity of institutions of education, science, and industry taking into account the interests of public authorities, and offers a set of additional indicators of evaluation of the efficiency of functioning of an innovation structure in the country (region).

This research note addresses the overtourism phenomenon from a revenue management perspective. The paper claims that overtourism is an indication of a revenue management failure, on both destination and corporate levels, because the demand surpasses the capacity of the destination. Overtourism provides destinations and tourist companies with opportunities to replace extensive growth (more tourists) with intensive growth (higher prices) in order to match demand and supply. Various pricing, non-pricing and combined revenue management techniques can be used utilised for this.

The growth inhibiting effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum was studied. LAB had no significant effect on growth of C. botulinum and their effect was not included in the model to be evaluated. An available cardinal parameter growth and growth boundary model for non-proteolytic C. botulinum (Koukou et al., 2021; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109162) was evaluated using a total of 822 time-to-toxin (TTT) formation data extracted from the scientific literature for seafood, poultry, vegetables and meat products. These data included smoked products and food stored in air, vacuum or modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) with added CO2. The available extensive model predicted TTT formation without bias (Bf-TTT value = 0.99) and with a reasonable accuracy (Af-TTT value = 1.76). The model was successfully validated for seafood and poultry products. This study substantially increased the range of applicability of the available growth and growth boundary model for non-proteolytic C. botulinum. The performed evaluation showed this model can be used to predict environmental conditions to prevent growth in seafood and poultry products including smoked fish and MAP foods. It is expected that this validated model will contribute to product development and innovation including new sodium reduced foods.

The main objective of the new (last) draft General Plan of Odessa, approved in 2015 year, was determined by the sustainable development of the city and the solution, along with urban planning, architectural and socio-economic problems, of preserving the historical and cultural heritage and resource potential. In this article devoted to the problems of sustainable development of the city of Odessa analyses and systematizes the problems of the city that have accumulated during its development, namely, the main factors and prerequisites that contribute to the sustainable development of Odessa in the transformational period of transition to new relations in society. The day when Ukraine will enter the European Economic Community aimed at sustainable development. Today, thinking and acting within the framework of HQE projects (European standards for high-quality environment) means thinking about a new, European Ukraine open to the future, a true philosophy of «sustainable development», think about Ukraine in an urban environment which ensembles fully and completely fit into, new buildings are being designed using HQE generation technologies. If we look back at the past of Odessa, we can see that urban planners of the XVIII-XIX centuries have already taken care of increasing the sustainability of the urban environment should be expanded to urban, architectural, artistic and functional., Главнейшей задачей утвержденного в 2015 году нового (последнего), проекта Генерального плана г. Одесса, определено устойчивое развитие города и решение наряду с градостроительно-архитектурными и социально-экономическими проблемами, вопросов сохранения историко-культурного наследия и ресурсного потенциала. В данной статье, посвященной проблемам устойчивого развития г. Одесса, проанализированы и систематизированы проблемы города, накопившиеся при его развитии, а именно: основные факторы и предпосылки, способствующие устойчивому развитию Одессы в трансформационный период перехода к новым отношениям в обществе. Недалек день, когда Украина войдет в устремленное к устойчивому развитию европейское экономическое сообщество, наверняка опередив Россию и Турцию на этом пути. Сегодня думать и действовать в рамках проектов HQE (Европейские стандарты высококачественной окружающей среды) – означает думать о новой, о Европейской Украине, открытой в будущее, верной философии «устойчивого развития», думать об Украине в городскую среду которой целиком и полностью вписываются ансамбли, проектируются новые здания при помощи технологий поколения HQE . Если мы оглянемся в прошлое Одессы, мы сможем увидеть, насколько градостроители XVIII-XIX веков уже заботились о повышении устойчивого качества городской среды г. Одесса. Критерии оценки устойчивого качества городской среды обязательно должны быть расширены до градостроительных, архитектурно-художественных и функциональных.

China is in the midst of a momentous economic transition from one of high-speed to high-quality growth. The industrial transformation and upgrading supported by extensive growth model that focused on ―quantity‖ has encountered bottlenecks. It‘s urgent to find a new model to promote new round of industrial transformation and upgrading. This paper, based on the current unbalanced industrial structure in China, analyzes the development strategy China has implemented since reform and opening up and its influence on industries. Conclusions are as follows: China has implemented an extensive forging ahead growth strategy that transcends comparative advantage. This has generated industrial structure deviations, longstanding factor price distortion, overcapacity and wave phenomenon and constrained industrial transformation and upgrading. Therefore, China should choose an innovation-driven development strategy that could unleash the potential of comparative advantage and drive industrial transformation and upgrading.

Purpose Innovation is the fundamental driving force for the long-term sustainable development of an economy. After four decades of rapid economic growth, China is facing crises related to a demographic structure of “aging before getting rich,” industrial overcapacity of low-end products and environmental and resources constraints. This paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Based on logical analysis and recapitulation of previous empirical research, this study presents the conclusion. Findings Scientific and technological innovation, as strategic support to improve social productivity and overall national strength, must be placed at the center of the country’s overall development. Originality/value The development model that preys upon cheap resources for extensive growth is unsustainable. Thus, the country needs an urgent strategic switch to drive its economic growth through research and development innovation and original technological advancement.

This paper examines profitability as a factor in the turnover of poorly-performing executives in Russian banks, and how this acts as a mechanism of good corporate governance. It is intended to identify and measure the relative effects of different determinants on executive turnover, and thus highlight the practical sets of circumstances where turnover is most likely. A relatively unique perspective on the study of corporate governance, we intend to demonstrate an aspect of corporate accountability for commercial performance and shed light on high-level manifestations of reactive management practices. In order to construct the most realistic and robust analysis, we will take into account the idiosyncracies of the companies and individuals involved in this process, and also consider the influence of external economic and social developments where appropriate. The empirical data in this research consists of 3251 observations concerning members of the executive boards of the 50 largest Russian banks from 2005 till 2014. Contemporary accounting data and other financial and economic indicators for these companies is weighed alongside personal information about the banks executives. Descriptive statistics and econometric approaches are utilised in order to parse the provided data and construct a comprehensive explanatory model. Our interpretative process includes the application of probit regressions and OLS panel regressions with fixed effects. The results of this evaluation may be summarised as follows. We found out that a decrease in return on equity (ROE) and a decrease in return on assets (ROA) leads to a higher probability of executive turnover. Changes in the EBITDA to total assets ratio did not correlate with executive turnover probability. State-controlled banks showed a higher executive turnover rate. A greater turnover rate during pre-crisis 2006-2007 may have been caused by banks’ demand for new executives, in their ambition to attain extensive growth. A higher turnover rate in 2014 could have been inspired by the economic sanctions again Russia, or influenced by a recent policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation aiming at a “clearance” of the banking system. Finally, it was demonstrated that personal characteristics of the members of the executive boards did not have a significant influence on executive turnover probability. This study contributes to the limited literature in the area by analysing the determinants of turnover of members of the executive boards of banks depending on the profitability of banks and other characteristics. This is the first study of this kind, based on extensive Russian data which allows for the appraisal of the mechanisms of corporate governance. While a primary limitation of this study is that only large banks were included in the sample, the very presentation of these conclusions carries significant weight in terms of defining methodological parameters for future research. This area is ripe for further investigation. For example, it is immediately apparent that the results may be very different for small or medium-sized banks, let alone other kinds of financial and commercial institutions.

At the beginning of the 21st century, rural policy remains one of the most important areas of public policy; huge financial and human resources are devoted to the implementation of this policy measures. The aim of the article is to provide holistic evaluation of the goals, means and key achievements of Lithuanian agricultural policy and to identify possible areas and ways of improvement. The diversity of agricultural policy measures applied in Lithuania after the restoration of independence in 1990 and achievements of the policy are analysed on the basis of new approach – the theory of qualitative structures. The study explores how policy measures to accelerate the process of industrialization in Lithuanian agriculture after the privatization of kolkhozes and sovkhozes have encouraged and supported private farms to implement extensive growth, intensification, specialization, risk management, collaboration and innovation production strategies, and what results they have achieved. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.18.1.23128

Understandings of global infrastructure within and between cities have primarily focused on two forms: the node and the corridor. Scholarship detailing the extensive growth of these infrastructures focus on standardization to account for the underlying networks configuring urbanization. However, standardization fails to account for the dynamic, contested and geographically uneven process of infrastructure deployment. Four generative concepts focus analysis on the stages of deployment: speculation, delineating, alignment and pivoting. After discussing China's Belt and Road Initiative as the underlying geoeconomic force driving the transformation of these systems, we present an illustrative case of the Central Corridor linking Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) and Kampala (Uganda) as emblematic of urbanization through global infrastructure. Concluding, we argue for a research agenda that places global infrastructure at the centre of how we understand urban transformation amid contemporary political–economic turbulence, one that emphasizes the contingent ways deployment proceeds.

Gross indicators of industrial organizations in Russia increased significantly in 2003–2017. (with some decline in the financial crisis of 2009). Due to this, the Russian economy in size was able to take a worthy place in the world. For further advancement, not only extensive growth is necessary, but also an increase in the efficiency of Russian enterprises, which, unfortunately, has not improved systemically in recent years. The most significant indicators of economic activity: profitability (and the unit costs associated with it) and turnover periods vary in a relatively small range, with a tendency towards deterioration in the turnover period. Managing operational efficiency is key to growth. The paper shows an example of using OLAP technology of big data analysis (BigData) to increase the efficiency of financial and economic management of an enterprise, in particular, on current assets. The use of this approach allows the analysis in the express mode, for a period of 5–10 times less than with traditional methods of analysis. On a sample of about 10 enterprises of the real sector, according to the results of in-depth analyzes in the process of consulting projects, it was shown that the share of inefficient stocks (illiquid assets and excess standards) is 35–40 % of their total value. The analytical model of value as a tool for express analysis makes it possible to assess the consequences of managing current assets by influencing the company's fundamental value. Model calculations show that a one-time reduction in the turnover of current assets by 20 % provides for a 35 % increase in the fundamental value. If this result is replicated to all industrial enterprises of the country, the effect on additional cash low will amount to 5.8 trillion rubles, to increase in value – about 3 trillion rubles.

The development of machine learning techniques and the omnipresence of machine learning models in the last decade has opened diverse possibilities for their implementation in all research areas. Deep learning methods stand out among the most efficient tools, driven by the extensive growth of the acquired and available data in all areas, as well as the significant technological advances in graphical processors and the research in this field. This study aims to explore the potential of applying machine learning in dairy cattle breeding, by surveying similar examples in the field, and to consider the possible selection of a dataset for training the model with the objective of finding the quantitative description of the key parameters in breeding tasks.

Economic growth in centrally planned economies was declining with the duration of these economic systems. There were multiple reasons for this development. Deeper insight can be provided by dividing economic growth into extensive and intensive parts. The goal of this article is to estimate the share of extensive and intensive aspects of economic growth in the socialist Czech economy in the last two decades of the socialist era (1970–1989). We conclude that the extensive growth in this period stood for approximately 55% of the overall growth. This figure is broadly twice higher than comparative numbers for the post-communist period. Economic growth in centrally planned economies was declining with the duration of these economic systems. There were multiple reasons for this development. Deeper insight can be provided by dividing economic growth into extensive and intensive parts. The goal of this article is to estimate the share of extensive and intensive aspects of economic growth in the socialist Czech economy in the last two decades of the socialist era (1970–1989). We conclude that the extensive growth in this period stood for approximately 55% of the overall growth. This figure is broadly twice higher than comparative numbers for the post-communist period.

The extensive growth of population across the globe has elevated the need for growing crops efficiently and effectively. It has been observed that the vertical farming technique is the most dependable and innovative technique to grow crops throughout the year with the use of hydroponic technology. Vertical farming technique produces crops with the help of artificial and natural lighting in plant trays that help them in gaining maximum exposure to light by revolving inside a building premise. Furthermore, this technique is considered to be most valuable for preventing the problem of the shortage of food in an environment-friendly manner. Across the globe, it has been estimated that regions such as North America and Asia-Pacific are creating ample opportunities for the development of shipping container vertical farms and building based vertical farms that are further driving the production of pesticide-free crops along with saving ample utilization of water in these regions. Moreover, it has been observed that the countries in Asia-Pacific such as China, Japan, and India are searching for sustainable techniques for growing crops that help them in meeting the problem of food shortages in an eco-friendly method.

The transformation of China’s economy from extensive growth to high-quality development is essentially an increase in green total factor productivity (GTFP). China currently has a range of environmental regulation tools, and the question of whether environmental regulation can promote improvement in China’s GTFP requires theoretical and empirical analysis. This article first divides environmental regulation into three types: administrative, market-based and information-based. It then builds an empirical model of the effect of environmental regulation on GTFP. Slacks based measure-data envelope analysis (SBM-DEA) and the Malmquist index are used to measure the GTFP of 30 provinces in China from 2005 to 2018, and a measurement model of the impact of environmental regulation on GTFP is established. The results show that: (1) there are significant differences in GTFP in eastern, central and western China; (2) there is a non-linear relationship between environmental regulations and GTFP.

New energy vehicles are intelligent, networked and electric. The development of new-energy automobile industry will help promote the transformation of automobiles from simple means of transportation to mobile intelligent terminals, energy storage units and digital space, and improve the intellectualization of urban operation. This article focuses on the new energy automobile industry capital investment, financing insufficient reality dilemma. Select the panel data of 30 new energy listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets in China from 2016 to 2018, and pass B2C model empirically measures the financing efficiency, and USES Logit model to analyze the relevant factors affecting the efficiency. The results show that:(1) the financing efficiency of the new energy automobile industry is not high, and it is still in the extensive growth mode. The overall level of comprehensive efficiency is low, and the mean of scale efficiency and pure technical efficiency are lower than 0.9.(2) Driving by technological innovation is an important means for the new energy automobile industry to alleviate the shortage of financing. (3) The expansion of multi-level financing channels is an accelerator for the industrial growth of new energy vehicle listed companies. Reducing the restricted circulation of stocks and controlling the asset-liability ratio will help enterprises to raise funds and resources.

The independent evolution of gigantism among dinosaurs has been a topic of long-standing interest, but it remains unclear if gigantic theropods, the largest bipeds in the fossil record, all achieved massive sizes in the same manner, or through different strategies. We perform multi-element histological analyses on a phylogenetically broad dataset sampled from eight theropod families, with a focus on gigantic tyrannosaurids and carcharodontosaurids, to reconstruct the growth strategies of these lineages and test if particular bones consistently preserve the most complete growth record. We find that in skeletally mature gigantic theropods, weight-bearing bones consistently preserve extensive growth records, whereas non- weight-bearing bones are remodelled and less useful for growth reconstruction, contrary to the pattern observed in smaller theropods and some other dinosaur clades. We find a heterochronic pattern of growth fitting an acceleration model in tyrannosaurids, with allosauroid carcharodontosaurids better fitting a model of hypermorphosis. These divergent growth patterns appear phylogenetically constrained, representing extreme versions of the growth patterns present in smaller coelurosaurs and allosauroids, respectively. This provides the first evidence of a lack of strong mechanistic or physiological constraints on size evolution in the largest bipeds in the fossil record and evidence of one of the longest-living individual dinosaurs ever documented. Fil: Cullen, Thomas. Field Museum of National History; Estados Unidos. North Carolina State University; Estados Unidos. North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences; Estados Unidos Fil: Canale, Juan Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia; Argentina. Provincia del Neuquén. Municipalidad de Villa El Chocón. Museo Paleontológico "Ernesto Bachmann"; Argentina Fil: Apesteguía, Sebastián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia; Argentina. Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara; Argentina. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; Argentina Fil: Smith, Nathan D.. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Dinosaur Institute; Estados Unidos Fil: Hu, Dongyu. Shenyang Normal University; República de China. Ministry of Natural Resources; República de China Fil: Makovicky, Peter J.. Field Museum of National History; Estados Unidos. University of Minnesota; Estados Unidos

Due to the extensive growth of social media usage, sentiment analysis using social media data such as Twitter is an important task. The current study presents an empirical investigation of consumer sentiment toward self-driving cars or autonomous vehicles (AVs) based on the acquired self-driving car-related tweets. Information retrieval in social media is a complex task that requires technical insights. We used a hierarchical attention-based long short-term memory network (LSTM), a popular deep learning tool, to classify sentiment-specific document representations. The findings show that favorable attitudes toward AVs are associated with technological advantages and safety improvements, while more negative attitudes are associated with self-driving car-related crashes, media coverage, and deployment uncertainty. The results show that the estimated accuracy of LSTM is 85%. Our study indicates the necessity of examining big social media data in understanding the perceptions of end-users toward autonomous vehicles.

The primary goal of this paper is the empirical assessment of the effects proceeded from exports on the economic growth of transition economies from both extensive and intensive margins. Preferred estimation methods are Granger causality test and panel regression/cointegration estimators. The study found that fostering export-oriented growth policy triggers technological progress/productivity increase through spillover effects attached to international trade (intensive growth). On the other hand, increasing trade volume/exports stimulate capital accumulation and simultaneously enhances the demand for imported capital and intermediate goods that further complements capital accumulation (extensive growth).Keywords: intensive growth, extensive growth, export, total factor productivity, capital accumulation

With the further reform of the power system, the investment of transmission network construction tends to transit from extensive growth to multi-target investment. So, the project investment cannot merely aim at roughly satisfying load growth, it is of great significance to promote a model with comprehensive accurate evaluation for investment benefits of transmission and transformation projects (TTPs). For the purpose of improving the precise investment ability of transmission network, Firstly, based on the main benefits of different functional projects, TTPs is divided into four categories. Moreover, an evaluation index system of TTPs with different functions was established to calculate the main benefits considering the benefits of technology, economy and society. Secondly, the economic benefit and cost quantitative model of the whole life cycle was established to assist the precise investment. Finally, considering the fuzziness of decision makers' thoughts, fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) using triangular fuzzy numbers method was applied to calculate weight. Three candidates were taken as an example to prove this method effective in quantifying the investment benefits of TTPs with reducing redundancy index.

Italy played a central role in the Euro-Mediterranean economy during Antiquity, the late Middle Ages, and the Renaissance. Until the end of the 16th century, the Italian economy was relatively advanced compared with those of the Western European and Mediterranean countries. From the 17th century until the end of the 19th, GDP rose as the population increased. Yet per capita income slowly diminished together with real wages, urbanization, and living standards. Italy lost its central position in the Euro-Mediterranean world and, until the end of the 19th century, was a relatively backward area on the periphery of the most dynamic countries in the north and center of Europe. The Italian premodern economy represents a classic example of extensive growth or GDP growth without improvement in per capita income and living standards.

Food allergy is a large and growing public health problem in many areas of the world. The prevalence of food allergy has increased in the last decades in a very significant way in many world regions, particularly in developed countries. In that respect, the research field of food allergy has experienced an extensive growth and very relevant progress has been made in recent years regarding the characterization of food allergens, the study of their immunological properties, and their detection in food sources. Furthermore, food labeling policies have also been improved decidedly in recent years. For that immense progress made, it is about time to review the latest progress in the field of food allergy. In this review, we intend to carry out an extensive and profound overview regarding the latest scientific advances and knowledge in the field of food allergen detection, characterization, and in the study of the effects of food processing on the physico-chemical properties of food allergens. The advances in food labeling policies, and methodologies for the characterization of food allergens are also thoroughly reviewed in the present overview.

The transition to a society of sustainable development is possible only when the priorities and values of the active part of society are changing. From the values of individualism, the weak ties of corporatism, the extensive growth of an industrial society to the values of networked solidarity, social justice, the strong ties of the information/digital society. The transition to a new level of civilizational development not only contributed to the transformation of the economy, politics and the social sphere under the influence of digital technologies, but played a significant role in the formation of Generation Z (born in the late 20th and early 21st centuries). The article contains study material that was carried out at the Ufa State Petroleum Technological University in the summer of 2020.

Almeria's horticulture has experienced extensive growth that is sustained by the main macroeconomic variables: an acceleration of the agricultural income, broadly-speaking, a positive commercial balance throughout the first quindenium of the century and a GDP that on the whole represents the 16.69% of that accounted by all the province, without taking the agricultural auxiliary industry into account. This trend leads to an asymmetric process of deagrarianization which registers the whole of the Spanish economy and acts as a source of competitive plus point in comparative terms with the development of the social welfare of its territory. A linear regression analysis crosses two variables to assess the degree of coincidence that exists between the growth registered by Almeria's horticulture industry and the quality of life of its citizens. On the one hand, the productivity of the sector is used (average in tonnes of production per hectare) whilst, on the other hand, per capita GDP -because economic growth theories go against GDP as an indicator of social welfare. There is evidence that GDP per capita follows a parallel or symmetrical pattern to the citizens' perception of happiness. It has been categorically confirmed that the horticulture industry of Almería intervenes as a competitive advantage through its productivity, as it stands above all as a long-term determinant of the standard of living of any territory. La horticultura almeriense ha experimentado un importante crecimiento que viene sustentado por las principales variables macroeconómicas: una aceleración de la renta agraria, un saldo comercial positivo durante todo el primer quindenio del siglo y un PIB que llega a representar el 16,69% del contabilizado por toda la provincia, excluida la industria auxiliar agraria. Este comportamiento sigue un proceso asimétrico a la desagrarización que registra el conjunto de la economía española y actúa como fuente de ventaja competitiva en términos comparativos con el desarrollo del bienestar social de su territorio. Un análisis de regresión lineal cruza dos variables para valorar el grado de causalidad existente entre el crecimiento que registra la horticultura de Almería y la calidad de vida de sus ciudadanos. Por un lado, se utiliza la productividad del sector (media en toneladas de producción por hectárea) y, por otro, el PIB per cápita -pese a que las teorías de crecimiento económico rechazan el PIB como indicador de bienestar social, existe evidencia de que el PIB per cápita sigue un comportamiento paralelo o simétrico a la percepción de felicidad de los ciudadanos-. Se confirma con un alto grado de relación que la horticultura de Almería interviene como ventaja competitiva por medio de la productividad, entendida como determinante a largo plazo del nivel de vida de un territorio.

Current economic activity in the beet sugar industry is below its highest point, and this encourages to search for and to shape specific development strategies. This article analyses the current state of Russian sugar markets, domestically and internationally. The investigation over the strategic potential of effective beet sugar sub-complex development has involved 78 large agricultural enterprises and 59 peasant farms of the Republic of Bashkortostan. By total production output, sugar beet producers are classified into several groups. The first group, which is the highest, includes 10 backbone strategic enterprises, which can produce 897.9 thousand tons of sugar beet. The second group includes 19 enterprises and produces 442.5 thousand tons of sugar beet. The third group, not a priority group, includes 43 enterprises (333.3 thousand tons). A similar classificationt was done for peasant farms. From the assessment encompassing the strategic potential of sugar beet industry certain scenarios have been considered such as: business-as-usual (72.2%), extensive growth (83.3%), intensive growth (100.0%) and hybrid growth (122.2%). These scenarios were composed to forecast the production target achievements. Forecasts were made using a model of strategic development of beet sugar sub-complex of the Republic of Bashkortostan, for the period until 2020. The approach developed in this article is recommended to be used as a guideline in developing long-term regional programs for agriculture development. It can be also addressed to adjust some measures that are being taken under the launched programs., peer-reviewed

To guide the policy adjustment in the new normal economic mode, this study uses a range-adjusted measure and data envelopment analysis model to evaluate the provincial comprehensive efficiencies and explore the factors causing poor performance in China during 2001–2014. Empirical analysis draws the following conclusions. 1) The comprehensive efficiencies of most provinces present upward trends, which imply the positively contribution of previous efficiency-related policies. 2) Contrary to economic levels, the comprehensive efficiency of the central region is lower than that in the east but higher than that in the west. This result confirms the existence of extensive growth and implies that developed regions should be largely responsible for the low comprehensive efficiency of the country. 3) Except for a few outliers, the comprehensive efficiency level of a province is highly correlated to its climatic characteristics. This phenomenon offers new ideas for the central government to create differential efficiency-related policies. 4) For east provinces, labor input, energy input, gross domestic product (GDP) output, and CO2 emissions are all important in improving the comprehensive efficiency. Efficiency-related policies should focus on technical progress. For west and central provinces, labor input and GDP output are the main contributors to inefficiency. The key policy direction of these provinces should be the improvement of human resource efficiency.

Knowledge management (KM) increases institutional innovation as one of the sources of new ideas. KM has gained extensive growth and attention in the knowledge society. KM and higher learning institutions (HLIs) are two terms that are synchronized where HLIs are the hub of the knowledge process. Human development activities through quality education, research, and the generation of new ideas in the field of interest are the primary source of knowledge creation. This study aimed to analyze attitudes and barriers to KM among undergraduate learners in higher learning institutions using a cross‑sectional questionnaire‑based survey. The study is descriptive. Primary and secondary data were used in the investigation. The sample size was 255, which comes from different HLIs in the UAE. The results show that most learners were ready to know and share knowledge. Besides, the author also recognized that knowledge sharing (KS) could positively contribute to HLIs. Learners were mostly positive about KM and were aware of its importance in HLIs. Most of the learners shared positive attitudes toward KM operation. Some of the challenges, such as lack of time for KS and lack of depth in learner relationships have been discussed. https://doi.org/10.24897/acn.64.68.6051

The aim of this article is to evaluate the impact of suburbanisation on the development of settlements with an emphasis on environmental aspects that need to be addressed in the process of extensive growth of municipalities in suburban regions. In the theoretical part, the article evaluates the processes of suburbanisation and their environmental impact. On a methodological level, municipalities in the suburban zone were first defined on the basis of driving distances. These municipalities were subjected to an analysis of the intensity of residential suburbanisation by calculating a multicriteria indicator from five selected criteria. In the second part of the analysis, a questionnaire survey of mayors was carried out in the particular municipalities. The responses were evaluated using the Likert scale method, and then statistically significant dependencies were sought among individual phenomena and environmental problems which need to be solved by the municipal management due to the growth of municipalities. It was found that the mayors consider changes in the landscape character to be among the most significant impacts of suburbanisation in the territory. A change in the rural character of municipalities because of the construction of urban-type houses is perceived as being very problematic. Another serious problem is the insufficient capacity of technical infrastructure such as sewerage and waste-water treatment. The costs of ensuring the quality of the environment and of public spaces, which are, in many cases, beyond the economic possibilities of municipalities, are also increasing significantly. The article also includes specifications of selected smart solutions and procedures that can help preserve the quality of the environment.

Along with the rapid growth of the coastal economy as well as the broadening and deepening of ocean exploration, the extensive growth pattern of China's marine economy led to such problems as more consumption of marine resources, more waste emissions, and the deterioration of the marine ecological system. Therefore, the study of marine economic efficiency has great significance for achieving cleaner production and sustainable development of China's marine economy. Based on the global Malmquist-Luenberger index model, this paper brings undesirable output into the measurement of total factor productivity to evaluate the green efficiency of China's marine economy under environmental constraints. In order to better depict the dynamic nature of marine economic efficiency, eleven coastal regions in China were selected as the objects of this study, with data collected from 2006 to 2014. The results indicate that total factor productivity of China's marine economy without considering undesirable output is markedly higher than that considering it. China's coastal regions differed in the green efficiency of the marine economy. The green efficiency of the marine economy in Tianjin rose the fastest, while in Guangxi it dropped the fastest, and the average annual growth rate varied by 8.18% between the two provinces. Moreover, the green efficiency of the East China Sea Economic Circle is the highest in the three coastal regions followed by the Bohai Economic Rim, while that of the South China Sea Economic Circle is the lowest. The improvement of the green efficiency of China's marine economy mainly stems from technological progress, while the improvement of technical efficiency has little influence on it, sometimes even adversely affecting it. Based on these findings, we discuss the corresponding policy suggestions on the sustainable development of China's marine economy.

This study hypothesizes that a country with a high level of democracy should experience more extensive growth in its nonprofit sector than authoritarian or less democratic countries, controlling for the relevant social and economic variables. We tested this hypothesis using cross-national longitudinal data. The results indicate that a democratic political system affects positively on the emergence and growth of the nonprofit sector across sample countries. However, the relationship appears to be non-linear, although nonprofit activities are sustained at a certain level. We also found different developmental trajectories among the nonprofit sectors that depended on how different countries operated their democratic political systems.

Due to the uncertainties resulted from environmental changes, the importance of green development has been paid increasingly attention in the world. However, our knowledge of the green development level of nine cities in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China, was still limited. Therefore, this study, based on the analysis on the connotation of green development, employed multi-level evaluation method and entropy method to develop the urban green development evaluation index system from five aspects, including enhancement of living environment, treatment and utilization of pollutant, improvement of ecological efficiency, optimization of economic growth and development of innovative potential. This evaluation index system was further applied to evaluate the green development level of nine cities within PRD. Results showed that significant difference in green development level occurred among cities within PRD. Green development level in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Guangzhou was relatively higher than that in other cities, with the advantages in improvement of ecological efficiency and optimization of economic growth. Green development level in Zhongshan, Dongguan, Huizhou, Foshan averaged in PRD, while Jiangmen and Zhaoqing had a delayed green development level because of their irrational economic structures and extensive growth patterns though these two cities possessed good ecological environment endowments. In the future, it is necessary for PRD to formulate specific and targeted policies and measures to further upgrade energy structure, transform industrial structure, improve public transportation, enhance forestry carbon sink, and eventually construct low-carbon circular industrial system and development pattern.

The development of China's marine economy has never been more challenging due to serious problems such as the waste of marine resources, pollution of the marine environment and uneven development in the region. Therefore, the study of China's marine economic growth pattern has great significance and may ensure the sustainable development of the marine economy. This study utilizes data on China's eleven coastal regions from 2006 to 2014 and applies the Cobb-Douglas production function and the Solow residual method to evaluate the contribution rate of the total factor productivity of the marine economy of China's coastal regions. To more objectively illustrate the marine economic growth pattern, this paper introduces the intensive coefficient of marine economic growth. The results indicate that the contribution rate of the total factor productivity of the marine economy of China showed a slightly rising trend from 2006 to 2014, and its average growth rate increased from − 0.58% to 3.39% between 2006 and 2014. China's coastal regions differed in their contributions to the total factor productivity of the marine economy. During the same period, the main driving factor of marine economic growth was factor inputs and China's marine economic growth pattern was still extensive. In terms of regions, although most coastal regions in China experienced extensive growth, the extent of the growth of the marine economy of China's coastal regions has declined after the pilot projects implemented by the Chinese government in 2012.

This paper inspects the influence of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows onthe catching up process developed by labour, physical capital, human capital, absorptivecapacity, telecommunications investment, and export channel on Asia Pacific's sustainableproductivity growth. A panel data from the period of 1970 to 2012 was used. The modifiedextensive growth theory model that is based on output approach was applied. Bothgrowth accounting and econometric approaches were considered to estimating theparameters of variables in first step and in the second step productivity indicators werecalculated. The results show that the FDI inflows and inputs used are input driven thatwas generally more predominant than total factor productivity (TFP) growth. Meanwhile,The GDP grew significantly during the periods of the study by development of humancapital, export, and telecommunications investment (input driven) variables, whichsupported by FDI inflows. Accordingly, the impact of export channel on the TFP growthfound to be positive with insignificant contribution in most the group selected countries.

Stimulated by low labor cost and loose environmental regulations, China's industrial exports have benefited significantly since joining the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, the extensive growth model in the past several decades has led to environmental degradation. China is now shifting her development pattern to a more sustainable model. Using a hybrid input-output model, this paper found that total energy coefficients fell sharply between 1997 and 2002, and 2007 and 2012. The total energy consumption and CO2 emission embodied in China's industrial exports grew by more than 100% from 2002 to 2007, with little variation from 2007 to 2012. Subsequently, Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index (MLPI) is employed to assess the green productivity growth in the sector. The decomposition of the MLPI is further conducted. This suggests that efficiency changes from 2002 to 2007 and 2007 to 2012 are lower than 1, indicating that technical change is the main contributor to MLPI. Finally, policy implications are provided with emphasis on dissemination of new conservation technologies.