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This study was conducted using sixty (60) clinically healthy dogs from different districts in the Ashanti Region of Ghana., Haematological parameters reference ranges was established and the influence of sex, breed and age on haematological indices of dogs in the Ashanti, Ghana was equally studied. Blood samples were collected from the dogs and analysed using a Mindray 5 parts automated haematologic analyser. Data obtained were compiled in Excel 2013 and analysed using Graphpad Prism 6. Results of the current study showed significant variations (p<0.05) in some indices from established haematological indices. A higher mean lymphocyte count was recorded. The mean MCV values obtained in this study were notably towards the upper limit of the accepted ranges; whilst the mean MCHC recorded was lower than documented norm. The study recorded significant (p<0.05) sex related differences in RDW, MCHC, MCV and RBC; as well as breed related variations in platelet counts. Results of the current study will provide baseline reference data for haematological tests of dogs and could be very useful in veterinary clinical practice, especially in precise diagnosis of canine problems requiring haematology, in the sub region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood is extremely important for a multicellular organism: it connects all organs and tissues, supplies them with nutrients and oxygen, removes carbon dioxide and metabolic products, maintains homeostasis, and provides protection against infections. That is why studies on blood have always drawn a great deal of attention. In ancient times, it was believed that the soul was in the blood and that it sometimes "sank into the stomach." Initially, the study of blood was limited to morphological methods, to which physiological and cellular research were added in the twentieth century. With their help, researchers established that mature blood cells are formed from a rare population of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are located in the bone marrow. The development of molecular biology methods and their combination with classical physiological ones allowed a breakthrough in understanding the structure of the hematopoietic system, which changed our understanding not only of hematopoiesis but also about the nature of adult stem cells. This review describes the molecular assays used in experimental hematology, and how their application has gradually been expanding our knowledge of blood formation and continues to provide new information about it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background A previous study provided information regarding the quality of in-clinic veterinary biochemistry testing. However, no similar studies for in-clinic veterinary hematology testing have been conducted. Objective The objective of this study was to assess the quality of hematology testing in veterinary in-clinic laboratories using results obtained from testing 3 levels of canine EDTA blood samples. Methods Clinicians prepared blood samples to achieve measurand concentrations within, below, and above their RIs and evaluated the samples in triplicate using their in-clinic analyzers. Quality was assessed by comparison of calculated total error with quality requirements, determination of sigma metrics, use of a quality goal index, and agreement between in-clinic and reference laboratory instruments. Suitability for statistical quality control was determined using adaptations from the computerized program, EZRules3. Results Evaluation of 10 veterinary in-clinic hematology analyzers showed that these instruments often fail to meet quality requirements. At least 60% of analyzers reasonably determined RBC, WBC, HCT, and HGB, when assessed by most quality goal criteria; platelets were less reliably measured, with 80% deemed suitable for low platelet counts, but only 30% for high platelet counts, and automated differential leukocyte counts were generally considered unsuitable for clinical use with fewer than 40% of analyzers meeting the least stringent quality goal requirements. Fewer than 50% of analyzers were able to meet requirements for statistical quality control for any measurand. Conclusion These findings reflect the current status of in-clinic hematology analyzer performance and provide a basis for future evaluations of the quality of veterinary laboratory testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pioneering contribution of Professor Donald Metcalf, who passed away in 2014, to the discovery and characterisation of the colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) is exemplified by a seminal contribution to Experimental Haematology by Metcalf and colleagues that detailed the in vivo actions of the newly available recombinant granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in 1987. The results described in this publication promoted GM-CSF actions from fascinating in vitro laboratory phenomena to the recognition that this cytokine was a genuine in vivo regulator of blood cell production and function and provided significant impetus for the clinical development of GM-CSF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1985, Eugene Cronkite and his colleagues published, in Experimental Hematology , data indicating that five consecutive “transfusions” of large numbers of marrow cells significantly increase the number of donor-derived cells detected by day 10 of a spleen colony-forming assay, the most primitive hematopoietic cells detectable at that time, present in the host for as long as 2 months posttransfusion (Cronkite EP, Bullis JE, Brecher G. Marrow transfusions increase pluripotent stem cells in normal hosts. Exp Hematol 1985;13:802–805). These data provided the first evidence that donor hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) may persist in vivo for some time in recipients when transfused and not transplanted, that is, not subjected to treatments that deplete their marrow niches of endogenous HSCs. The limited technology available at the time prevented Dr. Cronkite from pursuing this observation into the development of nonmyeloablated transplantation procedures, and his experiment, as well as the term bone marrow transfusion , has since been long forgotten. In recent years, the scientific need to clarify HSC functions in nonstressed hosts and the clinical need to develop transplantation procedures with levels of morbidity/mortality acceptable for curing inherited hematologic disorders have inspired the search for nonmyeloablative transplantation procedures, including methods that “outcompete” endogenous host HSCs such as those pioneered by Dr. Cronkite's experiments using high transfusion doses. This review describes the technical progress made since Dr. Cronkite's insightful work, which has finally found its path to the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the synergy between erythropoietin and thrombopoietin has previously been pointed out, the clonal demonstration of a human bipotent erythroid/megakaryocytic progenitor (MEP) was first published in Experimental Hematology (Papayannopoulou T, Brice M, Farrer D, Kaushansky K. Exp Hematol . 1996;24:660–669) and later in the same year in Blood (Debili N, Coulombel L, Croisille L, et al. Blood . 1996;88:1284–1296). This demonstration, and the fact that both bipotent and monopotent erythroid or megakaryocytic progenitors co-express markers of both lineages and respond to both lineage-specific transcription factors, has provided a background for the extensive use of MEP assessment by fluorescence-activated cell sorting in many subsequent studies. Beyond this, the demonstration of shared regulatory elements and the presence of single mutations affecting both lineages have inspired further studies to decipher how the shift in transcription factor networks occurs from one lineage to the other. Furthermore, in addition to shared effects, erythropoietin and thrombopoietin have additional independent effects. Most notable for thrombopoietin is its effect on hematopoietic stem cells illustrated by in vitro and in vivo approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene editing enables the site-specific modification of the genome. These technologies have rapidly advanced such that they have entered common use in experimental hematology to investigate genetic function. In addition, genome editing is becoming increasingly plausible as a treatment modality to rectify genetic blood disorders and improve cellular therapies. Genome modification typically ensues from site-specific double-strand breaks and may result in a myriad of outcomes. Even single-strand nicks and targeted biochemical modifications that do not permanently alter the DNA sequence (epigenome editing) may be powerful instruments. In this review, we examine the various technologies, describe their advantages and shortcomings for engendering useful genetic alterations, and consider future prospects for genome editing to impact hematology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We validated the automatic nucleated RBC (nRBC) count on a Sysmex XE-5000 hematology analyzer (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan) and then evaluated the frequency of nRBCs in our patient population.Methods: We correlated automated nRBC enumeration by the Sysmex XE-5000 hematology analyzer on 463 peripheral blood (PB) samples with the manual nRBC count. Results from 360,504 consecutive blood samples were reviewed to determine the frequency of nRBCs in various patient populations in our hospital.Results: There was a strong correlation between the automated and manual nRBC count (Pearson's r = 0.97). Frequency of nRBCs varied in different patient populations and was significantly higher in the presence of other morphology flags or abnormal CBC parameters. Low-level nRBCs (0.2%-1.3%) were detected in 0.5% of samples with otherwise normal parameters.Conclusions: The automated method offers many advantages for high-throughput laboratories, including faster turnaround time, labor savings, and high reliability. Automated nRBC measurement allowed us to recognize a group of individuals who have low-level circulating nRBCs with otherwise normal CBC parameters. Nucleated RBC levels below 1.5% as detected by the automated count may be present in patients without increased erythropoiesis or a pathologic bone marrow process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferritin-iron is currently considered as one of the most promising iron forms to prevent iron deficiency anaemia. We found that the cultivation of soybean seeds in a solution of ferrous sulfate results in material with extremely high iron content - 560.6 mg Fe/100 g of dry matter, while ferritin iron content was 420.5 mg/100 g dry matter. To assess the potential adverse effects of a preparation containing such a high concentration of iron, male and female Wistar rats were exposed via diet to 10, 30, 60 g soybean sprouts powder/kg feed for 90 days. There were no differences in final body weight and mean food consumption between controls and rats administered sprouts. No statistically significant differences in haematology and clinical chemistry parameters were found between controls and treated rats. Microscopic examination of 22 tissues did not reveal any pathology due to soybean sprouts intake. Long term administration of the test material did not cause oxidative damage to DNA and protein in the liver as evidenced by the unchanged basal levels of DNA damage as well as carbonyl groups content. Lipid peroxidation was slightly increased only in females. The activity of several antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase was increased, which substantially enhanced the antioxidant status in the liver from the rats treated with soybean sprouts. Hence, the material tested can be recommended as a component of food supplements for individuals with iron deficiency anaemia and inflammatory bowel diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strong association of diagnostic karyotype with clinical outcome has made cytogenetics one of the most valuable diagnostic and prognostic tools for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) till today. Complex chromosomal findings are reported to be seen in nearly 10–15% of adult AMLs and are generally associated with poor outcome. In the current report, we present the results of hematologic, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic, chromosomal microarray and molecular analyses of a 60-year-old female patient diagnosed with AML-M2. Cytogenetic analysis revealed complex chromosomal findings involving seven different chromosomes. However, cytogenetic analyses were not able to precisely unveil all karyotypic changes, hence chromosomal microarray was used for further characterization. The most interesting observation was identification of a t(7;12) (q11;q22) as part of this complex karyotype. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of identification of novel t(7;12) (q11;q22) as part of a complex karyotype in de novo AML-M2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In 2007, the second cycle of the Flemish human biomonitoring survey started, with a main focus on 14-15year-old adolescents. Objectives The main objectives were generating reference values for exposure markers, determining the pollution pressure in industrial hotspots and establishing dose-effect relationships between exposure to pollutants and hormone levels, sexual development, asthma and allergy, genotoxic and hematological markers. Methods Geometric means with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for a reference population of 200 14-15year-old adolescents. Stepwise multiple regression analyses with correction for confounders and covariates were performed to establish dose-effect relationships. Results Geometric mean concentrations (with 95% CI) of 49.6 (45.7, 53.8), 70.8 (63.6, 78.8) and 8.34 (7.76, 8.97) ngg− 1 lipid for the sum of PCB 138, 153 and 180, p,p′-DDE and HCB were respectively 23%, 26% and 60% lower than those obtained five years earlier. Geometric mean concentrations of 108 (101, 114) and 32.1 (30.1, 34.2) pgCALUX-BEQg−1 lipid were observed for the PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs, respectively. Multiple dose-effect relationships were observed between POPs and several effect markers, including positive (boys) and negative (girls) associations with data on sexual development and positive associations with asthma, animal allergy and free thyroxine (boys and girls). Conclusions Our findings suggest that chlorinated POP concentrations are decreasing over time and that even relatively low concentrations are associated with biological effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite significant improvements in our knowledge of the mechanisms of normal and pathological hematopoiesis, our current understanding is most likely an oversimplification of the complexity of regulatory networks at play. Thus, considerable efforts have been made to catalogue the total sum of germline alterations in individual genomes affecting human hematopoiesis. These efforts ultimately led to the discovery of a large number of new genes not previously implicated in blood formation. Although identification of novel genes is important in revealing the profiles of genetic variations associated with normal hematopoiesis, further functional studies are necessary to improve our understanding of the mechanism(s) involved in these processes. In this review, we summarize the knowledge gained from genome-wide association studies to elucidate the relationship between genetics and blood cell traits. We discuss the most important recent advances, with an emphasis on functional follow-up studies that have been particularly useful in providing an insight into novel regulatory processes that influence blood cell formation and function. We also discuss potential future directions and challenges in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Quality control ( QC) validation is an essential tool in total quality management of a veterinary clinical pathology laboratory. Cost-analysis can be a valuable technique to help identify an appropriate QC procedure for the laboratory, although this has never been reported in veterinary medicine. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the applicability of the Six Sigma Quality Cost Worksheets in the evaluation of possible candidate QC rules identified by QC validation. Methods Three months of internal QC records were analyzed. EZ Rules 3 software was used to evaluate candidate QC procedures, and the costs associated with the application of different QC rules were calculated using the Six Sigma Quality Cost Worksheets. The costs associated with the current and the candidate QC rules were compared, and the amount of cost savings was calculated. Results There was a significant saving when the candidate 1-2.5s, n = 3 rule was applied instead of the currently utilized 1-2s, n = 3 rule. The savings were 75% per year (£8232.5) based on re-evaluating all of the patient samples in addition to the controls, and 72% per year (£822.4) based on re-analyzing only the control materials. The savings were also shown to change accordingly with the number of samples analyzed and with the number of daily QC procedures performed. Conclusions These calculations demonstrated the importance of the selection of an appropriate QC procedure, and the usefulness of the Six Sigma Costs Worksheet in determining the most cost-effective rule(s) when several candidate rules are identified by QC validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of Brazilian Somalis sheep to natural infections by gastrointestinal nematodes. During 98 days, 75 weaned sheep, initially 3-4 months old, were kept on the same pasture and evaluated. Fecal and blood samples were collected for parasitological and hematological exams. After this period, the eight most resistant and the eight most susceptible animals were selected based on their individual averages of nematode fecal egg counts and were slaughtered for worm burden determination and nematodes identification. Abomasum and abomasum lymph nodes were also recovered for gene expression analysis. The animals selected as resistant had lower fecal egg counts during experimental period and smaller worm burdens than the susceptible ones ( P < 0.05). The genus Haemonchus, followed by Trischostrongylus and Oesophagostomum, were identified in composite cultures. Haemonchus contortus was the specie identified in the abomasum. Packed cell volume and total plasma protein means were higher in the resistant group (27.2 % and 6.1 g/dL) than in the susceptible one (22.5 % and 5.3 g/dL), respectively. Regarding cytokine gene expression, IL-4 ( P < 0.05) was up-regulated in the abomasum of resistant animals and TNF-α ( P < 0.03) and IFN-γ ( P < 0.03) in susceptible ones. In abomasum lymph nodes, IL-4 ( P < 0.04) and IL-13 ( P < 0.05) were up-regulated in the resistant animals and IFN-γ in the susceptible one ( P < 0.01). This work provides further evidence that, within a given animal breed, individuals have different responses when infected by gastrointestinal nematodes. Resistant animals who responded more quickly and efficiently to these infections activated a TH2-type response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Objectives In this study, we studied whether the contents of the two compartments of automatically processed cord blood (CB) units are comparable with respect to cell counts and viability and therefore suitable for clinical therapy. Background CB-derived stem cells are increasingly used for allogeneic transplantation. Many centres prepare the transplants by automated methods allowing to split the product into two portions. Methods CB was collected at different sites in Germany and transported to a single centre for processing. Before and after cryopreservation laboratory analyses were performed to compare the quality of the two CB segments. Results In total, 33 products were processed [mean collection volume: 18·6 ± 1·2 mL (range 15·2-20·2 mL) segment A; mean: 4·7 ± 0·3 mL (range 4·2-5·2 mL) segment B]. CD34+ cell counts, viability of CD34+ cells and many other haematological parameters showed a good comparibility between the two segments. However, lymphocyte counts and results of clonogenic assays were significantly different between the two segments of the split product. Conclusion We conclude that the preparation of the cord blood unit by the automated process results in a homogenous distribution of stem and progenitor cells. However, our findings show that the clonogenic capacity differs between the two segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has long been considered that aloe has many beneficial effects for humans and animals, exhibiting antibiotic, antihistaminic, anesthetic, antiinflammatory, and immunostimulant properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of supplemental aloe preparation on some immunological and hematological indices of turkey hen blood. The study involved 160 medium-heavy BUT-9-type 6-week-old female turkey hens, administered Aloe-plus plant preparation at the following varying concentrations: Group 1, control without aloe addition; Group 2, daily doses of 0.35 mL/kg body weight; Group 3, daily doses of 0.70 mL/kg body weight; and Group 4, daily doses of 1.40 mL/kg body weight. The preparation was supplied as a drinking water additive. The study results indicate that the aloe supplement did not contribute to a significant improvement of the rearing performance of the birds. However, the feed conversion rate proved to be lower in all of the experimental groups compared to the control. Aloe supplement at a daily level of 0.70 mL/kg body weight significantly increased the blood parameters of nonspecific immunity (percentage of phagocyting cells, phagocytic index, percentage of nitro blue tetrazolium-reducing cells, and lysozyme activity). In conclusion, it seems meaningful to include Aloe-plus preparation at a daily dose of 0.70 mL/kg into turkey hen diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Multidrug-resistant viruses remain a clinically challenging complication in the immunocompromised host. This review discusses mechanisms of viral resistance and treatment options in this context with particular emphasis on the immunocompromised haematology patient. We also outline some of the newer agents and treatment strategies being developed to treat multidrug-resistant viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CDK2-cyclin E triggers centrosome duplication, and nucleophosmin (NPM/B23) is found to be one of its targets. NPM/B23 phosphorylated by CDK2-cyclin E acquires a high binding affinity to Rho-associated kinase (ROCK II), and physically associates with ROCK II. The NPM/B23-binding results in superactivation of ROCK II, which is a critical event for initiation of centrosome duplication. The activation of ROCK II also requires the binding of Rho small GTPase to the auto-inhibitory region; hence the availability of the active Rho protein is an important aspect of the centrosomally localized ROCK II to properly initiate centrosome duplication. There are three isoforms of Rho (RhoA, B and C), all of which are capable of binding to and priming the activation of ROCK II. Here, we investigated which Rho isoform(s) are involved in the activation of ROCK II in respect to the initiation of centrosome duplication. We found that both RhoA and RhoC, but not RhoB, were required for initiation of centrosome duplication, and overactivation of RhoA, as well as RhoC, but not RhoB, promoted centrosome duplication and centrosome amplification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The more than 25 years of clinical experience with rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG), specifically Thymoglobulin®, has transformed immunosuppression in solid organ transplantation and haematology. The utility of rATG has evolved from the treatment of allograft rejection and graft-versushost disease to the prevention of various complications that limit the success of solid organ and stem cell transplantation. Today, rATG is being successfully incorporated into novel therapeutic regimens that seek to reduce overall toxicity and improve long-term outcomes. Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of rATG in recipients of various types of solid organ allografts, recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplants who are conditioned with both conventional and nonconventional regimens, and patients with aplastic anaemia. Over time, clinicians have learnt how to better balance the benefits and risks associated with rATG. Advances in the understanding of the multifaceted mechanism of action will guide research into new therapeutic areas and future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A new discipline was born and grew up over the last 4 decades of 20th century: Experimental Hematology. In addition to yield the concept of Stemness, a paradigm later applied for the other tissues than hematopoietic one, it provided the results allowing a preclinical development and a therapeutic exploitation. The concept of ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic cells for transplantation is directly issued from this knowledge. It enabled us to realize that a critical quantity of different sub-populations of stem and progenitor cells are necessary to obtain a rapid and sustained hematopoietic reconstitution. These principles, transposed to human cells (originating from: bone marrow, peripheral blood, cord blood) required some important technological innovations (conception of the specific media, recombinant technology of cytokine production...), to achieve, after several attempts, the first efficient clinical trials (at the moment for cells mobilized in peripheral blood). This goal remains to be achieved for cord blood cells too. The developments in this field as well as its actual state are the subjects of this review. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on a research that identifies the differences in the type of centrosome aberrations that occur in tumorigenesis. It states that a functional and structural analysis of centrosomes was conducted to determine the possible consequence of centrosome amplification. Results show that supernumerary centrosomes are devoid of centrioles. It also reveals the differences in the patterns and mechanisms of chromosomal aberrations in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.

Abstract: A detailed haematological study of dogs that were infected with low, moderate or high numbers of Babesia canis-infected red blood cells was performed in an attempt to elucidate the pathogenesis early after B. canis infection. Results showed that upon infection the C-reactive protein (CRP) level in plasma increased prior to the detection of parasites in the blood indicative of an acute phase reaction. The response was further characterised by fever, fibrinogenaemia, thrombocytopenia and leucopoenia. Thrombocytopenia was associated with increased coagulation time. Infected dogs also developed life threatening hypotension, and dogs that were infected with the highest dose of B. canis-infected red blood cells had to be treated chemotherapeutically. Hypotension was associated with a reduced packed cell volume (PCV). This reduction of PCV correlated with reduced plasma creatinin concentration, suggesting that the plasma volume was increased, affecting both the erythrocyte and creatinin concentration in the plasma. Importantly, the onset of the response but not the dynamics of the response was dependent on the infectious dose i.e. curves obtained with different doses of infected erythrocytes appeared to be shifted in time but had a similar shape. This indicates that infection triggered a preset inflammatory response. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Measurement of hematological parameters for Caspian salmon Salmo trutta caspius in two experimental trials was the main purpose of this work. There were no significant differences in RBC and large-lymphocyte counts between all seasons (p > 0.05). The proportions of monocyte, neutrophile and eosinophile were higher in winter than in other seasons (p < 0.05). The amount of Hb, RBC, MCHC, monocyte, neutrophile and eosinophile was higher in adult fishes in comparison with other ages (p < 0.05). However, the amount of HCT, WBC, MCV, MCH, lymphocyte and large-lymphocyte was greater in smolt fishes than the others (p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols of natural and synthetic origin are exploited in tanning sector to convert putrescible skin/hide to non-putrescible leather. However, only 30–40% of the inputs have been taken up for processing, the remaining is released as unspent. The existing conventional wastewater treatment systems are inefficient in removing or degrading these unspent polyphenols and thus detrimental to ecosystem. The present study demonstrates the evaluation of impact of both synthetic and natural polyphenols on biochemical and haematological properties of blood and serum in animal models. The results reveal that concentrations of polyphenols play a major role. At higher concentrations, irrespective of their nature, there was a marked change in the lipid profile (81% reduction), followed by insignificant change in glucose levels, RBC and WBC counts and other haematological parameters. At lower concentrations, no significant changes in the above said properties were observed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To evaluate the effects of airborne Aspergillus contamination during and after the renovation work of a Florentine haematology unit, we conducted (November 2003–January 2005) a strict programme of environmental fungal surveillance. Air samples were taken from patients’ rooms, along the corridors inside the wards, along the corridor between wards and outside the building. The concentration of Aspergillus fumigatus was high along the corridor between the two haematology wards (2.98 CFU m−3), lower in the non-neutropenic patients’ rooms and outside the hospital building (1.53 and 1.42 CFU m−3, respectively), very low in the neutropenic patients’ rooms (0.09 CFU m−3). During this period, three proven cases ( A. fumigatus), two probable ones and two possible cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis were documented in 97 patients with acute leukaemia (7%). The three cases of proven aspergillosis coincided with the period of renovation work and with the period in which we have found the maximum concentration of A. fumigatus along the corridor. These data suggest a possible relationship between environmental fungal contamination and the incidence of invasive aspergillosis, and underline the importance of environmental surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anticoagulants are used to prevent clot formation both in vitro and in vivo. In the specific field of in vitro diagnostics, anticoagulants are commonly added to collection tubes either to maintain blood in the fluid state for hematological testing or to obtain suitable plasma for coagulation and clinical chemistry analyses. Unfortunately, no universal anticoagulant that could be used for evaluation of several laboratory parameters in a sample from a single test tube is available so far. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a polyprotic acid containing four carboxylic acid groups and two amine groups with lone-pair electrons that chelate calcium and several other metal ions. Calcium is necessary for a wide range of enzyme reactions of the coagulation cascade and its removal irreversibly prevents blood clotting within the collection tube. Historically, EDTA has been recommended as the anticoagulant of choice for hematological testing because it allows the best preservation of cellular components and morphology of blood cells. The remarkable expansion in laboratory test volume and complexity over recent decades has amplified the potential spectrum of applications for this anticoagulant, which can be used to stabilize blood for a variety of traditional and innovative tests. Specific data on the behavior of EDTA as an anticoagulant in hematology, including possible pitfalls, are presented. The use of EDTA for measuring cytokines, protein and peptides, and cardiac markers is described, with an outline of the protection of labile molecules provided by this anticoagulant. The use of EDTA in proteomics and in general clinical chemistry is also described in comparison with other anticoagulants and with serum samples. Finally, the possible uses of alternative anticoagulants instead of EDTA and the potential use of a universal anticoagulant are illustrated. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:565–76. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is lack of information about the relative prevalence of haematological disorders in Yemen and other Middle East countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pattern of haematological diseases diagnosed by bone marrow examination in Yemen considering the limited diagnostic facilities. At the referral haematology centre in Yemen, between November 1999 and November 2005, 785 patients >14 years old were evaluated by bone marrow examination. Relevant investigations were performed when needed. A total of 627 patients had haematological disorders other than lymphoma, and their data were analysed. There were 273 females and 354 males. A total of 159 patients had Acute myeloid leukaemia, 75 had acute lymphocytic leukaemia, 87 had chronic myeloid leukaemia, 36 chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, eight had multiple myeloma, 13 myelodysplastic syndromes, seven myelofibrosis, seven polycythaemia vera, three primary thrombocythaemia, two hairy cell leukaemia, two metastases, 36 aplastic anaemia, 29 immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), nine autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, three pernicious anaemia, 65 iron deficiency anaemia, 57 megaloblastic anaemia and malaria, 18 mixed deficiencies, and 11 patients had visceral leishmaniasis. Sex- and age-related distribution of the various disorders was also presented. In conclusion, the leukaemias were the most frequently encountered diagnosis followed by iron deficiency anaemia, megaloblastic anaemia and malaria, aplastic anaemia and ITP respectively. The other haematological disorders were less common. These findings are comparable with that seen in other developing and developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To design a culture method allowing the quantitative and qualitative analysis of terminal erythroid differentiation. Methods: Primary erythroid progenitors derived either from mouse tissues or from human umbilical cord blood were differentiated using hanging drop cultures and compared to methylcellulose cultures. Cultured cells were analyzed by FACS to assess differentiation. Results: We describe a practical culture method by adapting the previously described hanging drop culture system to conditions allowing terminal differentiation of primary erythroid progenitors. Using minimal volumes of media and small numbers of cells, we obtained quantitative terminal erythroid differentiation within two days of culture in the case of murine cells and 4 days in the case of human cells. Conclusions: The established methods for ex vivo culture of primary erythroid progenitors, such as methylcellulose-based burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) and colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) assays, allow the detection of committed erythroid progenitors but are of limited value to study terminal erythroid differentiation. We show that the application of hanging drop cultures is a practical alternative that, in combination with clonogenic assays, enables a comprehensive assessment of the behavior of primary erythroid cells ex vivo in the context of genetic and drug-induced perturbations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A major goal of medical management of acute radiation syndrome following accidental exposures to ionizing radiation (IR) is to mitigate the risks of infection and hemorrhage related to the period of bone marrow aplasia. This can be achieved by stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of residual hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) related to either their intrinsic radioresistance or the heterogeneity of dose distribution. This is the rationale for treatment with hematopoietic growth factors. In fact, apoptosis has recently been shown to play a major role in the death of the continuum of more or less radiosensitive HSPC, soon after irradiation. Therefore, administration of antiapoptotic cytokine combinations such as stem cell factor, Flt-3 ligand, thrombopoietin, and interleukin-3 (4F), may be important for multilineage recovery, particularly when these factors are administered early. Moreover, acute exposure to high doses of IR induces sequential, deleterious effects responsible for a delayed multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. These considerations strongly suggest that therapeutics could include tissue-specific cytokines, such as keratinocyte growth factor, and pleiotropic agents, such as erythropoietin, in addition to hematopoietic growth factors to ensure tissue damage repair and mitigate the inflammatory processes. Noncytokine drugs have also been proposed as an alternative to treat hematopoietic or nonhematopoietic radiation effects. To develop more effective treatments for radiation injuries, basic research is required, particularly to improve understanding of stem cell needs within their environment. In the context of radiological terrorism and radiation accidents, new growth promoting molecules need to be approved and available cytokines stockpiled. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To assess serum cholinesterase levels and symptoms among farm workers who used mainly organophosphorus pesticides in the Gaza Strip, the authors took blood samples from and administered symptom questionnaires to an occupational cohort of 48 field workers. The authors tested the workers for serum acetylcholinesterase and serum butyrylcholinesterase (SBuChE) levels at the beginning and end of each work day. The authors took 20 employees as referents. The mean activity of SBuChE of the farm workers at the end of the spraying day (X = 3.28 ± 0.12 kU/1) was lower by 13.2% than that of the referents at the end of the follow-up day (3.78 ± 0.20 kU/1). Many symptoms were self-reported by farm workers. Certain symptoms, such as itching, skin irritation, and a burning sensation in eyes or face, were significantly associated with cholinesterase inhibition. A greater end-of-day reduction in SBuChE activity occurred in younger workers, those workers mixing pesticides, and with day of direct re-entry to the workplace. The authors detected alterations in some blood indexes. The study confirmed the finding that illness in pesticide workers exposed to organophosphorus pesticides can occur with trivial reductions in cholinesterase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vivoexperiments were conducted to examine the haematology of juveniles from two relic bony fishes, Atlantic sturgeonAcipenser oxyrhinchusand shortnose sturgeonAcipenser brevirostrum. Oxygen transport characteristics(haematocrit, haemoglobin and mean erythrocytic haemoglobin concentration), ionic composition(Na+, Cl−, K+ and osmolality), metabolite concentration(lactate, cortisol and glucose) and protein content in blood were measured or calculated at rest and during recovery from forced activity. Under resting conditions, plasma osmolality and concentrations of Na+, Cl−, lactate, cortisol and total protein were significantly different between Atlantic and shortnose sturgeon. All other resting variables were not different between species. Following forced activity, plasma lactate levels were significantly higher in both species than at rest. Plasma cortisol levels in both species were only significantly higher 1 h following forced activity compared to resting values. Plasma lactate levels were significantly higher in Atlantic sturgeon than in shortnose sturgeon, but these levels returned to resting levels by 1 h in both species. Cortisol increases were greater in shortnose sturgeon than in Atlantic sturgeon. In general, oxygen transport characteristics, blood glucose, plasma protein and plasma osmolality were not altered by forced activity in either sturgeon species. Overall, both species had reduced responses( i.e. the magnitude of changes in measured variables) to forced activity compared with teleosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on three recent studies related to the field of experimental hematology. The article "Cytoreduction, DLI, or Mobilized Peripheral Blood Progenitors," by H.-J. Kolb and his colleagues examines the therapeutic implications of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for leukemia and other hematological malignancies. The article "DLI or Second Transplant," by H.T. Greinix analyzes the toxicity and efficacy of second allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with acute hematological malignancies. The study was performed on 66 patients relapsing with acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome, and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The third study presented here is "Imatinib for Relapsed BCR/ABL Positive Leukemias," by O.G. Ottmann and his colleagues.

This article presents information on three recent studies related to the field of diagnostic hematology. One of these studies, titled "Pharmacological Aspects of the New Triazole Voriconazole," by A.J. Ullmann investigates the phamacokinetic mechanism of triazole voriconazole, an anti-infective agent. The currently used antifungal agents, reportedly, are characterized by a poor toxicity profile and low efficacy rate of cure. This situation made the search for new and safe drugs eminent. New developments included a new class of antifungal agents such as triazole voriconazole. These new agents demonstrated this far in numerous studies a clearly improved safety profile in comparison to polyenes. Other two studies presented here are: "Improving the Outcome of Invasive Aspergillosis: New Diagnostic Tools and New Therapeutic Strategies," by R. Herbrecht and "Rituximab As In Vivo Purging Agent in Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Relapsed B-NHL," by G. Hess and his colleagues.