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An attempt is made to examine how control is exercised in an era of financial transparency. It is concluded that the dynamics of modern capitalism need to be further studied in light of reciprocal expectations and their consequences.

Research showed that people lowered their expectations about an uncertain outcome when self-relevant feedback was involved.

Many large-scale health surveys use interviewers to obtain standardised information about the health of the general population. To improve response rates and data quality, the researchers/designers usually brief the interviewers to familiarise them with the survey procedures and stimulate their interest in the survey. However, it is possible that interviewers, having been exposed to researchers' expectations, may inadvertently influence respondents to produce outcomes consistent with those expectations. Such expectations are referred to here as `expectation-led interviewer effects'. In this paper, the design and results from an experiment to test for expectation-led interviewer effects are described. The experiment involved conducting two health surveys, called the `experimental' and the `control', which were identical in every way except that researchers made a reference to a supposed link between childhood and adult health at the experimental survey briefing. The testing procedure was designed prior to data collection to preclude accusations of data dredging and to ensure that the type I error probability was less than 5 percent. No consistent evidence of expectation-led interviewer effects was found, bar a statistically significant effect for health questions requiring the recall of detailed quantitative information. This effect was small, however. Keywords: Non-sampling error; Sample surveys; Interviews; Ordinal log-linear model; Experimental design

Alcohol expectancies have been statistically modeled as memory networks that influence future consumption. To test the organization of expectancies suggested by these models, a modified Stroop color-naming task incorporated expectancy words associated in past research with heavy and light drinking. Light and heavy drinkers ink-named expectancy targets after being cued with an alcohol beverage word or a nonalcohol beverage word. Consistent with predictions derived from statistical models, heavy drinkers displayed significant interference when arousing expectancy words had been primed by an alcohol beverage word, whereas light drinkers displayed significant interference when sedating expectancy targets had been so primed. These results reinforce the idea that mediation of alcohol use by expectancies may be implicit as well as explicit.

The influence of positive affect on expectancy motivation was investigated in 2 studies. The results of Study 1 indicated that positive affect improved people's performance and affected their perceptions of expectancy and valence. In Study 1, in which outcomes depended on chance, positive affect did not influence people's perceptions of instrumentality. In Study 2, in which the link between performance and outcomes was specified, positive affect influenced all 3 components of expectancy motivation. Together, the results of Studies 1 and 2 indicated that positive affect interacts with task conditions in influencing motivation and that its influence on motivation occurs not through general effects, such as response bias or general activation, but rather through its influence on the cognitive processes involved in motivation.

This study was developed by a group of Israeli and Palestinian researchers for the purpose of examining social knowledge of young people in the conflicted region of the Middle East. The article examines the relations between measures of interpretations of the past (perceptions of legitimacy and emotional reactions toward the historical 'narratives' of Israelis and Palestinians) and measures of expectations of the collective future, as reflected in conflict resolution beliefs. Data were collected from December 1999 to February 2000 (before the present crisis [2000-2002] in Jewish-Palestinian relations) among representative samples of high school students (Grades 10 and 12): 1,183 Palestinians in the Palestinian National Territories and 1,188 Israeli Jewish students. The results are discussed from developmental, social, and cultural perspectives.

This article examines psychosocial variables related to food purchases and intake behavior in supermarket shoppers from Virginia. Results indicate that factors including self-efficacy, social status, age, family size and physical outcome expectations were significant predictors of food purchases and nutritional behavior in participating shoppers.

A study was conducted to analyze the anticipation effect using a picture-word translation task to compare English monolinguals and Spanish-English bilinguals functioning in monolingual mode. Results indicated that the bilingual anticipation effect is not specific to language-mixing tasks. Findings also showed that stimulus-processing uncertainty hinders the establishment of a base symbolic-system procedure and the inhibition of others.

An investigation of ethical decision making in a negotiation context revealed that focal actors' incentives influenced not only their misrepresentation, but also their expectations of their opponents' misrepresentation, suggesting that individuals hold 'motivated expectations' about their opponents. The notion that individuals engage in defensive ethics received only modest support. The incentives of opponents influenced expectations about their misrepresentation but did not impact the focal actors' misrepresentation; however, correlational data revealed a significant relationship between the opponents' temptation and the focal actors' misrepresentation. Furthermore, temptation mediated the proposed relationships, suggesting that it may serve as an individual factor filtering the situational influence of incentives. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

The self-discrepancy theory states that patterns of relations among different types of self-beliefs play a significant impact on physical and mental health. Previous studies on self-discrepancy revealed that different pairs of self-beliefs predicted different types of emotional and health-related problems. An experiment among several college students seeks to confirm the theory that patterns arising from interrelations of three different types of self-beliefs bring about corresponding physical and emotional changes.

The effects of experience, reduced visual field, and stimulus velocity On anticipation of coincidence were examined to assess whether simplifying control requirements of a skill could eliminate the benefits of extensive experience. 14 subjects were to make the pointer on an horizontally revolving lever coincide with the illumination of the last light on a modified Bassin anticipation timer using a unidirectional, uniplanar, one degree of freedom movement of the lower arm. Reduced visual field increased temporal and spatial errors which supported previous results obtained in ball-catching experiments. Extensive experience with open skills appeared to be of no benefit, suggesting that the simple nature of the task permitted novices to perform like expert tennis players. Therefore, this type of task should not be employed to identify differences in anticipation of coincidence between novices and experts.