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Immune function abnormalities have been reported in patients with Fanconi anemia (FA), dyskeratosis congenita (DC) and, rarely, in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS), and Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), but large systematic studies are lacking. We assessed immunological parameters in 118 patients with these syndromes and 202 unaffected relatives. We compared the results in patients with reference values, and with values in relatives after adjusting for age, sex, corticosteroid treatment, and severe bone marrow failure (BMF). Adult patients (≥18 years) with FA had significantly lower immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM), total lymphocytes, and CD4 T cells than reference values or adult relatives (P < 0.001); children with FA had normal values. Both children and adults with FA had lower B- and NK cells (P < 0.01) than relatives or reference values. Patients with DC had essentially normal immunoglobulins but lower total lymphocytes than reference values or relatives, and lower T-, B-, and NK-cells; these changes were more marked in children than adults (P < 0.01). Most patients with DBA and SDS had normal immunoglobulins and lymphocytes. Lymphoproliferative responses, serum cytokine levels, including tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, and cytokine levels in supernatants from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cultures were similar across patient groups and relatives. Only patients with severe BMF, particularly those with FA and DC, had higher serum G-CSF and Flt3-ligand and lower RANTES levels compared with all other groups or relatives (P < 0.05). Overall, immune function abnormalities were seen mainly in adult patients with FA, which likely reflects their disease-related progression, and in children with DC, which may be a feature of early-onset severe disease phenotype., (© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

We recently reported de novo GATA6 mutations as the most common cause of pancreatic agenesis, accounting for 15 of 27 (56%) patients with insulin-treated neonatal diabetes and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency requiring enzyme replacement therapy. We investigated the role of GATA6 mutations in 171 subjects with neonatal diabetes of unknown genetic etiology from a cohort of 795 patients with neonatal diabetes. Mutations in known genes had been confirmed in 624 patients (including 15 GATA6 mutations). Sequencing of the remaining 171 patients identified nine new case subjects (24 of 795, 3%). Pancreatic agenesis was present in 21 case subjects (six new); two patients had permanent neonatal diabetes with no enzyme supplementation and one had transient neonatal diabetes. Four parents with heterozygous GATA6 mutations were diagnosed with diabetes outside the neonatal period (12-46 years). Subclinical exocrine insufficiency was demonstrated by low fecal elastase in three of four diabetic patients who did not receive enzyme supplementation. One parent with a mosaic mutation was not diabetic but had a heart malformation. Extrapancreatic features were observed in all 24 probands and three parents, with congenital heart defects most frequent (83%). Heterozygous GATA6 mutations cause a wide spectrum of diabetes manifestations, ranging from pancreatic agenesis to adult-onset diabetes with subclinical or no exocrine insufficiency.

We present the 1st autopsy findings of a child who had Johanson-Blizzard syndrome (JBS) and hypopituitarism. The patient died of acute bronchopneumonia at the age of 4 years. The autopsy revealed a small undescended pituitary that contained a glial hamartoma and a small rim of adenohypopysial cells, which were minimally reactive immunohistologically only for growth hormone. We review the literature with regard to other cases of JBS and hypopituitarism and pituitary function. The need for evaluating pituitary function in all patients with JBS is stressed. At the time of his death, our patient had no clinical evidence of pancreatic exocrine deficiency, and the histology of the pancreas revealed a normal number of acini; however, the acinar cells had an immature appearance. The microlobules were separated by loose fibrous tissue, and there was extensive periductal fibrosis. The spectrum of the pathognomic feature of congenital pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in JBS is discussed.

Aim: To evaluate the usefulness of pancreatic ultrasonography in diagnosing Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome (SBDS)., Methods: Diagnostic methods in two infants with SBDS were retrospectively reviewed., Results: Patient 1 first presented with hepatic steatosis in the early infantile period, and later developed myelodysplastic syndrome. Patient 2 presented with frequent infections and elevated liver function tests without any haematological alterations. Both patients were considered to have impaired exocrine pancreatic function. Abdominal ultrasonography (US) obtained at 9 mo for patient 1 and at 10 mo for patient 2 showed diffuse high echogenicity, which raised suspicions of SBDS. SBDS gene analysis confirmed SBDS in both patients., Conclusion: Pancreatic US is sensitive in detecting pathological change in SBDS patients. It should be applied to the diagnostic approach for patients who show only minor signs of SBDS.

Schwachman-Diamond syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder consisting of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and neutropenia. The typical pathological finding with this syndrome is fatty infiltration in the pancreas of patients. We report a case of Scwachman-Diamond syndrome examined with abdominal ultrasonography, CT and radiography.

The Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a rare congenital disorder for which inheritance by an autosomal recessive trait has been suggested. Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is defined by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency combined with severe neutropenia. Moreover, SDS patients are at risk to develop neoplastic hematologic diseases. We describe 2 SDS-affected daughters of consanguine parents who were born 1 year apart, at 35 and 36 weeks of gestation, and who died at the age of 4 and 3.5 months, respectively, due to respiratory infections. Histologic bone marrow evaluation of the second-born child revealed a diffuse proliferation of immature B cells, which comprised 40% of the total cellularity. These cells were identified as precursor B cells by immunophenotyping studies (CD79a(+)/CD10(+)/CD20(-)/CD22(-)/CD34(-)/ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase(-)). Molecular determination of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene status did not reveal clonality. The emergence of this peculiar B-cell population was interpreted as a marked increase of hematogones. Although the clinical significance and the exact function of hematogones is still obscure, they may play a critical regenerative role in the regulation of hemopoiesis, but without malignant potential in SDS. Immunophenotyping and molecular studies, therefore, have potential value in the differential diagnosis of primary bone marrow failures. This report adds SDS to the spectrum of conditions in which a prominent number of hematogones may be observed.

Parvovirus B19 (PVB19) is the causative agent of infectious erythema. In healthy children the virus causes transient erythroid aplasia, whereas in children with chronic hemolytic anemias it can cause severe aplastic crises, and in immunodeficient individuals it can produce chronic red cell aplasia. If contracted during pregnancy, the infection may induce serious damage to the fetus (abortion or hydrops fetalis). Shwachman-Diamond (S-D) syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive condition, consists of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency plus neutropenia; many patients develop either anemia or thrombocytopenia or both. We describe a newborn baby with severe congenital bone marrow failure who was diagnosed with S-D syndrome and persistence of PVB19 virus contracted by the mother in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Diabetes mellitus, characterised by persistent hyperglycaemia and glucosuria, was diagnosed in a six-week-old kitten. Pancreatic sections contained low numbers of atypically small islets and immunohistochemistry demonstrated pancreatic endocrine insufficiency with virtually no production of any islet hormones. There was no inflammatory infiltration of the islets, as seen in the form of diabetes mellitus characteristic of juvenile humans.

Except cystic fibrosis, disorders of the exocrine pancreas are uncommon in the child; however they are numerous and varied in terms of their pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. The author surveys the various diseases of this organ in pediatrics. More recent theories concerning pancreatic involvement in cystic fibrosis are discussed.