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We report for the first time the occurrence of the alien ant Cardiocondyla obscurior Wheeler, 1929 on the Greek island of Crete. Cardiocondyla obscurior is one of many congeneric taxa with worldwide success as tramp species, having attained a cosmopolitan distribution while having Indomalayan origins. It was first detected in Europe in 1999, and since 2015 it has started to be found outdoors in Southern European countries. Our record is the first in Europe in which the species is observed to be established outdoors in an agricultural area instead of an urban environment. Introduced Cardiocondyla ants are generally thought to have little ecological impact, although targeted studies have been lacking. Cardiocondyla obscurior is the third species of its genus to be found on the island of Crete, which is characterized by a remarkable ant diversity.

Tropical forests are generally characterized by high species diversity and low soil phosphorus (P) availability. Although tropical plants have evolved adaptations to low soil P availability, we know relatively little about the strategies of different groups of species to efficiently use P, or how these strategies might shape their distributions. We compared the performance of 16 co‐occurring species in tropical forests in South China under two soil P regimes. We divided these species into three groups: exotic species, which are not native to South China; eurytopic native species, which occur in both P‐limited and P‐richer habitats; stenotopic native species, which only occur in low‐P habitats. We assessed their growth rates, foliar functional traits and foliar P fractions under experimentally manipulated soil P availability (Control vs. +P). Exotic species exhibited greater plasticity in allocation of leaf P fractions than native species. Compared with native species, exotic species allocated more P to inorganic‐P than to ester‐P and nucleic‐P in P‐enriched soil, while they allocated less P to inorganic‐P and ester‐P in low‐P soil. Eurytopic native species responded inconsistently to P addition, indicating that eurytopic native species may employ various strategies to cope with low P availability, whereas stenotopic native species showed only minor changes in leaf P allocation with P fertilization. We distinguished two strategies for plant adaptation to low soil P availability: (1) a P‐plastic strategy exhibited by exotic species, in which Pleaf and leaf P‐fraction allocation patterns changed substantially with soil P enrichment; (2) a P‐conservative strategy exhibited by stenotopic native species, in which Pleaf and leaf P‐fraction allocation patterns changed only slightly with soil P enrichment. In conclusion, the distinct strategies exhibited by plants in low‐P habitats may determine their distribution and coexistence in tropical regions. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The long-distance, seasonal migrations of birds make them an effective ecological bridge for the movement of ticks. The introduction of exotic tick species to new geographical regions can cause the emergence of novel tick-borne pathogens. This study examined the prevalence of exotic tick species parasitizing migratory songbirds at stopover sites along the northern Gulf of Mexico using the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. Methods: Overall, 421 individual ticks in the genera Amblyomma , Haemaphysalis , and Ixodes were recorded from 28 songbird species, of which Amblyomma and Amblyomma longirostre were the most abundant tick genera and species, respectively. A high throughput 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing approach characterized the microbial communities and identified pathogenic microbes in all tick samples. Results and discussion: Microbial profiles showed that Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum. The most abundant pathogens were Rickettsia and endosymbiont Francisella , Candidatus Midichloria , and Spiroplasma. Permutation multivariate analysis of variance revealed that the relative abundance of Francisella and Rickettsia drives microbial patterns across the tick genera. We also noted a higher percentage of positive correlations in microbe-microbe interactions among members of the microbial communities. Network analysis suggested a negative correlation between a) Francisella and Rickettsia and, b) Francisella and Cutibacterium. Lastly, mapping the distributions of bird species parasitized during spring migrations highlighted geographic hotspots where migratory songbirds could disperse ticks and their pathogens at stopover sites or upon arrival to their breeding grounds, the latter showing mean dispersal distances from 421–5003 kilometers. These findings spotlight the potential role of migratory birds in the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens. Overview of the experimental approach for bird collection and characterization of neotropical ticks microbiome. (A) Birds migrating through the Mississippi flyway into the United States were trapped and captured for identification and tick collection and (B) immature developmental stages of feeding ticks infesting the birds were carefully removed and stored for morphological and molecular identification of tick species. (C) Tick DNA was used for the PCR amplification of arthropods mitochondrial 12S rRNA and amplicons were sequenced and compared to deposited datasets in NCBI database. (D) Microbial DNA was isolated using V3-V4 16S primers and unique barcodes attached to amplified 16S sequences prior to Illumina MiSeq sequences. (E) Distribution and contribution of birds to tick infestation, and distribution and community profiles of sequenced microbial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional traits, which shift as a plant develops from seed to adult and may be phylogenetically conserved, are widely acknowledged to be associated with exotic species invasion. However, existing studies comparing functional traits between native and invasive species often focus on a single ontogenetic stage, yielding mixed results. It remains unclear whether the functional trait differences and their relationship with invasiveness (e.g. range size) of exotic species remain consistent across ontogenetic stages.In this study, we experimentally compared 18 traits across the seed, early growth and adult stages of 127 native and exotic species from 19 families. These species are common and often co‐occur in the subtropical region of China. We also explored the linkage between these traits, alongside their phylogenetic relatedness with native species and exotic species' range size in China.Our results show that only seed mass differed between native and exotic species. Moreover, the compositions of traits across all stages and the entire lifespan were primarily influenced by phylogenetic relatedness rather than geographic origin. Further, the range size of exotic species in China positively correlated with their mean phylogenetic distance to native species, with no association with individual functional traits or functional distinctiveness.Synthesis. Our results emphasize the importance of comparing functional traits across ontogenetic stages between native and exotic species to improve our understanding of the role of functional traits in shaping plant invasion. Our findings also underscore the pivotal role of phylogenetic relatedness in shaping plant functional traits and the distribution of exotic species in their new ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animals combine colour change and behavioural choices to enhance concealment and adapt to changes in habitat in time and space. However, non‐native and invasive habitat‐forming plants and seaweeds can change the landscape, challenging animals to remain camouflaged, especially when the colour of the new habitat differs from the native backgrounds.The chameleon prawn (Hippolyte varians) exhibits remarkable colour variation and effective camouflage against different native seaweeds in shallow tidepools. Individuals optimize crypsis by choosing colour‐matching seaweeds and changing colour over time. In some locations, the prawn's native habitats are now replaced by non‐native seaweeds of different coloration and structure, making it important to understand whether substrate choice and colour change facilitates the occupation of these seaweeds and enables prawns to camouflage against new backgrounds.Using image analysis and visual modelling of a fish predator, we assessed the colour variation and camouflage of chameleon prawns occupying the non‐native seaweeds brown wireweed (Sargassum muticum) and pink harpoon weed (Asparagopsis armata) in southwest UK. We performed laboratory trials to examine whether prawns maintain their preference for colour‐matching native substrates when given a choice between them and non‐native seaweeds, and if they can change their coloration to improve camouflage against non‐native substrates.Prawns exhibit phenotypic diversity and camouflage that varied with the non‐native seaweed species, with low colour variation and effective camouflage on pink harpoon weed, but high colour diversity and reduced concealment against brown wireweed. Prawns choose non‐native seaweeds when the alternative native substrate provides mismatching coloration, but they did not exhibit any preference between colour‐matching native and non‐native seaweeds. Once in non‐native habitats, prawns change their appearance over a few days to match the background, sometimes faster than when changing on native seaweeds of contrasting coloration.Although human activities considerably modify the coloration of marine landscapes by increasing the establishment of non‐native seaweeds, the impacts of those changes appear less severe for colour‐changing species, such as chameleon prawns, and will depend on the similarity between the colour of the new substrates and the original native backgrounds, and how animals use behaviour and physiology to match new habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Darwin's two opposing hypotheses, proposing that non‐native species closely or distantly related to native species are more likely to succeed, are known as 'Darwin's Naturalization Conundrum'. Recently, invasion ecologists have sought to unravel these hypotheses. Studies that incorporate rich observational data in disturbed ecosystems that integrate phylogenetic and functional perspectives have potential to shed light on the conundrum.Using 313 invaded plant communities including 46 invasive plant species and 531 native plant species across the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in China, we aim to evaluate the coexistence mechanisms of invasive and native plants by integrating phylogenetic and functional dimensions at spatial and temporal scales.Our findings revealed that invasive plants tended to co‐occur more frequently with native plant species that were phylogenetically distant but functionally similar in the reservoir riparian zone. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that the filtering of flood‐dry‐flood cycles played a significant role in deepening functional similarities of native communities and invasive‐native species over time.Our study highlights the contrasting effects of phylogenetic relatedness and functional similarity between invasive and native species in highly flood‐disturbed habitats, providing new sights into Darwin's Naturalization Conundrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban areas with low tree cover in Brazil are found mainly in the Amazon, highlighting the disparities in access to benefits of urban greening. The goal of this study was to analyze how urban afforestation is associated with sociodemographic factors to understand the distribution of trees (and their benefits) among different social segments in the city of Macapá, in the extreme Northeastern Amazon. We conducted a floristic inventory in 217 blocks belonging to 32 neighborhoods, and classified species according to origin (exotic or native) and fruit use (fruit-bearing or non-fruit-bearing). Additionally, we selected 12 variables to represent sociodemographic gradients among neighborhoods. We reduced the dimensionality of floristic and sociodemographic data using ordination techniques, and used their first axes to represent gradients of species composition and sociodemographic factors. The effect of sociodemographic gradients on tree abundance, species richness and composition was tested using generalized linear models. The results indicate that most urban trees are exotic, non-fruit-bearing, and of medium size (10–30 cm in diameter). Older neighborhoods with higher human population age and income showed higher tree abundance and higher species richness. The species composition was related to the gradient of human population density, proportion of old people, income, and household occupancy. Large non-fruit trees were more frequent in neighborhoods with low population density. Exotic trees were more frequent in older neighborhoods with older people and high income, and large fruit trees showed higher abundance in neighborhoods with low household occupancy rates. Ensuring that low-income neighborhoods and historically marginalized communities have equal access to green spaces and adequate tree coverage is a key element to promote environmental justice and to develop healthier and more sustainable cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leucaena leucocephala (hereafter L. leucocephala) is considered one of the 100 most invasive plant species in the world and has been found in areas subject to wildfire events and flooding. Its rapid L. leucocephala invasion capacity can lead to decrease in local diversity due to the exclusion of native plant species. In this way, the L. leucocephala proliferation has advanced across the Pantanal. Here, we assess the effects of the fire, flooding and distance to the source population on the invasion of L. leucocephala, and whether this dynamic negatively affects the richness of native plant species in the Brazilian Pantanal. Our results showed that fire recurrence and flood level were the opposite under L. leucocephala invasion. Areas with low flood level and greater fire occurrence tend to have more L. leucocephala regenerants while the distance of the source population had no effect. L. leucocephala and native plants occupy sites with different abiotic conditions. In an expected scenario for the Pantanal islonger droughts and more frequent wildfire, this could mean a pronounced increase in L. leucocephala invasion over time. Therefore, the use of fire as a management action for L. leucocephala control is not recommended, and it is necessary to find methods to extract or eliminate the seed banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species phenotypes are driven by persistent selective pressures that condition their adaptation to the environment. However, stochastic critical events, such as disease outbreaks, may also act as selective pressures because of drastic population decline. External structures like horns of ungulate species may reflect the consequences of these selective pressures on animal fitness. Using a generalized linear model approach, we analysed how a massive mortality event caused by a sarcoptic mange outbreak in 1992 affected the horn size of an Iberian aoudad population (dataset from 1980 to 2014) by comparing horn length before and after the outbreak. We found that this episodic, albeit massive, outbreak changed long-term trends in age-size horn relations. Both females and males presented shorter horns after the sarcoptic mange outbreak, although more marked in males. Even when animals reached mature ages, horn length did not increase with age to the same degree as before the outbreak. We consider that two processes may have acted on the population: a bottleneck favoured "shorter horns" phenotype and a post-mange enzootic period limited horn growth, as infected animals may invest more resources in the immune system. Overall, our results show a top-down regulation of a fitness trait for an ungulate population mediated by a parasite. This disease outbreak showed long-lasting effects on the ungulate population, with ecological and management implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eco‐monitoring program to assess the biodiversity of insects affected by yellow‐legged hornet (Vespa velutina) trapping in the north of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain) revealed the first occurrence of the southern giant hornet Vespa soror (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) on the European continent. We present a detailed characterization, combining morphological characteristics and molecular tools for genetic identification, as well as key information on its identification with respect to other hornets found on the Iberian Peninsula. We discuss the most plausible pathways and vectors of introduction, its potential invasiveness, and subsequent impacts on host localities. Our preliminary results raise concerns about the potential threat of V. soror to human health and ecosystem dynamics, as it is a highly predatory species on other insects and even small vertebrates. Finally, this study confirms once again the usefulness of studying insects trapped in such traps for rapid response and early detection of inland invasive species. We also propose a common Spanish name for the species, "avispón sóror". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Southeast Asian gastropod Tarebia granifera is an invasive freshwater snail across several continents. Our review summarises the impacts of this invasive snail on invaded aquatic ecosystems. The most important impacts are those related to their ability to reproduce quickly and reach high densities within invaded ecosystems. The snail has reportedly caused declines and local extinctions in native snail populations globally. They can further significantly reduce algal standing stocks and may have severe impacts on benthic biomass, resulting in decreased benthic biodiversity and disturbances in aquatic ecosystem function. These invasive snails also cause bioturbation that can lead to changes in the nutrient cycles of invaded aquatic ecosystems and affect food web dynamics, with unknown implications for ecosystem function. Furthermore, T. granifera is well known to harbour a diverse range of parasitic species of medical and veterinary importance both within and outside their native ranges. The effective control of invasive T. granifera remains challenging as they are not easily preyed upon, and potential control methods may have unintentional side effects on native biota. This review provides evidence that there is a need to control this invader to avoid further degradation of freshwater habitats and aquatic biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge on taxonomic diversity of arthropods is key to better understanding the biodiversity patterns and processes and guiding sustainable conservation strategies and practices. In the Azores, terrestrial arthropods are relatively well-inventoried following the publication of comprehensive checklists that have been regularly updated. Nevertheless, every year, new species are found as a result of new arrivals to the Archipelago and from addressing specific taxonomic lacunae. Here, we update the taxonomic terrestrial arthropod biodiversity of the Azores by reporting for the first time 13 species for the Archipelago, namely Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976, Textrix pinicola Simon, 1875, Pholcomma gibbum (Westring, 1851), Schistocerca gregaria (Forsskål, 1775), Phoracantha recurva Newman, 1840, Diachus auratus Fabricius, 1801 Phyllotreta procera (Redtenbacher, 1849), Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius, 1803), Dibolia occultans (Koch, 1803), Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macquart, 1839), Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758), Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 and Ectemnius cephalotes (Olivier, 1792), and several new species records for specific islands. These species benefitted from the increase in transportation of goods and commodities, both from outside the Archipelago and between islands, to arrive and spread across the Archipelago with some of them posing new challenges to local agriculture, forestry and biodiversity conservation management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The invasive species Bubalus bubalis was introduced in Guaporé Biological Reserve in 1953. Since then, the buffaloes have become feral, posing a threat to the populations, communities, and natural ecosystems of the region. In the last decade, there has been no study or monitoring of the invasive population and its potential impacts. We utilized systematic flights and multitemporal remote sensing analysis to address (i) What is the distribution range, abundance and density of Asian buffalo in the protected area? (ii) How has this species changed the land scape in the protected area over the past 34 years? The population survey resulted in 4.782 ± 533.27 buffaloes within 966.22 km2, population density of 4.9 ± 0.55 buffaloes per km2. The study also identified a 51% expansion of occupied areas within the Guaporé Reserve over the last 10 years. The multitemporal remote sensing analysis revealed significant environmental changes over the years, resulting in 48% loss of naturally flooded areas in the region occupied by buffalo. The government must take urgent measures to develop and implement a plan to control and eradicate this invasive species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the limited number of studies on biotic resistance in freshwater ecosystems, experimental studies have supported that native plants play a role in resisting exotic plant invasion, but field observations have often reported positive relationships between exotic and native plant richness. To determine the reasons for the lack of evidence supporting biotic resistance in field observations, we surveyed the richness, biomass and coverage of exotic and native aquatic plants in 2801 quadrats at 287 sites in various freshwater ecosystems of China and examined the impacts of scale and environmental factors on the relationships between native and exotic plant richness and performance. At both the site and quadrat scales, we observed a positive correlation between the richness of exotic and native plants. However, at the quadrat scale, high native plant richness was associated with a reduction in the biomass of exotic emergent and floating plants as well as the biomass of exotic submerged plants in low‐nutrient water bodies. An increase in native plant performance, a metric that integrates the biomass and coverage of native plants, was associated with a decrease in both the richness and biomass of exotic plants at both scales. Furthermore, with increasing native plant performance at the quadrat scale, the richness of exotic plants declined more strongly in low‐nutrient water bodies than in high‐nutrient water bodies, and the decline in the biomass of exotic emergent and floating plants was more severe in shallow water than in deep water. Synthesis. Our results indicate that native plant performance is more important than richness for resistance to invasion in freshwater ecosystems, and the strength of biotic resistance is related to environmental factors. This study highlights the importance of environmental variables and multiple native community features and invasibility metrics in field observational studies of invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As exotic plants invade into a new range, they can escape from specialist enemies. However, they may support generalist enemies, including both native and introduced fungal pathogens, which creates the potential for spillover and apparent competition from exotic to native plants in communities.To assess the potential for spillover of putatively pathogenic, root‐associated fungi (hereafter, 'pathogens') in communities invaded by exotic plants, we conducted a two‐phase plant–soil feedback experiment: a monoculture experiment with native and exotic plants grown alone and a multi‐species, community‐level experiment that ranged in the extent of exotic dominance. We used next‐generation sequencing to characterise sharing of pathogens between native and exotic plants in communities.Exotic plants outperformed natives in communities, despite harbouring higher relative abundance of generalist pathogens. The higher generalism of pathogens supported by exotic plants made them more prone to be shared with natives. The proportion of pathogens shared between exotic and native plants in communities correlated with reduced competitive ability of native compared with exotic plants.Synthesis: These data suggest that exotic plants host more generalist pathogens that are shared with native plants, which may confer an indirect benefit to exotic over native plants through apparent competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species hitchhiking on human transportation objects such as vehicles can facilitate long‐distance dispersal of organisms, allowing increased probabilities of successful biological invasions. In Taiwan, there have been observations of ants actively moving onto motor vehicles (defined as 'ant hitchhiking' hereafter), yet no study has explored this phenomenon.Here, we provide the first qualitative and quantitative report on ant hitchhiking behaviour using citizen science data. From 2017 to 2023, 52 cases of ant hitchhiking on vehicles were reported (at least three cases with queen[s] and another eight cases with brood), attributed to nine species. Seven of the nine species were exotic/invasive. Arboreal or semi‐arboreal ant species, particularly the exotic black cocoa ant (Dolichoderus thoracicus), accounted for over half of the reported cases. The parking duration of the vehicles on which the ants hitchhiked ranged from several hours to over a month (30 cases occurred within a day). Moreover, more cases were reported in the warmer seasons (spring and summer) than in the colder seasons (fall and winter).To our knowledge, this study represents the first effort to profile active ant hitchhiking on vehicles. We encourage future studies to examine the abiotic and biotic factors that determine the success of hitchhiking events to better predict the spread of exotic/invasive ants and to develop effective management strategies for preventing their biological invasions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Recent collection efforts along the Brazilian coast revealed a Haliclona species preliminarily identified as a likely new species. However, sequencing of the 28S rRNA C-Region, a barcode marker in sponges, showed its high genetic similarity with a Haliclona sp. from Hawaiʻi (GenBank MW016137–MW016139). We applied an integrated morphological and molecular assessment, which allowed us to identify both Brazilian and Hawaiian specimens as H. (Reniera) laubenfelsi, a species with an Indo-Pacific distribution. We postulate this species to be exotic both in the Brazilian coast and in Hawaiʻi. Our evidence is based on the arrival of the species in Brazil after 2001, being first registered next to an international port. In turn, the species is distributed discontinuously in Hawaiʻi, being mainly restricted to sheltered bays and vicinities of ports, showing a predilection for anthropogenic substrates, which strengthen the hypothesis of its exotic origin. Recent collections in Hawaiʻi (2016–2018) failed to find this species in natural habitats, though it was an abundant pioneer species in Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures. Its capacity to colonize artificial substrata may indicate either a cryptobenthic nature or an invasive potential. We highlight the need of monitoring its abundance, spatial distribution, and biotic interactions along the Brazilian coast to assess its potential environmental impacts. The full morphological description, and the molecular sequences we provided certainly will speed up the identification of this species, allowing to track its range extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge on taxonomic diversity of arthropods is key to better understanding the biodiversity patterns and processes and guiding sustainable conservation strategies and practices. In the Azores, terrestrial arthropods are relatively well-inventoried following the publication of comprehensive checklists that have been regularly updated. Nevertheless, every year, new species are found as a result of new arrivals to the Archipelago and from addressing specific taxonomic lacunae. Here, we update the taxonomic terrestrial arthropod biodiversity of the Azores by reporting for the first time 13 species for the Archipelago, namely Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976, Textrix pinicola Simon, 1875, Pholcomma gibbum (Westring, 1851), Schistocerca gregaria (Forsskål, 1775), Phoracantha recurva Newman, 1840, Diachus auratus Fabricius, 1801 Phyllotreta procera (Redtenbacher, 1849), Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius, 1803), Dibolia occultans (Koch, 1803), Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macquart, 1839), Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758), Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 and Ectemnius cephalotes (Olivier, 1792), and several new species records for specific islands. These species benefitted from the increase in transportation of goods and commodities, both from outside the Archipelago and between islands, to arrive and spread across the Archipelago with some of them posing new challenges to local agriculture, forestry and biodiversity conservation management.

Abstract Background While the Iberian Peninsula has been relatively well-studied from a myrmecological standpoint, the true presence of certain ant species has remained obscure for decades. In this context, the case of A. gemella (Roger, 1862) stands out as one of the most intriguing examples. Initially described from the Balearic Islands, this conspicuous species seemingly vanished from the archipelago by the 1980s, confining its current distribution to the Maghreb region. However, lingering doubt has persisted regarding its potential presence in Iberia, based on some old bibliographic records from Spain and Portugal. Results This study confirms the first known established population of A. gemella in the Iberian Peninsula (Tarifa, Southern Iberia). Two colonies were detected in an urban grass patch within the city center. The validity of other Iberian records regarding the species and its status as an exotic species are also discussed. Conclusions The presence of A. gemella in Southern Iberia highlights the need for targeted sampling efforts to delineate its actual range and distinguish it from morphologically similar species in the region.

Question: Understanding the patterns of alien plant invasions and their underlying drivers is a key step in conserving the remaining native grasslands of Uruguay. We addressed the level of invasion by considering the four invasive alien plants of these ecosystems, Cynodon dactylon, Eragrostis plana, Senecio madagascariensis and Ulex europaeus, throughout the country. Location: Remnant native grasslands of Uruguay, constituting part of the Río de la Plata grasslands. Methods: Extensive fieldwork was carried out over five years of data collection, including hierarchically randomized observations (around 2000) nested in 137 10 × 10‐km2 squares covering different geomorphological regions. For each invasive alien species, we constructed distribution maps to show their patterns; for the two most abundant, we fitted models to identify the main explanatory variables at different spatial scales. Results: We found that 77% of the squares were invaded by at least one target species. The level of invasion varied between regions and target plants. The most abundant invasive alien species were Cynodon dactylon and Senecio madagascariensis; while Eragrostis plana and Ulex europaeus were scarce. Cynodon dactylon cover was related to a set of variables at different spatial scales, including climate, topography and several local community descriptors. Senecio madagascariensis cover was positively associated with grassland fragmentation and anthropic disturbance at the landscape, and a few local descriptors. Conclusions: The large sampling effort at the country level, with a randomized design, allowed for a reliable assessment of the level of invasion of Uruguayan grasslands and its possible drivers. This is an important step in the design of policies to conserve Uruguay's remaining native grasslands. We suggest that the prevention should focus on the Basaltic Cuestas region, while control and containment should prioritize the eastern and south‐central parts of the country, focusing mainly on Cynodon dactylon management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of non-native plant species to tolerate water scarcity and high temperatures, especially during the early stages of development, may influence their invasive potential. Ligustrum lucidum is a tree native to warm temperate areas of Asia. To understand the potential expansion of this non-native invasive species into more arid regions, we conducted an experiment in incubation chambers to evaluate seed germination under different water potentials and the response of its seedlings under different water availability and temperature scenarios. Seeds were collected from central Argentina and placed to germinate under four different water potentials (−0.2; −0.4; −0.7 and −1.2 MPa) created with polyethylene glycol 6000. Additionally, L. lucidum seedlings were subjected to contrasting levels of water availability combined with different periods of exposure to high temperatures. Germination measurements (germination percentage, velocity, and synchronicity) decreased at lower water potentials. No germination occurred at −0.7 and −1.2 MPa. The seedlings showed a slight increase in mortality and a significant reduction in most of the growth variables under low water availability, while exposure to high temperatures had significant effects only on chlorophyll estimate. The germination response of L. lucidum to water deficits could pose a significant constraint on its establishment in arid ecosystems. Nonetheless, this constraint may be alleviated by the species' prolific propagule production, coupled with asynchronous seed germination, which may help it exploit more humid micro-sites or sporadic water events. Furthermore, the drought tolerance of its seedlings strongly warns against the use of this species as an ornamental plant in arid environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-indigenous mysid Neomysis americana (S.I. Smith, 1873) is reported here, for the first time, along the Bay of Biscay in the Loire estuary, France in 2021. This species, originating from North-American estuaries, was initially discovered in Europe in 2010 (Wadden Sea) and first reported in France in 2017 (Seine estuary). The absence of long-term monitoring makes it impossible to know precisely the arrival of this non-indigenous species in the Loire estuary. However, this species is present in high abundance, suggesting an arrival prior to 2021. Its introduction might even be prior to or concomitant to the Seine estuary discovery, suggesting an introduction via the ballast water of the commercial vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roadsides are home to a diverse range of species with varying geographic origins. The aim of the current study is to describe the floristic diversity of roadside vegetation in western Saudi Arabia, as well as to examine the impact of altitude on this diversity. Roadsides were divided into belts according to their elevations above sea level. The floristic composition, the exotic aliens, weeds, life forms, and the chorology of each belt were determined. The study showed that the amount of rain, temperature, heavy traffic, and altitude have a major role in the distribution of these plants. The total species recorded on both roadsides was 228 species, where the difference between the two roads was not only in species number but also in the floristic composition. In the current study, two endemic species, Kickxia pseudoscoparia and Euphorbia ammak, were recorded. The most frequent species overall was Forsskaolea tenacissima, which was found in all studied belts, followed by Aerva javanica, which was found in 87% of the studied belts. The therophytes dominated the other life forms by 44.8%, followed by chamerophytes which exhibited about 26.5%. Primarily, this study will improve the understanding of the distribution of plants on roadsides in the study area and help to manage alien and invasive species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed predation by rodents can act as a recruitment barrier during community assembly, limiting the establishment of exotic species. Predation rates of exotic seeds may depend on their attractiveness, determined by their traits, and how different they are from natives. Additionally, at the naturalization stage of the invasion process, exotic seeds may escape post-dispersal predation because they are rare in the community. To test these ideas, we assessed granivory in a Patagonian forest, where two species with contrasting seed sizes are naturalized. Rubus idaeus seeds are of similar size of natives, whereas Prunus cerasus seeds are four times larger. The relative abundance of their seeds within the landscape is low compared to native seeds. Throughout the fruiting season, we offered seeds from all species present in the community (native and exotics), whenever they were available in the landscape. To consider the effects of vegetation structure on rodent foraging behavior, we offered seeds in areas with and without understory cover. We found a hump-shaped relationship between predation rates and seed size. Consequently, rodents strongly avoided large exotic Prunus seeds, but removed Rubus seeds at similar rates to natives. Contrary to our expectations, seed abundance did not affect predation, and hence, rarity did not confer an advantage to exotic seeds. The presence of shrub cover increased 2.3 times the removal rates compared to open areas. We suggest that the dissimilarity in seed size compared to native species and the presence of shrub cover influenced predation pressure on exotic species within our community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the early stages of the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) is crucial as it allows immediate management actions aimed at preventing NIS spread at a time when these actions are more likely to be effective. Recent species introductions present unique opportunities to study key aspects of the invasion process. However, comprehensive information on how and when NIS are first introduced remains rare. We assessed the characteristics of the introduction of a member of the widespread Pyura stolonifera species group (Chordata, Tunicata) in Europe. These ascidians are important bioengineer species that can attain amongst the highest benthic biomass per surface area ever reported. We collected introduced individuals on the coast of the northwestern Iberian Peninsula, an area with high shipping traffic and one of the world's most important mussel farming regions. The specimens were analysed using taxonomic and genetic tools. Both field surveys and taxonomic analysis showed that one of the African members of the species group, Pyura herdmani, has recently been introduced to Europe and, although it does not yet form the large aggregates found in the native range, it is already well-established. Genetic data revealed that only the northwest African lineage of P. herdmani has been introduced to Europe. Considering the low dispersal capabilities of the early life-history stages of P. herdmani, the introduction of this species into Europe can only be explained via human mediated transport of NIS. In order to prevent any detrimental effects on both native biota and/or economically-important anthropogenic activities, regular monitoring of recent NIS introductions is urgently required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers are crucial ecosystems supporting biodiversity and human well‐being, yet they face increasing degradation globally. Traditional river biomonitoring methods based on morphological identification of macroinvertebrates present challenges in terms of taxonomic resolution and scalability. This study explores the application of DNA metabarcoding analysis in both bulk and environmental DNA (eDNA) samples for comprehensive assessment of macrozoobenthic biodiversity, detection of invasive and endangered species, and evaluation of river ecological status in northwestern Spain. DNA metabarcoding of homogenized bulk samples and water eDNA revealed a mean of 100 and 87 macrozoobenthos species per sample respectively. However, the specific composition was significantly different with only 27.3% of the total species being shared. It was not possible to identify all the OTUs to species level; only 17.43% and 49.4% of the OTUs generated could be identified to species level in the bulk and eDNA samples, respectively. Additionally, a total of 11 exotic species (two first records for the Iberian Peninsula and another three first records for Asturias region) and one endangered species were detected by molecular tools. Molecular methods showed significant correlations with morphological identification for EQR values (Ecological Quality Ratio) of IBMWP index, yet differences in inferred river ecological status were noted, with bulk samples tending to indicate higher status. Overall, DNA metabarcoding offers a promising approach for river biomonitoring, providing insights into biodiversity, invasive species, and ecological status within a single analysis. Further optimization and intercalibration are required for its implementation in routine biomonitoring programmes, but its scalability and multi‐tasking capabilities position it as a valuable tool for integrated monitoring of river ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study records a new introduction of the estuarine, invasive bivalve Mytilopsis cf. sallei in southeastern Brazil. The new record lies close to the largest port of the country (the Port of Santos, in São Paulo state), raising serious concerns related to the probable expansion of this bivalve in future years. Two out of five sampling stations showed live specimens of M. cf. sallei in the soft sediment, in sites with polluted waters and salinity below 20 ppt, reaching a maximum abundance of 1983 specimens/m2. According to COI evidence, two lineages of M. cf. sallei are present in the region, one of which was previously recorded from northeastern Brazil (where it is probably exotic), and another previously recorded from Florida (native) and Asia (exotic). Potential sources for the introduction are discussed, as well as the role of ballast water vs. biofouling as vectors. Because adults of M. cf. sallei are tolerant to long periods in marine waters, it is possible that biofouling from distant sources contributed to this introduction. In order to enable a robust mitigation plan, a complete spatial evaluation for the presence of this bivalve should be conducted in the Santos Estuary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the impact of urbanization on indigenous carnivorous plant species in Bhubaneswar Smart City in Odisha, India. The study observes the effect of infrastructure construction activities on the abiotic and biotic components of the native ecosystem and on indigenous species and terrestrial insect diversity that threatens carnivorous plant diversity. It also examines the role of carnivorous plants as ecological indicator.

Context: Human-induced habitat loss and fragmentation facilitate the presence of domestic dogs (Canis l. familiaris) in natural habitats, posing risks to native wildlife through predation and competition. The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) faces increased vulnerability to dog attacks due to frequent pursuits. Aims: We evaluate the effect of predator presence (exotic and native) on the activity pattern and temporal avoidance behaviour of nine-banded armadillos in the Northeast region of São Paulo state, Brazil. Methods: We analysed camera trap data (2020–2022) for co-occurrence activity between nine-banded armadillos and domestic dogs, and native predators. We also investigated temporal variations between armadillo detections in response to the presence of predators. Key results: Nine-banded armadillos and ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) exhibited nocturnal activity, whereas domestic dogs and jaguarundis (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) were diurnal. The activity pattern of nine-banded armadillos remained consistent in the presence of domestic dogs and native predators, although the time between detections increased at sites frequented by dogs and ocelots. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that armadillos may avoid areas frequented by domestic dogs and ocelots over time, even without direct interactions. Implications: Our research may assist conservationists and policymakers in developing domestic dog control to mitigate the impact of domestic dogs on nine-banded armadillos. Controlling domestic dog populations and raising awareness among owners to confine their pets are crucial measures. We investigated the effects of domestic dogs (Canis l. familiaris) and native predators on the activity period and avoidance behaviour of nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) in human-altered landscapes in São Paulo State, Brazil. Domestic dog presence increased the time between detections of armadillos, suggesting that they temporally avoid areas used by dogs. Our results highlight the need for measures to control domestic dog populations to mitigate their impact on wildlife. Photograph by Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural native forests are rapidly being replaced by anthropogenic forests often with a strong presence of invasive alien plant species. Eucalypt species are widely planted worldwide, with Eucalyptus globulus plantations being particularly expressive in Portugal. Poor forestry practices often lead to the associated expansion of invasive species, such as Acacia dealbata. However, we still know relatively little about the functioning of anthropogenic forests, such as seed and pollen dispersal services. Here, we compared bird abundance and richness and the seed and pollen dispersal networks in both forest types. Anthropogenic forests presented lower bird abundance, and smaller, more simplified, and more random (abundance‐based) seed dispersal services than those of natural forests. Interestingly, the pollen dispersal network was more similar than the seed dispersal network for both forest types and dominated by opportunistic and neutral processes, given the absence of specialized nectarivorous. The proportion of birds transporting seeds decreased, while those carrying pollen significantly increased in the anthropogenic forest compared to the native forest. Our work highlights the impact of anthropogenic forests on bird abundance, with consequences for seed dispersal services and forest regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most common environmental impacts that has caused irreversible effects on ecosystems is the introduction of exotic species. In addition to the ecological disasters that can be caused, such as the decline and extinction of native species, this phenomenon can generate significant economic losses and the possibility of the spread of parasites that are transmitted by these exotic species. These processes can be accentuated by climate change, which over time alters the global distribution pattern of the affected species, generating cases of niche overlap with species that share similar niches. In this sense, the knowledge about the areas with possible occurrence these species can direct the monitoring and control measures. In this study, we developed current and future prediction models to identify areas of suitability in the Neotropics for Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) and nine species of mollusks native to the American continent using the ecological niche modeling tool. In addition, we evaluated the ecological niche overlap between the invasive species and the native species of freshwater mollusks to verify whether the effects of climate change would alter the distribution of these organisms. The following methodological procedures were adopted to prepare the forecasting models: records of occurrence of the mollusks in different databases and search of environmental data for climate conditions in current and future scenarios in WorldClim 2.0 (SSP2-4.5 and SSP2-8.5). Besides, modeling procedures using seven packages of R software, evaluation of the models using the true skill statistic (TSS) metric, construction of maps and quantification and overlapping of ecological niche of the species included in the analysis. The results indicated that several areas of the Neotropics are suitable for the occurrence of M. tuberculata in the current scenarios. Moreover, the suitable areas for its occurrence will probably be expanded in both future scenarios. For native species, there were significant differences in relation to the areas of suitability, with a reduction for some species. Niche similarity tests indicated significant overlap only between M. tuberculata and the planorbid Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848). We discuss that the expansion of M. tuberculata can have negative consequences, including the reduction of native gastropod species and the spread of trematodes of medical and veterinary importance that this mollusk can transmit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melaleuca williamsii subsp. synoriensis (Myrtaceae) has been found in Rome (central Italy) along the banks of the river Tevere, representing the first discovery outside its native range (E-Australia). Description, distribution in Italy, phenology, and original photographs are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Question: In productive grasslands highly dominated by a single plant species, herbivores can promote overall plant diversity. Wild boars (Sus scrofa) often decrease species diversity, alter regeneration and change community composition in their native and invader ranges while digging and uprooting vegetation for feeding. In addition, wild guinea pigs (Cavia aperea), a small vertebrate herbivore native to South America, concentrate their feeding activities in open patches where they also affect plant diversity, biomass and composition. In this context, can wild‐boar disturbances promote plant diversity in herbaceous systems characterized by a highly dominant species? Can native wild guinea pigs magnify these impacts? Location: Coastal grasslands and salt marshes of the northeastern part of the temperate Argentine pampas, that are dominated by native or exotic herbaceous species. Methods: We first analyzed alpha‐ and beta‐diversity of plant assemblies in three natural coastal herbaceous areas, invaded by wild boars, through samplings (comparing disturbed and undisturbed areas) and experiments (using exclosures and control plots). Then, we analyzed whether wild guinea pigs could affect patch recovery (alpha‐ and beta‐diversity) after wild‐boar disturbances in one site. Results: Wild boars enhanced alpha‐diversity (compared to undisturbed areas) but had no significant effect on beta‐diversity. Nevertheless, wild guinea pigs feeding on wild‐boar disturbances increased between‐patch heterogeneity in species composition (i.e., beta‐diversity). Conclusion: Wild boars remove vegetation in patches that, without subsequent wild‐guinea‐pig herbivory, dominant species rapidly recover. Wild‐guinea‐pig herbivory allows different subordinate species to peak at different disturbed patches, contributing to larger species richness at larger scales in areas otherwise occupied by highly dominant plant species. In a wider context, these results imply that the joint action of different‐sized exotic and native herbivores can help to maintain plant species diversity in highly plant‐dominated grasslands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While the Iberian Peninsula has been relatively well-studied from a myrmecological standpoint, the true presence of certain ant species has remained obscure for decades. In this context, the case of A. gemella (Roger, 1862) stands out as one of the most intriguing examples. Initially described from the Balearic Islands, this conspicuous species seemingly vanished from the archipelago by the 1980s, confining its current distribution to the Maghreb region. However, lingering doubt has persisted regarding its potential presence in Iberia, based on some old bibliographic records from Spain and Portugal. Results: This study confirms the first known established population of A. gemella in the Iberian Peninsula (Tarifa, Southern Iberia). Two colonies were detected in an urban grass patch within the city center. The validity of other Iberian records regarding the species and its status as an exotic species are also discussed. Conclusions: The presence of A. gemella in Southern Iberia highlights the need for targeted sampling efforts to delineate its actual range and distinguish it from morphologically similar species in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Exotic allergenic species constitute an important element of global change and are an emergent health issue in Europe due to their potential allergenicity. The grass pollen season is of great importance from the allergic point of view because it includes pollen from ubiquitous species which are responsible for high sensitization rates. In this study, we used flowering phenology data for dominant grass species in the city of Madrid (Spain) and airborne pollen data to explore differences between native and exotic species and their potential contribution to the observed peaks of pollen exposure. We found that exotic grasses flowered later than Mediterranean native grasses, and that ornamental grass species (such as Cortaderia selloana and Pennisetum villosum) cause an unusual second pollen season in autumn with implications for public health. These results support the need to coordinate the efforts of plant ecologists and aerobiologists to protect the population by identifying sources of allergenic pollen and sustain the appropriate urban plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Sus scrofa is a species that easily adapts to diverse environments and climatic zones. In urban and suburban spaces, its presence negatively impacts soil, crops, and animal production, posing health risks for other animals and even humans. Declared a national pest in Uruguay, it is one of the main predators of sheep. A deeper knowledge of its habitat, current distribution, and the environmental factors that influence its locations is required to develop an adequate programme to control its population. Aims: To determine the spatial distribution of wild boars in Uruguay and its association with environmental factors concerning livestock production, on the basis of a survey administered to farmers. Methods: The survey was completed by 2360 farmers, gathering information on the presence of wild boars and other wildlife animals on their farms, methods used for wild boar control, economic damages caused by the species, number of sheep, and types of land-cover besides pastures (native woodlands, shelter forests, pine plantations, and eucalyptus plantations). Key results: Farms located in the Northeast region, with native woodlands and/or pine plantations, and larger than 500 ha were more likely to report the presence of wild boars. The presence of eucalyptus plantations did not affect the presence of wild boars in any region of the country. While the presence of sheep, free- ranging dogs, or wild boars on neighbouring farms affected the presence of wild boars, the existence of eucalyptus plantations showed no effect across any region of the country. On the other hand, the presence of wild boars increased in association with the presence of pampas foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus). Conclusions: These results provide valuable information regarding the current distribution of an invasive exotic ungulate, and factors influencing the probability of reporting its presence. Implications: This information will serve as a starting point for future research analysing additional ecological and farm characteristics, as well as management strategies in sheep farms aimed at detecting, evading, dissuading and/or controlling this predatory species on the basis of its behaviour and environmental preferences. The wild boar, one of the top 100 most dangerous invasive species, is a major predator of sheep in Uruguay. This study aimed to determine how farm location and environmental factors related to production farms influence the spatial distribution of wild boars. Results showed that farm location and land-cover type affect the probability of wild boar presence. We also provide predictions for potential wild boar presence that can be useful for future management strategies to control this species. Map by Noelia Zambra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of exotic species is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity and is a significant component of global change that occurs at increasing rates due to the removal of natural barriers and the global transport of species. The snail Physella acuta, has expanded into numerous aquatic environments worldwide, given a set of traits that allows the species to thrive in new and harsh environments. This study documents changes in the composition and structure of the malacofauna and examines the presence of established and expanding populations of P. acuta in the Esquel-Percy basin (Patagonia, Argentina), which has been altered by wastewater treatment plants discharges (WWTPs). The population density of P. acuta in the studied area increased from less than 15 ind/m2 in 2005 to 1800 ind/m2 in 2016-2017. This species was the dominant mollusk at the two post-urban sites, under poor environmental conditions. Understanding the introduction pathways of exotic species to prevent and control their establishment and spread is essential since biological invasions constitute a major threat to freshwater ecosystems.

ABSTRACT An eco‐monitoring program to assess the biodiversity of insects affected by yellow‐legged hornet (Vespa velutina) trapping in the north of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain) revealed the first occurrence of the southern giant hornet Vespa soror (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) on the European continent. We present a detailed characterization, combining morphological characteristics and molecular tools for genetic identification, as well as key information on its identification with respect to other hornets found on the Iberian Peninsula. We discuss the most plausible pathways and vectors of introduction, its potential invasiveness, and subsequent impacts on host localities. Our preliminary results raise concerns about the potential threat of V. soror to human health and ecosystem dynamics, as it is a highly predatory species on other insects and even small vertebrates. Finally, this study confirms once again the usefulness of studying insects trapped in such traps for rapid response and early detection of inland invasive species. We also propose a common Spanish name for the species, “avispón sóror”.

IntroductionThe long-distance, seasonal migrations of birds make them an effective ecological bridge for the movement of ticks. The introduction of exotic tick species to new geographical regions can cause the emergence of novel tick-borne pathogens. This study examined the prevalence of exotic tick species parasitizing migratory songbirds at stopover sites along the northern Gulf of Mexico using the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene.MethodsOverall, 421 individual ticks in the genera Amblyomma, Haemaphysalis, and Ixodes were recorded from 28 songbird species, of which Amblyomma and Amblyomma longirostre were the most abundant tick genera and species, respectively. A high throughput 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing approach characterized the microbial communities and identified pathogenic microbes in all tick samples.Results and discussionMicrobial profiles showed that Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum. The most abundant pathogens were Rickettsia and endosymbiont Francisella, Candidatus Midichloria, and Spiroplasma. Permutation multivariate analysis of variance revealed that the relative abundance of Francisella and Rickettsia drives microbial patterns across the tick genera. We also noted a higher percentage of positive correlations in microbe-microbe interactions among members of the microbial communities. Network analysis suggested a negative correlation between a) Francisella and Rickettsia and, b) Francisella and Cutibacterium. Lastly, mapping the distributions of bird species parasitized during spring migrations highlighted geographic hotspots where migratory songbirds could disperse ticks and their pathogens at stopover sites or upon arrival to their breeding grounds, the latter showing mean dispersal distances from 421–5003 kilometers. These findings spotlight the potential role of migratory birds in the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens.

BackgroundBiological invasions pose a critical threat to biodiversity, affecting ecological balance and native species’ communication. Eleutherodactylus johnstonei, an exotic anuran in São Paulo, vocalizes at intensities that could interfere with native anuran species, potentially causing acoustic masking.MethodsWe evaluated the effects of E. johnstonei's calls on the vocalizations of two native species, Scinax imbegue and Physalaemus cuvieri, both with and without spectral overlap with the invasive species. Field playbacks were conducted using six versions of stimuli, including E. johnstonei's calls, the native Boana bischoffi (as a control), and white noise. We recorded response calls and behavioral changes of S. imbegue and P. cuvieri males.ResultsThe calls of E. johnstonei did not affect the spectral or temporal parameters of the native species’ announcement calls. However, S. imbegue males displayed behavioral responses such as cessation of vocalization or movement away from the noise source. Additionally, B. bischoffi's calls and white noise influenced native species’ call parameters.DiscussionOur findings reveal that exotic species’ vocalizations may disrupt native anurans’ acoustic behavior. This impact varies with species and context, underlining the need for further research on anuran acoustic interactions across different frequencies and acoustic environments to fully understand the effects of exotic acoustic interference.

The Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus, a sciaenid fish native to the North Atlantic American coast, holds importance in recreational and commercial fisheries. Moreover, its potential as an invasive species should be noted, given its expansion and establishment in Atlantic European waters. This study reports its southernmost occurrence in Europe, in the Gulf of Cadiz. Morphological and molecular analysis confirmed its identity, revealing genetic similarities to US sequences. A comprehensive review of historical non-native distribution records underscored the species' expansion throughout European waters, suggesting human-mediated introduction. The escalating frequency of such arrivals emphasises the critical need for effective monitoring and management efforts in order to control non-native species in this region.

Abstract Background The wild pig (Sus scrofa) is an exotic species that has been present in the southeastern United States for centuries yet continues to expand into new areas dominated by bottomland and upland forests, the latter of which are less commonly associated with wild pigs. Here, we aimed to investigate wild pig movement and space use attributes typically used to guide wild pig management among multiple spatiotemporal scales. Our investigation focused on a newly invaded landscape dominated by bottomland and upland forests. Methods We examined (1) core and total space use using an autocorrelated kernel density estimator; (2) resource selection patterns and hot spots of space use in relation to various landscape features using step-selection analysis; and (3) daily and hourly differences in movement patterns between non-hunting and hunting seasons using generalized additive mixed models. Results Estimates of total space use among wild pigs (n = 9) were smaller at calculated core (1.2 ± 0.3 km2) and 90% (5.2 ± 1.5 km2) isopleths than estimates reported in other landscapes in the southeastern United States, suggesting that wild pigs were able to meet foraging, cover, and thermoregulatory needs within smaller areas. Generally, wild pigs selected areas closer to herbaceous, woody wetlands, fields, and perennial streams, creating corridors of use along these features. However, selection strength varied among individuals, reinforcing the generalist, adaptive nature of wild pigs. Wild pigs also showed a tendency to increase movement from fall to winter, possibly paralleling increases in hard mast availability. During this time, there were also increases in anthropogenic pressures (e.g. hunting), causing movements to become less diurnal as pressure increased. Conclusions Our work demonstrates that movement patterns by exotic generalists must be understood across individuals, the breadth of landscapes they can invade, and multiple spatiotemporal scales. This improved understanding will better inform management strategies focused on curbing emerging invasions in novel landscapes, while also protecting native natural resources.

Baited traps are a basic component of both specific and generic surveillance programs targeting wood-boring beetles at risk of introduction to new habitats because of global trade. Among the numerous protocols developed over the years for generic surveillance of longhorn beetles, jewel beetles, and bark and ambrosia beetles is the simultaneous use of black multi-funnel traps set up in the understory and green multi-funnel traps set up in the canopy of forested areas surrounding ports and other entry points. These traps are commonly baited with multi-lure blends of pheromones and host volatiles. In this study, we tested this trapping protocol in areas surrounding eight entry points located in Europe and North America to determine: i) the relative performance of black-understory traps and green-canopy traps among the targeted taxa; and ii) whether the dissimilarity among communities of beetles collected by the understory vs. canopy traps was affected by taxon and amount of forest cover in the traps' surroundings. A total of 96,963 individuals belonging to 358 species of wood-boring beetles were collected, including 21 non-native species. Black-understory multi-funnel traps were generally more efficient than green-canopy multi-funnel traps for detecting longhorn beetles and bark and ambrosia beetles, whereas the opposite trend was observed for jewel beetles. Differences between beetle communities caught in black-understory and green-canopy traps were mainly attributed to differences in species richness in jewel beetles, while both differences in species richness and species turnover contributed to the dissimilarity between communities of longhorn beetles and bark and ambrosia beetle. The difference in the number of jewel beetle species caught by the two trapping methodologies decreased with increasing forest cover, whereas species turnover increased when moving from an urban-dominated to a forest-dominated landscape. Overall, these results suggest that the simultaneous use of both black-understory and green-canopy multi-funnel traps can be considered a very efficient approach for generic surveillance of longhorn beetles, jewel beetles and bark and ambrosia beetles in both urban-dominated and forest-dominated areas surrounding entry points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native parasitoids are potential tools for the biological control of invasive exotic pests, such as the frugivorous flies spotted‐wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, and African fig fly, Zaprionus indianus Gupta (both Diptera: Drosophilidae). Following biological invasions, the establishment of exotic species may be restricted, among other things, by their susceptibility to native or established natural enemies. The Neotropical‐native pupal endoparasitoid Trichopria anastrephae Costa Lima (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), although primarily associated with hosts of the genus Anastrepha (Tephritidae), has also been described to attack Drosophilidae. There are few studies on the interaction between parasitoids native to Argentina and D. suzukii and/or Z. indianus. The present work evaluates the parasitism of T. anastrephae on both species of drosophilids under controlled conditions. Ten larvae (L3) of each host species were exposed separately to a couple of adult T. anastrephae for 72 h (n = 10). For both control and parasitoid treatment, 10 larvae (L3) of D. suzukii and Z. indianus were placed in 10 flasks (repetition) at the L3 stage. Host emergence, the infestation degree index (DI), and the parasitism success rate (SP) were calculated. Drosophila suzukii and Z. indianus emergence differed significantly in controlled conditions being 41% higher for Z. indianus than for D. suzukii. The DI was 100% in D. suzukii and 38% in Z. indianus, and the SP was 48% both in D. suzukii and in Z. indianus. These findings indicate that the native parasitoid T. anastrephae has a high potential as a biocontrol strategy against D. suzukii. In addition, the efficiency of T. anastrephae against Z. indianus, an invasive frugivorous widely spread in the Neotropical region, was evaluated for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exotic plant invasions threaten biodiversity and are costly to farmers. Land use is a major pathway promoting the spread of exotic plant species; however, little is known about the processes underlying the success of exotic plants in tropical agricultural landscapes. Focussing on the heterogeneous smallholder landscapes of north‐eastern Madagascar, we studied exotic plants of understorey communities across a land‐use intensity gradient from unburned lands (old‐growth forests, forest fragments and forest‐derived vanilla agroforests) to burned ones (fallow‐derived vanilla agroforests, woody fallows and herbaceous fallows).We quantified the absolute species richness, abundance and cover of exotic plants across land‐use types and their proportional contribution to community richness, abundance and cover as indicators of exotic plant invasion. We tested for the effects of land‐use parameters, namely land‐use history, canopy closure and landscape‐level forest cover, on exotic plants. Additionally, we tested whether the phylogenetic relatedness between exotic and native species in the same plot affected invasion success, testing Darwin's naturalisation and pre‐adaptation hypotheses.All indicators of exotic plant invasion were lowest in old‐growth forests and forest fragments and highest in fallow‐derived vanilla agroforests, woody fallows and herbaceous fallows. Absolute and proportional exotic richness were negatively affected by canopy closure, and landscapes with high forest cover had lower proportions of exotic plant richness. High phylogenetic relatedness between exotics and natives was associated with lower proportional richness but higher proportions of exotics in abundance and cover. However, individual exotic species showed contrasting responses to land‐use parameters and relatedness to natives.Synthesis and applications: Our results indicate that maintaining unburned lands, land‐use types with dense canopies and landscapes with high forest cover prevents the spread of exotic plants within the agricultural landscapes of north‐eastern Madagascar. Supporting Darwin's pre‐adaptation hypothesis, exotic plants that are phylogenetically closely related to native plants are more likely to become successful invaders in terms of abundance and cover. Nevertheless, individual species show different responses to land‐use changes and phylogenetic relatedness. Therefore, land‐use decisions and management choices can be tailored to limit the spread of exotic species and to preserve native plants in this global biodiversity hotspot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]