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Meta philosophical issues surround the topic of African philosophy. What should be counted as African philosophy, and what makes African philosophy so notable has long been a matter of reflection by African and African descended thinkers? One stance taken by African thinkers leans toward ascribing philosophical status to the collective worldviews of Africans embedded in their traditions, language, and culture. By criticizing ethnophilosophy as being unanimous and uncritical, professional philosophers epitomize a philosophy to be a universal, individualized, and reflective enterprise. This tendency of appropriating cultural traits as philosophical and thereby tending to emphasize particularity by ethnophilosophers on the one hand and the universalist claim by professional philosophers puts African philosophy in a dilemma and whereby makes it counterproductive to the neocolonial liberation struggle. The article's central argument is that African philosophical hermeneutics is a panacea for the 'double blockage' that the philosophers currently look into contemporary African philosophy. African hermeneutics is the extension of German and French hermeneutical tradition with the works of Heidegger, Gadamer, and Ricœur. Hermeneutics is a mediation between culture and philosophy and also universality and particularity.

Problem definition: The eco-toxicity arising from unused pharmaceuticals has regulators advocating the benign design concept of “green pharmacy,” but high research and development expenses can be prohibitive. We therefore examine the impacts of two regulatory mechanisms, patent extension and take-back regulation, on inducing drug manufacturers to go green. Academic/practical relevance: One incentive suggested by the European Environmental Agency is a patent extension for a company that redesigns its already patented pharmaceutical to be more environmentally friendly. This incentive can encourage both the development of degradable drugs and the disclosure of technical information. Yet, it is unclear how effective the extension would be in inducing green pharmacy and in maximizing social welfare. Methodology: We develop a game-theoretic model in which an innovative company collects monopoly profits for a patented pharmaceutical but faces competition from a generic rival after the patent expires. A social-welfare-maximizing regulator is the Stackelberg leader. The regulator leads by offering a patent extension to the innovative company while also imposing take-back regulation on the pharmaceutical industry. Then the two-profit maximizing companies respond by setting drug prices and choosing whether to invest in green pharmacy. Results: The regulator’s optimal patent extension offer can induce green pharmacy but only if the offer exceeds a threshold length that depends on the degree of product differentiation present in the pharmaceutical industry. The regulator’s correspondingly optimal take-back regulation generally prescribes a required collection rate that decreases as its optimal patent extension offer increases, and vice versa. Managerial implications: By isolating green pharmacy as a potential target to address pharmaceutical eco-toxicity at its source, the regulatory policy that we consider, which combines the incentive inherent in earning a patent extension on the one hand with the penalty inherent in complying with take-back regulation on the other hand, serves as a useful starting point for policymakers to optimally balance economic welfare considerations with environmental stewardship considerations.

Objetivo: Este trabajo propone un modelo de formación de lealtad hacia la marca extendida de una marca patrimonial a partir de la actitud hacia la marca padre patrimonial, teniendo en cuenta el efecto mediador de la imagen de la marca padre y los efectos moderadores del ajuste entre la marca patrimonial y la extensión así como la implicación hacia la categoría de producto. Metodología: Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio experimental con 328 turistas que visitaban el destino patrimonial y manipulando dos niveles de ajuste. Se estableció un modelo de regresión de mediación moderada utilizando el software PROCESS 3.4. Conclusiones: El efecto de la actitud hacia la marca patrimonial sobre la lealtad hacia la extensión se produce a través de la imagen de la marca patrimonial. Este efecto se potencia en condiciones de bajo ajuste y alta implicación. La implicación modera el efecto directo independientemente del grado de ajuste. Implicaciones: Se aportan implicaciones para la gestión de las empresas que usan una marca patrimonial para competir en el mercado así como para los responsables de gestión del hito patrimonial. Originalidad y valor: Este trabajo contribuye al conocimiento sobre el proceso de formación de la lealtad hacia extensiones de marca patrimoniales, teniendo en cuenta las percepciones sobre la marca padre en términos de actitud e imagen y cómo afecta a dichas relaciones el ajuste entre la marca patrimonial y a actividad de la empresa que realiza la extensión y el nivel de implicación con la categoría. Objective: This work proposes a model of formation of brand extension loyalty of a heritage brand parent based on the attitude towards the heritage brand parent, taking into account the mediating effect of the brand parent image and the moderating effects of the fit between the heritage parent brand and the brand extension as well as the involvement towards the product category. Methodology: An experimental study has been carried out with 328 tourists visiting the heritage destination and manipulating two levels of adjustment. A moderate mediation regression model was established using the PROCESS 3.4 software. Conclusions: The effect of the attitude towards the heritage brand on the loyalty towards the extension occurs through the image of the heritage brand. This effect is enhanced in low setting and high involvement conditions. The involvement moderates the direct effect regardless of the degree of brand extension fit. Implications: Implications are provided for the management of companies that use a heritage brand to compete in the market as well as for managers of cultural heritage. Originality and value: This work contributes to the existing knowledge about the process to the formation of brand-extension loyalty of brand of cultural heritage site, taking into account the perceptions about the parent brand in terms of attitude and image. Also, this study examines the moderating role of brand extension fit and the level of involvement with the category. Campus de Excelencia Internacional BioTic Granada (subvención número 20F12 / 43) Programa Nacional de Investigación de Gobierno de España (Proyecto de Investigación I + D + i ECO2017-88458-R)

The main purpose of this paper is to explore the performance of white-collared gig workers using three theoretical perspectives: knowledge-based view theory, employee engagement theory, self-determination theory. The study investigates the relationship between intellectual capital, collective cognitive engagement, intrinsic motivation, and knowledge management as antecedents to the performance of gig workers. Furthermore, it investigates whether a moderation effect of intrinsic motivation using game elements can improve the performance of gig workers. This study uses primary data collected over 8 weeks from January 2020 to Feb 2020. This study collects self-administered cross-sectional primary data from an online platform that currently engages white-collar gig workers or has engaged them in two previous years (2018 and 2019) in either one or more platforms. This study also develops a conceptual model to measure the performance of white-collared gig workers using an extension of the three theoretical perspectives.

Wall roughness significantly influences both laminar-turbulent transition process and fully developed turbulence. A wall roughness extension for the KDO turbulence/transition model is developed. The roughness effect is introduced via the modification of the k and νt boundary conditions. The wall is considered to be lifted to a higher position. The difference between the original position and the higher position, named as equivalent roughness height, is linked to the actual roughness height. The ratio between the two heights is determined by reasoning. With such a roughness extension, the predictions of the KDO RANS model agree well with the measurements of turbulent boundary layer with a sand grain surface, while the KDO transition model yields accurate cross-flow transition predictions of flow past a 6:1 spheroid.

Purpose: This research note evaluated the collaboration, recruitment, enrollment processes, as well as outcomes of an online, self-managed parent training program (Success With Stories [SWS]) concurrent with a Head Start school curriculum. Method: This case examination presents the research processes used to examine an online program concurrent with Head Start school programming. Challenges, outcomes, and next steps in the process were evaluated. The engagement of parents who completed the program was examined. Results: Collaborative processes were developed, and recruitment strategies were initiated. Of the 92 parents who expressed immediate interest, 38 registered and 16 consented but only seven completed the program. Of the parents who completed the program, survey data revealed high levels of parent satisfaction, motivation, and perceived competence. Conclusions: Results indicate a breakdown in the recruitment, enrollment, and completion processes. Results indicate that SWS has promised to address target areas with the intended audience. However, online interventions are only useful if they are accessed and completed. Future directions to increase program completion are discussed.

This paper discusses the practice of religious rituals and doctrines and the effects that these have on the protagonist of Leila Aboulela’s The Translator. Although it is a love story that highlights the challenges of a relationship between a young and devout Muslim widow and an agnostic Scottish man, I suggest that the novel’s focus is on the spiritual journey that the protagonist goes through. She is portrayed as a selfish individual who uses religion mainly as an escape from her tragic life, and she has a flawed belief that she can only feel fulfilled if she becomes a wife again. In return, this belief causes her to be deprived of a contented life, as adherence to religious practices is not only a sign of piety but also a means towards gaining the capacity for self-improvement. This is based on Saba Mahmood’s analytical framework of piety that emphasizes the connection between the performance of religious actions and the creation of a moralistic self. In an extension to Mahmood’s argument, using Alison Weir’s suggestion that religious practices must have a clear purpose towards God, I further argue that the protagonist’s religiosity lacks the focus on God. Her desire to be married again suggests a strong dependency on the men in her life, which contradicts her devotion to God, as it demonstrates her inability to put God at the center of her life. This restrains her abilities to improve her life and, more importantly, it inhibits the creation of a relationship with the Divine. The novel therefore suggests that a complete sense of the self can only be achieved when one is able to relinquish worldly desires and depends only on God.

Primary osteosarcomas involving the base of the skull in middle-aged patients are rare. We describe the case of a 59-year-old Asian woman presenting with lethargy, epistaxis, left maxillary and mandibular pain, and headache. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a large left greater sphenoid wing tumour with extensive local infiltration and intracranial extension. The tumour was diagnosed as osteosarcoma based on histological examination. In this report, we discuss the clinical presentations, radiological features, and imaging differential diagnoses of this case.

By extending Andersen’s (2003) propositions, the current paper formalizes Luhmann’s four fundamental analytical frameworks and proposes a model that delineates the relations among them. That is, with the form analysis as the base framework, observation analysis is considered the social extension of form analysis as it involves the distinction observer / observed or ego / alter. Differentiation analysis is described as the factual extension of form as it distinguishes a system (this) and everything else (in its environment). Finally, semantic analysis is considered the temporal extension of form analysis as it focuses on the condensation of meaning over time. In addition, to overcome the abstractness of descriptions in the existing literature, this paper suggests the workable definitions that operationalize the analytical frames. Rich research examples are also presented to demonstrate the broad applicability of the four frameworks in communication research and their analytical gains. These theory-driven analytical frameworks are expected to provide meaningful connections between empirical data and theories, thereby enriching the field of communication research. In turn, more empirical applications will contribute to Luhmann’s systems theory by bringing in productive insights.

This study was conducted to analyse the smallholder’s perception of the roles of extension agents - coconut industry sustainability. To ensure the extension agent program is successful, the agent should recognize their roles as the change agent in the coconut industry which is, they act as a catalyst, process helpers, resource linkers, and solution giver. This study was conducted in sub-districts of Kuala Selangor at Tanjong Karang. The sample of fifty-six respondents was selected from the 65 population through the random sampling method. By using a survey method, the questionnaires were distributed to measure the roles of the extension agent as a change agent based on the smallholder’s perception. Based on correlation coefficient analysis, it was shown that all data was significant between catalyst, process helper, resource linker, and solution giver by using 0.10 (p-value). The highest correlation coefficient in this analysis is solution giver that shows the correlation value 0.660 and can best be described as a positive strong relationship. The result for multiple linear regression showed that process helper was the dominant factor for this study which showed the beta, p-value is 0.264 by using 0.10 (pvalue). Hence, it can be analysed that the level of the extension agent roles in the coconut industry is at a medium level because they are not fully utilizing their roles as a change agent. As for the recommendation, extension agents in the coconut industry should be more aggressive by looking at the various aspects such as communication, decision making, knowledge, skills, and others to make the coconut industry sustainable for the future.

Successful communication is the main job of an extension worker. He cannot expect change among farmers unless he is able to communicate effectively to them. This entails the extension personal to have thorough understanding of communication process. This study will be helpful in identifying important variables of extension personnel affecting their communication process. Prakasam District of Andhra Pradesh was selected by purposive random sampling. The study was conducted in 7 mandal's which were selected randomly. Respondents were Agricultural officers, agricultural extension officers, village agricultural assistants and village horticultural assistants. The total sample size for the study were 120 extension personnel. majority of the respondents were female, young aged, having high educational status, with low annual income, job experience and training exposure. Perceived work load was high, medium level of job satisfaction and low level of Innovativeness and medium level of achievement motivation and medium level of communication behaviour was observed. The findings of overall communication behaviour of extension personnel indicate that there is need to increase the communication behaviour from medium to high through suitable training programs on latest Communication technologies and communication skills, providing needed literature. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i11.001

Evidence suggests that a lack of extension agents impedes the effective delivery of agricultural extension services in Malawi and many other developing nations. The purpose of this study was to examine the initiatives taken by the Malawi Forum for Agricultural Advisory Services Delivery (MaFAAS) to address the extension shortage. The research questions were addressed using a qualitative case study approach. MaFAAS and other partners launched an initiative to teach youth from local communities, particularly in rural regions, in agricultural extension so that they can serve their communities in positions comparable to extension agents. The effort resulted in the hiring of 427 extension agents to serve in their areas. While recruiting extension agents alone will not address the problem immediately, it is a start. The beneficial consequences of the Malawian organizations' partnership give an opportunity and potential paradigm for addressing the extension shortfall and difficulties farmers confront in Malawi and beyond. Key words: Advocacy, collective action, extension networks, access, policy, professionalization.

Data sharing between enterprises requires both interoperability and data sovereignty. In the application domain of industrial production an integrated approach is required that encompasses standards and technologies of both Industrie 4.0 and the International Data Spaces (IDS). This paper describes how to combine them for the concept of Digital Twins following the architectural framework given in ISO DIS 23247. Furthermore, an implementation approach is described relying upon the Fraunhofer Advanced AAS Tools for Digital Twins (FA³ST). The resulting architectural approach may be combined with further open manufacturing standards, and may be applied for data analytics and the engineering of AI-based systems.

The 2014–2015 CE rift event associated with the Bárðarbunga eruption at Holuhraun, Iceland, offers a unique opportunity to study the spatial and temporal evolution of a rift graben. We present the first four-dimensional (three-dimensional plus time) monitoring of the formation and evolution of a graben during active magma transport using a suite of digital elevation models spanning from shortly before the eruption throughout 6 months of magma transport and up to 4.5 years after the eruption. This multiscale data set enables investigations of how magma supply and eruption dynamics affect tectonic structures that feed eruptions. After formation (time scale of a few days), the graben is remarkably stable throughout the eruption and for years beyond. It is unaffected by large changes in eruptive activity and effusion and seismicity rates within the plumbing system. These data document that (1) there was no direct feedback between eruptive dynamics and graben topography, and (2) graben formation is near instantaneous on tectonic time scales. These results challenge the overarching role ascribed to magma transport in recent studies of tectonomagmatic relationships in rift events, favoring regional tectonics as the fundamental driving force.

Agricultural extension is a key instrument to bridge the gap between new technologies and farmers. As a popular extension approach, farmer field schools (FFS) usually improve farmers’ knowledge and...

The present study was conducted during the year 2018-2020 in Khordha district of Odisha to know the “views of farmers on the structure of private extension service organisation”. The number of respondents were selected by proportional and random sampling method. Descriptive as well as inferential statistical tools were employed to attain the objective of the study. the data was analysed by using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and correlation test. The study reveals that as much as (90%) of the respondents have expressed an opinion that the private extension service organization should be a registered one. Further 63.33% of the respondents believe that the state government should have control over private extension service organization in some other form to avoid exploitation. 90% of the respondents have the ranked training as the first requirement. 73.33% of the respondents have expressed that the extension service organizations should provide information’s to the farmers once a fortnight. 93.33% of the respondents have preferred that the block headquarter should be the operational area.

This paper examines the impact of ICT-based extension services on farmers’ adoption of a new agricultural technology (Bradyrhizobium inoculant), knowledge gain on the new technology, yields and net...

O trabalho ora apresentado traz um recorte da dissertação de Mestrado Profissional, realizado no Programa de Pós-graduação de Ensino em Educação Básica – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, que articulou o teatro e a Educação Matemática a partir de um curso de extensão, denominado Dramatemática, produto educativo desenvolvido durante o curso, para professores dos Anos Iniciais atuantes em matemática. Para efetivação do trabalho, foi considerada a seguinte pergunta norteadora: qual matemática os professores dos anos iniciais desenvolvem a partir de jogos dramáticos e/ou teatrais? A fim de responder a esse questionamento foram desenvolvidas, em dez encontros, atividades de introdução à linguagem teatral e situações em que a matemática foi apresentada de forma colaborativa, crítica e contextualizada. Como objetivo principal, buscamos entender como os jogos dramáticos e/ou teatrais podem contribuir para a formação continuada dos professores dematemática do primeiro segmento do Ensino Fundamental. A pesquisa trata de uma investigação qualitativa e, para coleta de dados, foi realizada a observação dos participantes, registros contínuos, gravação dos encontros e avaliação final do curso. A avaliação final continha seis perguntas e, a partir das respostas, foram criadas três categorias. Para este trabalho ampliaremos a categoria “desmistificação da matemática (A matemática não é um monstro)”, buscando entender o medo que, de certa forma, é histórico e cultural da matemática.

Upon the understanding of Applied Linguistics as an indisciplinary field of inquiry that aims to create intelligibility regarding language-centered social problems (MOITA LOPES, 2006), this article introduces a pedagogical instrument, a Critical Multiliteracies Thematic Project, as a means to develop learners’ critical social agency. The nature of this educational project derives from the pedagogy of critical sociointeractional literacy (TILIO, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2015), whose understanding of language teaching permeates notions of citizenship that defy hegemonic discourses by prompting the analysis of themes and language, and the adoption of a constant critical stance. As the pedagogical project in focus situates its practices through alternative Brazilian female voices, students of an extension English course are led to respond to the multiple discourses on gender-imbricated matters that dwells their social horizons (VOLÓCHINOV, 2017 [1929]). Hence, by investigating the dialogue established between the project and a student, this article intends to contribute to the production of knowledge on social life. In order to do so, we selected a task that integrates the project and a multimodal digital text produced by a student in response to the project. We close off the article by framing the relevance of ethically committed language education in promoting learners’ transforming practices. A partir do entendimento da Linguística Aplicada como um campo de investigação indisciplinar que busca criar inteligibilidade sobre problemas sociais centrados na língua(gem) (MOITA LOPES, 2006), este artigo apresenta um instrumento pedagógico, um Projeto Temático de Multiletramentos Críticos, como um meio de desenvolver agência social crítica de aprendizes. A natureza desse projeto educacional advém da pedagogia do letramento sociointeracional crítico (TILIO, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2015), cujo entendimento de ensino de língua permeia noções de cidadania que desafiam discursos hegemônicos ao incitar a análise de temas e línguas/linguagens, e a adoção de um constante posicionamento crítico. Como o projeto pedagógico em foco situa suas práticas através de vozes femininas brasileiras alternativas, estudantes de um curso de extensão de língua inglesa são levados a responder a múltiplos discursos sobre questões imbricadas em gênero que habitam seus horizontes sociais (VOLÓCHINOV, 2017 [1929]). Portanto, ao investigar o diálogo estabelecido entre o projeto e uma/um estudante, este artigo tenciona contribuir à produção de conhecimento sobre a vida social. Para fazer isso, nós selecionamos uma tarefa que compõe o projeto e um texto digital multimodal produzido pela/o estudante em resposta ao projeto. Concluímos o artigo enquadrando a relevância da educação eticamente comprometida com a promoção de práticas transformadoras das/dos estudantes.

This paper evaluates the impact of extension of the school day in the context of Brazil’s Mais Educacao Extended School Day Program. Using school level longitudinal data, we find that the program r...

Evidence published nearly 20 years ago suggested people tell more lies per social interaction via synchronous, distributed, and recordless media (the phone) versus relatively richer (face-to-face communication) and leaner media (email, instant messaging). With nontrivial changes to the size and variety of our media landscape, it is worth re-examining the relationship between deception and technology. Over 7 days, 250 participants reported their social interactions and lies across face-to-face communication, social media, texting, the phone, video chat, and email. Replicating Hancock, Thom-Santelli, and Ritchie (2004), people told the most lies per social interaction over synchronous, distributed, and recordless media (the phone, video chat), though the effects were small and between-person effects explained more variance than between-media effects. Lying rates were also associated with aversive personality traits, plus antisocial, and relational deception motives. Together, while media options have evolved, technological design features often remain stable and indicate deception rates. Theoretical contributions are discussed.

Tinbergen's classic "On Aims and Methods of Ethology" (Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 20, 1963) proposed four levels of explanation of behavior, which he thought would soon apply to humans. This paper discusses the need for multilevel explanation; Huxley and Mayr's prior models, and others that followed; Tinbergen's differences with Lorenz on "the innate"; and Mayr's ultimate/proximate distinction. It synthesizes these approaches with nine levels of explanation in three categories: phylogeny, natural selection, and genomics (ultimate causes); maturation, sensitive period effects, and routine environmental effects (intermediate causes); and hormonal/metabolic processes, neural circuitry, and eliciting stimuli (proximate causes), as a respectful extension of Tinbergen's levels. The proposed classification supports and builds on Tinbergen's multilevel model and Mayr's ultimate/proximate continuum, adding intermediate causes in accord with Tinbergen's emphasis on ontogeny. It requires no modification of Standard Evolutionary Theory or The Modern Synthesis, but shows that much that critics claim was missing was in fact part of Neo-Darwinian theory (so named by J. Mark Baldwin in The American Naturalist in 1896) all along, notably reciprocal causation in ontogeny, niche construction, cultural evolution, and multilevel selection. Updates of classical examples in ethology are offered at each of the nine levels, including the neuroethological and genomic findings Tinbergen foresaw. Finally, human examples are supplied at each level, fulfilling his hope of human applications as part of the biology of behavior. This broad ethological framework empowers us to explain human behavior-eventually completely-and vindicates the idea of human nature, and of humans as a part of nature.

Background: snacks or fast food are currently favored by children's and even dominate the food market. This food has penetrated all regions and its development very fast from day to day. This increase in consumption of snacks is not followed by an increase in the nutritional value in them and most of the snacks as children's snacks that are currently circulating contain many substances that are harmful to health, such as dyes, preservatives and excessive MSG. This cannot be allowed to continue because it also affects the intelligence of children. This requires a media as the delivery of information to the public as a whole. One of the media that can convey information globally is information that is connected to the internet network, especially in streaming videos on social media channels. In order to raise awareness of the Indonesian people, especially the people of Tanjungbalai about the benefits and advantages of eating fish, so Department of Fish Processing Technology Polytechnic Tanjungbalai (TPHP POLTAN) carries out training activities for the creation of extension materials in the digital era. The desired result of this activity is that students can create counseling materials through video media, blogs/vlogs that are presented online. Method : The form of this activity consists of providing material and making video demos. The materials provided in this activity are: 1) Fish Product Diversification, 2) Processed Product Quality Management and 3) Video making and editing tutorials. Result : the training process in making video demos of making products from fishery products as a form of counseling material for the community to be able to make their own snacks that are more nutritious and have a delicious taste. The stages in this training are as follows: 1) Participants make video material to be made, 2) Shoot or record videos according to the material, and 3) Participants do video editing to get a good video.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has deployed English not only as its sole working language but also as a tool for forging regional identity, unity and solidarity among its ten member-states. Drawing on the concept of ‘imagined communities’ and, by extension, ‘imagined identity regionalism’, this article provides a critical examination of this policy desire and asks the question whether the desire should be read as a form of political rhetoric or an achievable goal for ASEAN. We argue that the unifying potential of English language as an imagined regional community and identity has yet to be realised. At best, English can be seen as contributing to ASEAN's ‘functional identity’, rather than a more substantive ‘socio-cultural identity’. It is suggested that although the birth of a distinct hybridised variety of ASEAN English may facilitate a bottom-up linguistic identity imagination for ASEAN, such an ideal appears utopian at this time.

In the paper we describe the class of all solvable extensions of an infinite-dimensional filiform Leibniz algebra. The filiform Leibniz algebra is taken as a maximal pro-nilpotent ideal of a residually solvable Leibniz algebra. It is proven that the second cohomology group of the extension is trivial.

In this article the author reviews the interrelationship between faith and reason in the steps of John Paul II’s Encyclical Letter Fides et ratio. He explores briefly historical circumstances following Etienne Gilson. Then, he introduces philosophical and theological considerations of Cornelio Fabro to do theology in the footsteps of Aquinas. From the perspective of Thomism of the Italian philosopher and by recalling the most urgent theological tasks for the third millennium as indicated in Fides et ratio, the author presents general guidelines for the circularity of faith and reason within the context of fundamental theology. Throughout this article he reads Fides et ratio specifically through the Fabrian lens to present a fresh perspective as a contribution to fundamental theology. Finally, he recalls the conclusive recommendation of John Paul II in the aforementioned letter so as to harmonize reason and faith within a Marian framework.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is an important regional food source, providing food and income to over 30 million farmers, processors, and traders in Nigeria. Extension programs support awareness and interest in new technologies; they facilitate the adoption and adaptation of new approaches to crop production, post-harvest processing, and marketing. Extension can be understood as an intermediary or catalyst in the dissemination of information to rural farmers. This study analyzed the effect of cassava farmers’ exposure to extension on a broad measure of cassava technology adoption, while considering the influence of some individual and farm characteristics as control variables. Data were obtained from personal interviews with sample of 952 households conducted in southern Nigeria. Results show a relationship between extension exposure and technology adoption. Farmer-to-farmer interaction played the greatest role in diffusion of the technologies. Interactions with extension agents were low, suggesting that adoption of improved technologies could be enhanced by improved regular contact with extension information. The results underscore the importance of farmer-to-farmer interaction processes that often overshadow extension assistance in supporting and guiding the use of production technology. The conclusions consider some implications for 21st century extension. Key words: Extension exposure, technology adoption, cassava production.

The study aimed to assess the present status of social media in agricultural extension services as well as attitude of the farmers with their problems towards social media. The study was conducted in five unions of Chapainawabganj Sadar Upazila, Chapainawabganj district. A total of 90 respondents (60 farmers and 30 extension officers) were randomly selected from the study area. The majority of farmers (75%) had a moderately positive view toward social media. According to the findings, all of the farmers were men, and 46.7% of them were in their middle years. The majority of the farmers (53.3%) were illiterate, the majority (38.3%) were small-group farmers based on land ownership, and only a small percentage (11.7%) used social media. The most popular social media platforms among them were Facebook and YouTube. Other respondents used social media at a rate of 93.3% for extension officers. About 46.7 percent of extension staff utilized both Facebook and YouTube to communicate with farmers, while 33.3% chose Facebook over other social media. They mainly used social media for agricultural information, amusement, personal reasons, and information sharing, but they did not find the use of social media solely for agricultural purposes to improve extended services agreeable. According to the extension officers, social media can assist farmers in receiving critical information and so bridge the gap between them and farmers. Farmers' lack of usage of social media is due to major issues such as lack of awareness, illiteracy, and lack of training, according to the study. As a result, it is proposed that researchers, extension officials, and the government take appropriate initiatives to encourage farmers to use social media.

Purpose This paper aims to introduce the concept of business paradigm to conceptualize and explain differences in business interaction patterns in the IMP research. Design/methodology/approach The concept of the interaction and the concepts related to and driven from it describe the business at both a general level. At the same time, the IMP points out the uniqueness of business interactions. This paper addresses the specific lies between the general and the particular by referring to various patterns of interactions. To close that gap, this paper implies the Kuhnian philosophy of science to conceptualize the business paradigm. Findings The business paradigm is a socially constructed collective term. It simultaneously captures the cognitive (what business is and what rules it has) and social (business community) dimensions of the actor’s behavior and actions. It has two interdependent dimensions: cognitive and social. It determines how the actors view and do business, and it explains the variations of interactions. Research limitations/implications Not applicable as it is a conceptual paper. Practical implications Not applicable as it is a conceptual paper. Social implications Not applicable as it is a conceptual paper. Originality/value The concept of the business paradigm is a theoretical extension of the IMP actor’s theory. The dimensions of the business paradigm capture the psychological and sociological characteristics of the business actor. The business paradigm application provides an opportunity to find that business can be different because actors in various communities have various views on what business is and how it should be properly run. Adding the business paradigm concept to the IMP theory implies strengthening the theory explanation power because the interaction explains the business’s general characteristics. The business relationship explains the business’s unique features, and the business paradigm explains the various interaction patterns.

This research increased the understanding of Extension professionals’ career commitment by measuring the relationship between their job satisfaction and how they perceive their relationship with their supervisor using the Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX 7) and their career commitment. Montana State University Extension (MSUE) experiences periods of higher turnover among field-based professionals. The reasons for leaving are not well understood. Herzberg et al. (1959) identified intrinsic job satisfaction as a motivation factor and the extrinsic relationships with supervisors as one factor that influences employee dissatisfaction (Strong & Harder, 2009). Thirty-six early career Extension professionals at MSUE were surveyed regarding job satisfaction (Benge & Harder, 2017; Smerek & Peterson, 2007); LMX 7 (Graen & Uhl-Bien,1995); and original questions designed to establish the career commitment of Extension professionals to MSUE. Pearson’s r was calculated for the job satisfaction and LMX 7 scores with career commitment (the predicted percent of career worked for Extension). The research found a strong positive correlation between job satisfaction and career commitment (r(22) = .76); and a weak positive correlation between LMX 7 and career commitment (r(22) = .15). An additional question provided insights into the reasons why Extension professionals might leave their career.

El presente texto analiza un álbum fotográfico con un sentido religioso muy particular. A las fotografías contenidas en dicho conjunto se les atribuyó un sentido devocional en tanto que consisten en representaciones de José de León Toral —fanático católico que asesinó al presidente mexicano Álvaro Obregón en 1928—. De acuerdo con lo anterior, las fotografías son consideradas como reliquias por los creyentes, aspecto que nos permite cuestionar el valor de la fotografía como una extensión del cuerpo. El álbum no sólo reconstruye la memoria del personaje, sino que recupera la larga tradición de las vidas de los santos cristianos para presentarnos una vida modélica que, desde la materialidad del álbum y las fotografías, confecciona un cuerpo-objeto, el cual es posible considerar como una fotohagiografía de uno de los personajes más polémicos de la historia del siglo XX mexicano.

Este artigo traz à tona a problematização dos impactos causados pela educação remota ao movimento de ação-reflexão-ação do Grupo Diálogos em Paulo Freire e Educação Popular - LEFREIRE, da Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Quando se tem a educação libertadora como tendência norteadora das ações educativas, pensa-se no ato coletivo que se dá no encontro de pessoas que dialogam, criticam e refletem sobre as condições de vida dos grupos excluídos, dos contextos mais abrangentes e planetários às marcantes realidades locais. A pandemia da covid-19, como acontecimento da atualidade, tem provocado a ruptura das dinâmicas presenciais e interativas. O afastamento social, à primeira vista, ao dificultar a continuidade das atividades implicadas na proximidade com a outra pessoa, fez emergir indagações que colocam em questão a validade ou não das abordagens educacionais no espaço remoto. Considera-se a emergente necessidade de revisitações das tendências pedagógicas como meio de encontrar caminhos para a pesquisa e verificar se é possível uma educação libertadora à distância sem cair na rede de uma prática impessoal e conteudista. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Educação Libertadora. Educação Remota. Ciberespaço. Tendências Pedagógicas.

Learning the past will acquire a procedural significance when some real event of the past would trigger legal consequences. In addition to criminal cases this can be realized in civil litigation, in administrative procedures of the public power, but examples can also be taken from the field of labour law. As criminalistics represent the science of reconstructing a past event, an extension of it to all legal fields can be reasoned. However, such a turn does not have taken place, the discipline of investigation remained within the sphere of criminal sciences. The article examines the causes of that.

This study aims to examine the “how” and “what kind of” implementation process of extension by the needs of the Tengger Tribe in optimizing their social capital as an effort to accelerate the process of information and technology transfer to achieve the goals of extension that have been outlined in the philosophy of extension, namely behavior change farmers as an effort to improve welfare. This research useed a qualitative approach with a phenomenological method. Based on the research found that a system and implementation of extension were needed by local conditions, and accommodates tribe characteristics. The reconstruction of the extension system must be carried out thoroughly in terms of the institutional aspects of extension, extension workforce, and implementation of extension so that it could achieve the expected goals of changing farmer’s behavior to improve the welfare of farmers in the Tosari Sub-District of Pasuruan Regency.

Pritchard defends virtue epistemology from epistemic situationism by appealing to the notion of epistemic dependence: if knowledge acquisition is sometimes allowed to depend on factors outside the cognitive agency of the subject, then this modest form of virtue epistemology escapes the threat of the situationist challenge. This lowering of the threshold of cognitive agency required for knowledge raises the question of how to demarcate between acquisitions of true belief influenced by situational factors that count as knowledge, and those that do not. I fill this gap by proposing that the dependence of knowledge acquisition on external factors comes in degrees, which allows us to look for a right degree of epistemic dependence (a sort of Aristotelian mean) such that it both agrees with the situationist research and preserves the normative appeal of virtue epistemology.

Entre 1900 y 1930, la fotografía amateur se extendió de forma notoria en Cataluña. Esta extensión tuvo particular arraigo entre las clases acomodadas que encontraron en la fotografía y el excursionismo una forma de compromiso con la nación. En la articulación entre fotografía y nación jugó un papel capital el formato estereoscópico, muy popular entonces. Este permitía la toma de fotografías dobles que gracias al uso de un visor ofrecían una profunda experiencia de inmersión, transparencia y tránsito físico. El artículo interroga los procesos de construcción de la cultura visual nacional no solo en términos de la instancia productiva de la fotografía amateur sino, también, en su instancia observacional y experiencial, que pone el cuerpo en el centro de los procesos de construcción de las identidades nacionales y subraya el papel relevante que tuvo el amateurismo fotográfico en el catalanismo cultural.

Leveraging cross-gender brand extensions (new product offerings under the same brand name for customers of the opposite sex) can facilitate brand growth. However, how such strategies should be implemented remains unanswered. A popular approach is to launch a brand extension in the same or a similar product category (high fit). However, for cross-gender brand extension, this strategy can dilute the gender personality of the parent brand (i.e. masculinity or femininity). We propose that launching cross-gender brand extensions in a product category with low fit is an effective strategy as it enables cognitive distancing of the extension from the parent brand. Two experiments confirm that introducing low (versus high) fit cross-gender brand extensions mitigate the parent brand’s gender personality dilution, leading to more positive evaluations of the parent brand amongst existing customers and higher purchase intention amongst new target customers for the cross-gender brand extension.

The Extensive Continuum is most often seen as an empty form that awaits the accommodation of actuality. Contrary to this popular interpretation, I argue that extension is completely immanent to actual occasions and their prehensive relations. Whitehead’s doctrine of internal relations entails that extension cannot be separated from actual occasions, just as actual occasions cannot be separated from extension. To prehend is to extend. Furthermore, any strict separation of form and actuality is shown to bifurcate nature into publicity and privacy. Only with the immanence of extension is nature truly one.