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Objectives Patterns of physical behaviors including physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep are unknown during pregnancy, but are likely to influence health outcomes. The purpose was to first identify 'physical behavior phenotypes' from accelerometer-measured physical behaviors in pregnant women during the first trimester and secondly, to explore the associations between the identified phenotypes with demographic variables and body-mass-index (BMI). Methods Data were from the Glowing Study (gov ID: NCT01131117), collected between 2011 and 2017 with accelerometer-measured physical behaviors of women in their 12th week of pregnancy. Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of total physical activity, sleep time, sedentary time, and variation in physical activity. Maternal Body-Mass-Index (BMI). BMI and sociodemographic characteristics were compared between physical behavior phenotypes. Results A total of 212 pregnant women were included in the study (mean age 30.2 years (range 22.1 to 42.4), mean days wear 4.3 (SD 0.7)). Three physical behavior phenotypes were identified from the four physical behavior constructs: low sedentary and stable activity (n = 136, 64%), variable activity (n = 39, 18%), high sedentary and low sleep (n = 37, 17%). BMI, race, and education were significantly different between the three phenotypes, with the low sedentary and stable activity phenotype having the lowest BMI and a higher percentage of white and college educated women. Conclusions for Practice Total physical activity and physical behavior phenotypes during the first trimester were associated with early-pregnancy BMI, race, and education. Future research should examine whether these physical behavior phenotypes are associated with maternal and child health outcomes., Author(s): Erin K. Howie [sup.1] [sup.2] , Alexander Nelson [sup.3] , Joanne A. McVeigh [sup.2] [sup.4] , Aline Andres [sup.5] [sup.6] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/05jbt9m15, grid.411017.2, 0000 0001 2151 0999, [...]

Byline: R. F. Salaye and A. B. Sabow Keywords: Lamb, Lairage, Road transport, Shelf-life, Sensory properties INTRODUCTION It is well known that the sheep are frequently transported for various reasons, [...]

Background Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) improves inspiratory muscle strength, exercise capacity and health status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, there is no additional effect on top of comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). It is unclear whether patients with different baseline degrees of static hyperinflation respond differentially to IMT as part of a PR program. Therefore, the aim was to study the effects of IMT as an add-on on PR after stratification for baseline degrees of static hyperinflation. Methods In this single center retrospective study data were extracted between June 2013 and October 2020 of COPD patients who participated in a comprehensive PR program including IMT. IMT was performed twice daily, one session consisted of 3 series of 10 breaths and training intensity was set initially at a load of approximately 50% of patients' maximal static inspiratory mouth pressure (MIP). The primary outcome measure was MIP. Secondary outcomes were the distance achieved on the 6-min walk test (6MWD), endurance cycling exercise capacity at 75% of the peak work rate (CWRT) and disease-specific health status using the COPD assessment test. Results 754 patients with COPD were screened for eligibility and 328 were excluded because of repeated PR programs, missing data or baseline residual volume (RV) > 350%. In total, 426 COPD patients were categorized into RV categories 50-130% (n = 84), 131-165% (n = 86), 166-197% (n = 86), 198-234% (n = 85) and 235-349% (n = 85). In the whole sample, MIP, endurance exercise capacity and health status improved significantly. The change in 6MWD was higher in the lowest baseline degree of static hyperinflation [+ 39 (9-92) m] compared with the baseline highest degree of static hyperinflation [+ 11 (- 18-54) m] (p < 0.05). Conclusions IMT as part of a PR program in patients with COPD with different baseline degrees improved MIP irrespective of the degree of static lung hyperinflation. Improvement in functional exercise capacity was significantly higher in the group with the lowest degree of static hyperinflation compared with the patients with the highest degree of static hyperinflation., Author(s): Maurice J. H. Sillen [sup.1], Anouk W. Vaes [sup.1], Miriam T. J. Groenen [sup.1], Frits M. E. Franssen [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3], Martijn A. Spruit [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: [...]

Daily physical activity (PA) benefits children's and adolescents' overall health while reducing the likelihood of obesity. Elementary school physical education (PE) classes provide opportunities for children and adolescents not only to participate in PA but also to build the knowledge and skills needed to be physically active across their lifetime. Physical Best (PB) is one program physical educators might use to develop students' physical literacy and skills. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of PB program inclusion on elementary PE students' PA levels and health-related fitness knowledge (HRFK). Three activity games were paired once with a PB fitness concept-based warm-up activity and once with a traditional warm-up activity for six lessons. PA levels of elementary school students (n = 75, 30 males, 45 females) were recorded with both movement tracking bracelets and heart monitors during these six PE lessons. Means were calculated for movements and time in and above target heart rate zone (TZ) by warm-up type (PB vs. traditional), sex, and grade level. An HRFK assessment given to students pre- and postintervention assessed changes in fitness knowledge. Repeated-measures analysis of variances were utilized in the comparison of sex and grade level differences in relation to movements, TZ minutes, and HRFK assessment scores. Overall, children had significantly more movements in the PB lessons compared with traditional lessons (p < .05), while there was no difference in TZ minutes. HRFK assessment scores increased from pre- to postintervention (p < .05). Children accrued more movements in PB warm-up lessons than in traditional warm-up lessons but exhibited no difference in PA intensity. Children also increased HRFK from pre- to post-PB experience., Approximately 13.7 million children and adolescents are affected by obesity in America (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2018b). Obesity among children is clinically defined as greater than 90th [...]

This study examined the impact of including a formal requirement of achieving predetermined energy expenditures as part of students' participation grades during a Sport Education-based college physical education class. Calorie consumption was measured using the Heart Zones Blink 3.0 sensor, and the percentage of students who reached the lesson target was calculated across a 15-week semester. The instructor kept a weekly journal and students participated in interviews at mid and end of term. Results showed that the average calorie consumption across the semester well exceeded the daily targets, while the percentage of students who reached the daily challenge cutoff ranged from 77% to 100% (average = 87%). Analysis of the journal entries and interviews resulted in the generation of four themes: students' commitment to reaching the activity targets, group-based strategies for achieving physical activity targets, activity consequences of officiating roles, and activity challenges problematized skill development for some., For over 100 years, colleges and universities in the United States have offered physical education or physical activity programs to their students for course credit. Although these programs have been [...]