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International audience; Reducing the study of the structural transformation of a country to that of its export profile leads in fact to retain only the liberal position from the "ideological-political duality" of possible positions on the role of international trade in development. Our perspective in this text is different. It does not aim at any form of reductionism, nor does it a priori privilege a model of industrialization in the name of a necessity given by the presumed truth of international markets. Our approach takes note of the strategic choices made by Morocco in favor of an industrialization through export promotion. It proposes to complete the analysis of the economic and political conditions of Moroccan industrialization by an in-depth study of the profile of Moroccan exports. For that purpose, we return in a first point on the role of foreign markets in the recent industrialization strategy of Morocco and draw up an inventory of the structural transformation (I). We then analyze the transformation of the export structure in support of the criteria of diversification and sophistication (II). We then mobilize data and criteria from the work on "product space" to analyze, in Morocco, the tenuous relationship between the transformation of the export profile and structural transformation (III). Clearly, Morocco has successfully seized the opportunities that productive globalization has offered and, in turn, has consolidated sectoral successes by exporting new, more sophisticated and, although still isolated in the Moroccan productive structure, much more centrally located in the product space (automobiles and electrical machinery). However, the risk of seeing an archipelago of export poles along the country's West Atlantic coast without significant impact on structural transformation seems real in view of Morocco's lack of accumulation of production capacity. Capital accumulation per worker, which is relatively low in Morocco, is struggling to improve over the period. As for total factor productivity, it declined significantly to an extremely low level. This result is related to the slow pace of structural transformation, which, consequently, does not seem to be the result of a simple transformation of the export profile in Morocco.; Réduire l’étude de la transformation structurelle d’un pays à celle du profil de ses exportations conduit en fait à ne retenir de la « dualité idéologico-politique » des positions possibles sur le rôle du commerce international dans le développement que la seule position libérale. Notre perspective dans ce texte est différente. Elle ne vise aucune forme de réductionnisme, ni ne privilégie a priori un modèle d’industrialisation au nom d’une nécessité donnée par la vérité présumée des marchés internationaux. Notre approche prend acte des choix stratégiques fait par le Maroc en faveur d’une industrialisation par la promotion des exportations et propose de compléter l’analyse des conditions économiques et politiques de l’industrialisation marocaine du programme de recherche « Made in Morocco » par l’étude approfondie du profil des exportations marocaines. Pour cela nous revenons dans un premier point sur le rôle des marchés extérieurs dans la stratégie d’industrialisation récente du Maroc et dressons un état des lieux de la transformation structurelle (I). Nous analysons ensuite la transformation de la structure des exportations à l’appui des critères de diversification et de sophistication (II). Puis nous mobilisons les données et critères issus des travaux sur « l’espace des produits » pour analyser, au Maroc, la relation restée ténue entre la transformation du profil des exportations et la transformation structurelle (III).Manifestement, le Maroc a su capter avec succès les opportunités que la mondialisation productive lui a offertes et consolider, en retour, des réussites sectorielles en exportant des produits nouveaux, plus sophistiqués et, bien qu’encore isolés dans la structure productive marocaine, situés beaucoup plus au centre de l’espace des produits (automobiles et machines électriques). Pour autant, le risque de voir s’installer le long de la façade ouest-atlantique du pays un archipel de pôles d’exportations sans impact significatif sur la transformation structurelle paraît réel au regard du manque d’accumulation de capacités de production du Maroc. L’accumulation de capital par travailleur, relativement basse au Maroc, peine à s’améliorer au cours de la période. Quant à la productivité totale des facteurs, elle baisse de façon significative pour atteindre un niveau extrêmement bas. Ce résultat est à relier à la lenteur de la transformation structurelle qui, en conséquence, ne semble pas pouvoir, au Maroc, provenir d’une simple transformation du profil des exportations.

The aim of this study was to make an evolutionary analysis of the structure of exports of the Southern Cone countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay), in the period between 2000 and 2011. Indexes of similarity and sophistication of exports were used, for assessing export specialization, based on the fact that, similar goods that every two countries export to certain market can be considered competitors in that market. The results showed that the indicators of similarity did not advance during the study period, while the sophistication index evolved below the world average. In general, the list of exports of those countries depend heavily on primary and agricultural products, for which they already have competitive advantage in international markets. The change in the structure of the export basket presented a growth rate lower than other countries average, indicating that the Southern Cone countries have had trouble to specialize in products with high income content., O objetivo deste estudo é fazer uma análise evolutiva da estrutura das exportações dos países do Cone Sul (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Paraguai e Uruguai) no período entre 2000 e 2011. Para tanto, são utilizados índices de similaridade e de sofisticação das exportações que permitem avaliar a especialização das exportações, baseados no fato de que bens similares que cada dois países exportam para determinado mercado podem ser considerados competidores nesse mercado. Os resultados mostram que os indicadores de similaridade não avançaram no período estudado, enquanto os de sofisticação evoluíram abaixo da média mundial. De uma maneira geral, os países apresentaram uma pauta de exportações muito dependente dos produtos primários e agrícolas, para os quais eles já têm vantagem competitiva nos mercados internacionais. A mudança na estrutura da cesta de exportações apresentou crescimento menor do que a média dos demais países, indicando que os países do Cone Sul têm tido dificuldades em especializar-se nos produtos com conteúdo de renda elevado.