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Physical activity in the elderly is still primarily focused on cardiorespiratory exercise, with less emphasis placed on muscle fitness. Thus, exercises to promote muscular fitness are required. As a result, in the Covid-19 era, a fun fitness concept was developed to improve muscle fitness. The development process, however, must include validation and effectiveness testing. The research aims were to (1) examine the content's validity and (2) examine the effectiveness of the fun fitness training model. The development of a quantitative and qualitative approach was the research method used. Seven experts took part in the study, including five licenced fitness instructors and two sports academics. The effectiveness test included 30 elderly men and women aged 60 years and weighing 60-80 kg. A 1-4 Likert scale questionnaire, hand grip dynamometer, and leg dynamometer were used as research instruments. SPSS and Excel software was used to help with the Aiken formula data analysis technique and the paired samples t-test. The research was divided into four stages: (1) Developing models through the qualitative analysis of books and e-books; (2) evaluating the model quantitatively using the Delphi method; (3) Examining the findings of the evaluation of seven specialists; and (4) Conducting tests to assess the results. The 12 models were deemed realistic based on the seven experts' collective qualitative findings. According to quantitative findings, the value coefficients for the material's suitability, depth, and practicality range from V 0.76 to V 0.80. A significance value of0.000<0.05 indicates that the findings of testing the effectiveness of the fun fitness model can significantly improve the strength of the arm and leg muscles. In conclusion, the fun fitness training model shows high content validity and has the potential to improve elderly muscle fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing evidence has demonstrated exercise as an effective way to promote cardiovascular health and protect against cardiovascular diseases However, the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise have yet to be elucidated. Animal exercise studies are widely used to investigate the key mechanisms of exercise-induced cardiovascular protection. However, standardized procedures and well-established evaluation indicators for animal exercise models are needed to guide researchers in carrying out effective, high-quality animal studies using exercise to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. In our review, we present the commonly used animal exercise models in cardiovascular research and propose a set of standard procedures for exercise training, emphasizing the appropriate measurements and analysis in these chronic exercise models. We also provide recommendations for optimal design of animal exercise studies in cardiovascular research, including the choice of exercise models, control of exercise protocols, exercise at different stages of disease, and other considerations, such as age, sex, and genetic background. We hope that this position paper will promote basic research on exercise-induced cardiovascular protection and pave the way for successful translation of exercise studies from bench to bedside in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

• Standard procedures and appropriate assessment of exercise are proposed for the commonly used animal models related to chronic exercise (e.g., treadmill running, voluntary wheel running, swimming exercise, and resistance exercise) in cardiovascular research. • Optimal design of animal exercise studies in cardiovascular research should consider the choice of exercise models, control of exercise protocols, exercise at different stages of disease, and other factors, such as age, sex, and genetic background. • An optimal design for studying exercise-induced physiological cardiac growth and its related beneficial effects against cardiovascular diseases is presented. Growing evidence has demonstrated exercise as an effective way to promote cardiovascular health and protect against cardiovascular diseases However, the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise have yet to be elucidated. Animal exercise studies are widely used to investigate the key mechanisms of exercise-induced cardiovascular protection. However, standardized procedures and well-established evaluation indicators for animal exercise models are needed to guide researchers in carrying out effective, high-quality animal studies using exercise to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. In our review, we present the commonly used animal exercise models in cardiovascular research and propose a set of standard procedures for exercise training, emphasizing the appropriate measurements and analysis in these chronic exercise models. We also provide recommendations for optimal design of animal exercise studies in cardiovascular research, including the choice of exercise models, control of exercise protocols, exercise at different stages of disease, and other considerations, such as age, sex, and genetic background. We hope that this position paper will promote basic research on exercise-induced cardiovascular protection and pave the way for successful translation of exercise studies from bench to bedside in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to apply and develop a form of smash training for volleyball, obtain empirical data about the effectiveness and efficiency of the results of the development of volleyball smash exercises , Improve the results of volleyball smash accuracy training results Provide variations in the form of training so athletes do not get bored. Research on the development of volleyball attack exercises uses a qualitative approach and uses the Research & Development (R&D) research method which consists of ten steps, among others. The subjects of this study were beginner volleyball athletes of high school age in the city of Jayapura. Before the data were analyzed, a normality test was carried out on the results of the pretest and posttest smash volleyball using the Lilliefors test at a significant level a = 0.05. The volleyball smash results between pretest and posttest obtained tOpretest = 0.7982 and tOposttest = 0.843951699 is greater than tt = 0.114, then the null hypothesis is rejected and tO = 0,000 is smaller than tt = 0.005 which means that there is a significant difference between pretest and posttest. Based on the results shows that the product of this exercise model is feasible to use, in small or large group trials. The novelty in this study is that the training model developed is a target-based smash training model. Based on the results of the development it can be concluded that: (1) With the volleyball smash model for beginner high school age athletes, athletes can learn effectively and efficiently. (2) With the model that researchers have developed, athletes are more motivated and active in participating in smash exercises . Research Results shows that the product of this exercise model is feasible to use, in small or large group trials. The novelty in this study is that the training model developed is a target-based smash training model . Keywords: Exercise Model, Smash Bolavoli

Opportunities for individuals poststroke to continue to exercise once formal rehabilitation has ended are limited and in many cases do not exist. Given the incidence of recurrent stroke, and the known and important role exercise plays in reducing stroke risk factors, extending the continuum of care beyond outpatient and home health services to include life-long fitness opportunities for those living with poststroke disability is needed. This article first describes the creation of a partnership between a health care system and a local fitness center to provide an affordable, accessible, safe, community-based exercise program for individuals poststroke and the subsequent development of the flagship program. The second section of this article describes the program's current operations. This includes the referral process, the physical therapists' role in the program's structure and operation, and both program and participant outcomes. This article is intended to provide a roadmap for others who desire to extend the continuum of care for stroke survivors in their community so that these individuals may remain healthy in the presence of disability and reduce their risk for recurrent stroke.Video Abstract available (see Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A47) for an overview of the Stroke Wellness Exercise Program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its long history and global appeal, relatively little is known about the physiological and other requirements of cricket. It has been suggested that the physiological demands of cricket are relatively mild, except in fast bowlers during prolonged bowling spells in warm conditions. However, the physiological demands of cricket may be underestimated because of the intermittent nature of the activity and the generally inadequate understanding of the physiological demands of intermittent activity. Here, we review published studies of the physiology of cricket. We propose that no current model used to analyse the nature of exercise fatigue (i.e. the cardiovascular–anaerobic model, the energy supply–energy depletion model, the muscle power–muscle recruitment model) can adequately explain the fatigue experienced during cricket. A study of players in the South African national cricket team competing in the 1999 Cricket World Cup revealed that, in a variety of measures of explosive ('anaerobic') power and aerobic endurance capacity, they were as 'fit' as South African national rugby players competing in the 1999 Rugby World Cup. Yet, outwardly, the physiological demands of rugby would seem to be far greater than those of cricket. This poses the question: 'Why are these international cricketers so fit if the physiological demands of cricket are apparently so mild?' One possibility is that this specific group of athletes are unusually proficient in a variety of sports; many achieved high standards of performance in other sports, including rugby, before choosing to specialize in cricket. Hence their apparently high fitness may simply reflect a superior genetic physical endowment, necessary to achieve success in modern international sports, including cricket. Alternatively, it could be hypothesized that superior power and endurance fitness may be required to cope with the repeated eccentric muscle contractions required in turning and in bowling and which may account for fatigue and risk of injury in cricket. If this is the case, the fitness of cricketers may be increased and their risk of injury reduced by more specific eccentric exercise training programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]