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Background: Studies on the association of exclusive breastfeeding and postpartum depression (PPD) are inconsistent and no prior study has investigated whether this association was influenced by other factors. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between exclusive breastfeeding and PPD in Chinese population, as well as to determine whether other factors influence this association. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out on 7685 postpartum women from a hospital of Shenzhen, China, utilizing the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to evaluate PPD. Results: A total of 7685 women were included this study, of whom 4549 (59.2%) performed exclusive breastfeeding, and 3136 (40.8%) did not carry out exclusive breastfeeding. Puerperal women who exclusively breastfed were found to have a lower risk of testing positive for PPD (10.5% vs. 13.8%, P < 0.001), in comparison to those who were not exclusively breastfeeding. After controlling for other influencing factors, exclusive breastfeeding was still associated with the lower risk of PPD (OR = 0.80, 95% CI, 0.69–0.94). Moreover, stratified analyses suggested that the association of exclusive breastfeeding with PPD was more pronounced in mothers who gave birth to a girl (Pinteraction < 0.05). Conclusions: Our study confirms that the exclusive breastfeeding may reduce the PPD risk, especially among women with a birth of girl. Thus, more tailored preventative approaches should be developed to address PPD in women who were not exclusive breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breastfeeding is important to infant health and survival in Sudan. Exclusive breastfeeding is considered an important criterion when practicing child nutrition, as infants consume only breast milk deprived of introducing any additional food or drink, not even water, and the child continues in this state for six months after birth. To effectively implement and promote breastfeeding in communities, it is necessary to understand the social and demographic factors relevant to infant feeding choices. This study examined cognitive trends regarding breastfeeding in a sample of mothers from the West Kordofan community. Methodology: About 576 housewives participated in descriptive cross-sectional study of children aged 59-60 months. The chosen structured questionnaire was used as the data collection method. The likelihood ratio with a confidence rate of 95% was also used to measure the strength of the association, and the statistical significance was determined at P-value <0:05. Result: The study showed that most of the responding mothers are aware of absolute breastfeeding. Nearly (80%) of the mothers are aware that breast milk alone is sufficient in the first six months. The research also explained that more than half of the study population (55%) have poor general knowledge, while (45%) of them have good knowledge. The analysis showed that the information of respondents from the study population has a significant relationship with the occurrence of diarrhea cases, vitamin A intake, and low birth weight. The analysis also shows the possibility of lower rates of diarrhea in children whose mothers have excellent knowledge of food and nutritional practices. [(95% CI: 0.492-0.874) p-v=0.004)]. Conclusion: Housewives' knowledge of breastfeeding has a significant relationship with the health status of children. Mothers' prior knowledge of vitamin A and its benefits contributed clearly and logically to eating foods rich in vitamins. p-v=0.000]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exclusive fat grafting is an alternative method to implant- or flap- based reconstruction techniques following mastectomies or breast conservation therapies. Its efficacy has been explored before but new data has come to light, resulting in previous results becoming outdated. Concerns have also been raised about the oncological safety of this procedure which must be evaluated alongside the efficacy to gain a comprehensive understanding of the merits of this alternative technique. Methods: We queried the PubMed electronic database from its inception until August 2023 for studies evaluating the efficacy and oncological safety of exclusive fat grafting breast reconstruction following cancer-related mastectomy or breast conservation therapy. Results of the analysis were pooled and presented as means or valid proportions. Results of the analysis were pooled using a random-effects model and presented with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) where appropriate. Results: 41 studies were included in our analysis. Pooled results show that on average, 1.7 sessions of exclusive fat grafting were required to complete reconstruction in Breast Conservation Therapy (BCT) patients, with an average volume of 114.2 ml being injected. For mastectomy patients with irradiated breasts, 4.7 sessions were needed on average with 556.8 ml being required to complete reconstruction, compared to their non-irradiated Counterparts requiring only 2.6 sessions and 207.2 ml to complete reconstruction. Oncological recurrence events were found in 29/583 non-irradiated mastectomy patients (p = 0.014) and in 41/517 BCT patients (p = 0.301) Conclusion: Exclusive fat grafting is an oncologically safe and reasonably efficacious alternative to more common methods of breast reconstruction. More data is needed to fully characterize the oncological safety of this procedure in irradiated and non-irradiated mastectomy patients. Level of Evidence III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem that often arises in Indonesian society is the occurrence of clashes in society as a result of the use of certain texts, both in the Bible and the Qur’an, for certain purposes. The purpose of this article was to explore the use of certain texts in the Bible and the Qur'an, which are understood exclusively, with certain interests ethnically, socially, politically and economically, thus creating a clash. The results of this understanding are conveyed as absolute truth from God so that no one can deny it. As a result, hate speech and conflict have emerged in Indonesian society. The research method used was a descriptive qualitative method which involved collecting materials in the form of books and articles and analyzing them. The results revealed a need for the formation of an inclusive understanding between the two religions so that a life dialogue occurs to maintain harmonious relations in Indonesian society. State the recommendations that have been made as well. This article invites religions in Indonesia, especially Christianity and Islam, to understand their respective holy books inclusively, to build a life together that is harmonious and peaceful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study examined the relationship among constructs of the Breastfeeding Relationship Scale and exclusive direct breastfeeding (EDBF) while controlling for covariates in US breastfeeding dyads in the first 3 months. Background: The Breastfeeding Relationship Scale was developed to measure mother-infant mutual responsiveness during breastfeeding in response to perceived insufficient milk, but there is no clear understanding about the relationships between the Breastfeeding Relationship Scale's constructs and EDBF. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used. The convenience sample of 589 directly breastfeeding mothers in the US whose infants were between 1 and 12 weeks of age were included for analysis using a structural equation model. Covariates for EDBF included mother's age, education, marital status, parity, prior breastfeeding experience, infant's age, weight, and sex. Results: Mother-Infant Breastfeeding Interaction and Breastfeeding Synchronicity were related (β = 0.33, p <.001), as were Breastfeeding Synchronicity and Perceived Adequate Milk Supply (β = 0.35, p <.001) and Mother-Infant Breastfeeding Interaction and Perceived Adequate Milk Supply (β = 0.08, p =.05). The relationship between Mother-Infant Breastfeeding Interaction and Breastfeeding Synchronicity with EDBF was fully mediated by Perceived Adequate Milk Supply, where the odds of EDBF was higher for mothers with higher scores on Perceived Adequate Milk Supply (OR = 1.61, p <.001) and prior breastfeeding experience (OR = 2.31, p =.006). Conclusions: Perceived Adequate Milk Supply and prior breastfeeding experience are major determinants of EDBF in the first 3 months. Breastfeeding Synchronicity can bolster Mother-Infant Breastfeeding Interaction and promote Perceived Adequate Milk. More attention should be paid to breastfeeding relationship to be the result of EDBF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Or" is associated, in Gricean approaches, with the readings Inclusive ("at least one, and possibly both, options are true") and Exclusive ("exactly one option is true"). Empirical findings show adults favoring Exclusive readings; but for children, the literature yields puzzling results. Laboratory comprehension tasks suggest children favor Inclusive, but naturalistic evidence suggests children's "or" productions are overwhelmingly Exclusive. We first identify problems with previous research. Methodologically, asking children to provide truth judgements (the dominant experimental task) is not a child-friendly task. And theoretically, Inclusive and Exclusive are not optimal categories for classifying "or" readings. To resolve the comprehension-production puzzle, we adopt Ariel and Mauri's richer analytic classification of "or" constructions, where Inclusive and Exclusive as such are not speaker-intended readings, and there are several, rather than one, "single-option" (Exclusive) readings. We apply this framework in analyzing the Berman corpus of Hebrew child language; and in designing a new, more ecologically valid, experimental task. Study 1 shows that in child-directed-speech, one specific Exclusive "or" construction, Choice Immediate (e.g., ↗Chocolates? Or ↘jelly beans?), is (i) the single dominant "or" function addressed to children, (ii) the one "or" reading children consistently respond appropriately to, and (iii) virtually the only "or" construction children produce. In Study 2, we present young children with a task involving this familiar "or" construction. The children respond with adult-like mastery even in the absence of a supporting context. These empirical findings argue for a usage-based account of how children acquire "or". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thiwawan Thepha,1 Ampornpan Theeranut,2 Somjit Muangpin,1 Potjaman Jantawong,3 Giang Nguyen4 1Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; 2Department of Adult Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; 3Postpartum Ward, Khon Kaen Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand; 4Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UKCorrespondence: Somjit Muangpin, Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Tel +66 868554633, Fax +66 43 202407, Email sompha@kku.ac.thIntroduction: The exclusive breastfeeding rate for six months in the Northeast region of Thailand has recently significantly decreased, in contrast to all other regions in Thailand. Facebook is widely used worldwide to enhance knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours that support breastfeeding. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a Facebook programme for husbands’ support of exclusive breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: We employed a quasi-experimental study design conducted from September 2020 to November 2021. Data were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Thailand, involving a total of 72 participants— 36 in the experimental group and 36 in the control group. These participants were husbands of postpartum women admitted to the postpartum wards. Four research instrument were the demographic questionnaire, the Husband’s EBF Knowledge, Husband’s EBF Attitude, and Husband’s EBF Behavior Questionnaires. Demographic data were analysed using frequency distribution, percentages, and the Chi-square test. The mean difference in husbands’ exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) knowledge scores was analysed using an independent samples t-test.Results: At baseline, there was no significant difference in husbands’ exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) knowledge scores between the experimental and control groups (p = 0.82). By the 1st month, there was a significant difference in the mean scores of husbands’ EBF knowledge between the two groups (p < 0.01). However, the mean score of attitude at 6-month (mean=108.03, SD=19.89) was higher than the mean score of behaviour at baseline (mean=101.81, SD=17.99), but it was not significant (p=0.40). In addition, the different score of behaviour among baseline (mean=65.86, SD=7.02) and 6-month (mean=68.58, SD=10.42) was not significant (p=0.24).Conclusion: The findings suggest that the Facebook programme is an effective platform for conveying exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) knowledge to husbands in Northeast Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic.Keywords: breastfeeding, covid-19, exclusive, social media

Human milk is the gold standard for the nourishment of early infants because it contains several bioactive components that prove to be the best choice for infants. Breastfeeding has many health benefits for both the infant and the mother. This study aimed to identify the optimal duration of breastfeeding, to demonstrate its benefits, to list essential elements for infants, and to identify the risks associated with formula feeding. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends early skin-to-skin contact and starting breastfeeding immediately after birth. The recommendations also included continuing breastfeeding for the first 6 months and continuing to feed infants until 2 years of age with complementary feeding. Breastfeeding is the best way to feed infants and provide them with the nutrition they need for growth and development. In Saudi Arabia, health policies recommend that medical staff should provide proper breastfeeding education to mothers. A study published by the WHO in 2006 showed that 92% of infants in Saudi Arabia received colostrum. Breastfed infants have better health outcomes and better intellectual and social lives than formula-fed infants. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months tends to be more protective in reducing the risk of certain diseases than breast-feeding for 4 months. In contrast, formula milk is associated with many diseases, such as allergies and premature breast development in girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Or” is associated, in Gricean approaches, with the readings Inclusive (“at least one, and possibly both, options are true”) and Exclusive (“exactly one option is true”). Empirical findings show adults favoring Exclusive readings; but for children, the literature yields puzzling results. Laboratory comprehension tasks suggest children favor Inclusive, but naturalistic evidence suggests children’s “or” productions are overwhelmingly Exclusive. We first identify problems with previous research. Methodologically, asking children to provide truth judgements (the dominant experimental task) is not a child-friendly task. And theoretically, Inclusive and Exclusive are not optimal categories for classifying “or” readings. To resolve the comprehension-production puzzle, we adopt Ariel and Mauri’s richer analytic classification of “or” constructions, where Inclusive and Exclusive as such are not speaker-intended readings, and there are several, rather than one, “single-option” (Exclusive) readings. We apply this framework in analyzing the Berman corpus of Hebrew child language; and in designing a new, more ecologically valid, experimental task. Study 1 shows that in child-directed-speech, one specific Exclusive “or” construction, Choice Immediate (e.g., ↗Chocolates? Or ↘jelly beans?), is (i) the single dominant “or” function addressed to children, (ii) the one “or” reading children consistently respond appropriately to, and (iii) virtually the only “or” construction children produce. In Study 2, we present young children with a task involving this familiar “or” construction. The children respond with adult-like mastery even in the absence of a supporting context. These empirical findings argue for a usage-based account of how children acquire “or”.

Abstract Background Despite the benefits of breastfeeding (BF), rates remain lower than public health targets, particularly among low-income Black populations. Community-based breastfeeding peer counselor (BPC) programs have been shown to increase BF. We sought to examine whether implementation of a BPC program in an obstetric clinical setting serving low-income patients was associated with improved BF initiation and exclusivity. Methods This is a quasi-experimental time series study of pregnant and postpartum patients receiving care before and after implementation of a BPC program in a teaching hospital affiliated prenatal clinic. The role of the BPC staff included BF classes, prenatal counseling and postnatal support, including in-hospital assistance and phone triage after discharge. Records were reviewed at each of 3 time points: immediately before the hire of the BPC staff (2008), 1-year post-implementation (2009), and 5 years post-implementation (2014). The primary outcomes were rates of breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity prior to hospital discharge, secondary outcomes included whether infants received all or mostly breastmilk during inpatient admission and by 6 weeks post-delivery. Bivariable and multivariable analyses were utilized as appropriate. Results Of 302 patients included, 52.3% identified as non-Hispanic Black and 99% had Medicaid-funded prenatal care. While there was no improvement in rates of BF initiation, exclusive BF during the postpartum hospitalization improved during the 3 distinct time points examined, increasing from 13.7% in 2008 to 32% in 2014 (2009 aOR 2.48, 95%CI 1.13–5.43; 2014 aOR 1.82, 95%CI 1.24–2.65). This finding was driven by improved exclusive BF for patients who identified as Black (9.4% in 2008, 22.9% in 2009, and 37.9% in 2014, p = 0.01). Conclusion Inpatient BF exclusivity significantly increased with the tenure of a BPC program in a low-income clinical setting. These findings demonstrate that a BPC program can be a particularly effective method to address BF disparities among low-income Black populations.

Background: Despite the benefits of breastfeeding (BF), rates remain lower than public health targets, particularly among low-income Black populations. Community-based breastfeeding peer counselor (BPC) programs have been shown to increase BF. We sought to examine whether implementation of a BPC program in an obstetric clinical setting serving low-income patients was associated with improved BF initiation and exclusivity. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental time series study of pregnant and postpartum patients receiving care before and after implementation of a BPC program in a teaching hospital affiliated prenatal clinic. The role of the BPC staff included BF classes, prenatal counseling and postnatal support, including in-hospital assistance and phone triage after discharge. Records were reviewed at each of 3 time points: immediately before the hire of the BPC staff (2008), 1-year post-implementation (2009), and 5 years post-implementation (2014). The primary outcomes were rates of breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity prior to hospital discharge, secondary outcomes included whether infants received all or mostly breastmilk during inpatient admission and by 6 weeks post-delivery. Bivariable and multivariable analyses were utilized as appropriate. Results: Of 302 patients included, 52.3% identified as non-Hispanic Black and 99% had Medicaid-funded prenatal care. While there was no improvement in rates of BF initiation, exclusive BF during the postpartum hospitalization improved during the 3 distinct time points examined, increasing from 13.7% in 2008 to 32% in 2014 (2009 aOR 2.48, 95%CI 1.13–5.43; 2014 aOR 1.82, 95%CI 1.24–2.65). This finding was driven by improved exclusive BF for patients who identified as Black (9.4% in 2008, 22.9% in 2009, and 37.9% in 2014, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Inpatient BF exclusivity significantly increased with the tenure of a BPC program in a low-income clinical setting. These findings demonstrate that a BPC program can be a particularly effective method to address BF disparities among low-income Black populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I make a point concerning the construction ' A or B or both' in English, to the effect that if the connective 'or' is understood exclusively across the board then this familiar construction cannot convey the intended inclusive sense of disjunction. If we take 'or' inclusively, ' A or B or both' has the function of emphasizing that the disjunction is inclusive; taking 'or' exclusively, it does nothing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disputes arising in the context of letters of credit, similar to other international commercial contracts, are unavoidable. This internationally used instrument involves partners that are located in several nations. Hence, it is important to ascertain the appropriate jurisdictional competence to adjudicate these conflicts, as it might significantly influence the final resolution of the issue. International businessmen and merchants often incorporate a provision in their agreements to choose a certain court, with the aim of enhancing predictability, minimizing litigation expenses, and expediting the resolution of their disputes. The stance of many nations on the issue of determining jurisdiction for the court is diverse. In Iranian law, it is noteworthy that the explicit statement of this particular subject by the legislator is absent, despite the evident business exigencies that warrant the inclusion of such criteria. In the realm of European Union (EU) law, as opposed to Iranian law, the Recast Brussels Regulations of 2012 included a provision that enabled parties to confer jurisdiction to the court for the resolution of disputes, subject to certain circumstances being met. Within the legal framework of the United States of America, it is observed that various states possess distinct mechanisms for the authentication of those conditions. However, it is generally acknowledged that these conditions hold validity in the majority of instances. In the event that the contract does not include provisions about jurisdiction, the determination of which court has jurisdiction should be made by referring to the applicable national laws. This article undertakes a comparative analysis of the approaches used by Iran, the European Union, and the United States of America with respect to forum selection and jurisdiction determination in cases involving documentary credit claims in situations when no specific condition is present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Babies, mothers, and society as a whole all benefit greatly from exclusive breastfeeding. Babies who are breastfed alone are protected from harmful bacteria that can be found in formula and other infant meals, bacteria that can cause diarrhoea, other illnesses, and even death. The study investigated exclusive breastfeeding practices among female healthcare workers and child welfare clinic mothers in the Sissala East Municipality of Ghana. A facility-based quantitative descriptive cross-sectional design was used in this study. Twenty-five lactating mothers were purposively selected using a simple random technique. Data was collected using a closed-ended questionnaire and data analysis using IBM SPSS version 21.0. The results showed that mothers whose income ranged from 500 cedis to 1000 cedis were 3.29 times more likely to breastfeed exclusively compared to those whose income was not up to 500 cedis (COR:3.29 (C.I:1.11 - 9.71) P=0.031). Those in other professional groups were 43% less likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding than those who were health workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the strong evidence of breastfeeding benefits for mothers’ and newborns’ nutrition and health, breastfeeding is not practiced according to current recommendations. Digital solutions such as the mobile applications have produced promising results to promote successful breastfeeding in maternity care. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the feasibility of a Mobile Intervention for Breastfeeding counseling (MIBFc) by collecting information on the usability, utility, and recommendations of the solution from mothers. The MIBFc was based on World Health Organization recommendations for breastfeeding. This study was a cross-sectional descriptive design that used an electronic survey to collect data from sample of 39 Finnish mothers in 2018 (n=13, Group 1) and 2019–2020 (n=26, Group 2). The data were analysed using descriptive statistical analysis, while qualitative responses were grouped into themes based on their similarities of the content. The results showed that most of the mothers (over 92%) felt that the mobile intervention was easy to use and 88% of the mothers felt that the mobile intervention’s content was adequate. Mothers’ experiences with the utility of the mobile intervention were relevant, that is, they felt that the mobile intervention supported their oral guidance (89%) and helped to breastfeed for up successfully exclusively to six months (n=7, 41%). Most of the mothers used the mobile intervention primarily during pregnancy. The mothers were satisfied with the intervention’s layout, and they recommended it to other mothers in same situation, although there were some technical problems with links. This study indicated that the feasibility of the MIBFc, including usability and utility was good, based on the mothers’ overall evaluation. Using the mobile intervention can increase mothers’ knowledge of breastfeeding and support for lactation. The study highlights a need for future evaluations of the effectiveness of MIBFc in large populations.

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) involves providing only breast milk to respond to the infant's total nourishment needs within the first six months of life. Breast milk contains all the essential nutrients, antibodies, and other growth and development factors. EBF enhances an infant's immune system and vaccination response. Objective: This study examined exposure to and knowledge of media EBF messages among mothers in three states in South-East Nigeria. Methodology: The survey method was adopted to conduct the study among 370 registered antenatal mothers selected through a multistage sampling technique in three primary and three tertiary hospitals. A structured questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection. The data were analysed using percentages and the chi-square test of association, and results were presented in tables. Results: Breastfeeding mothers were highly aware of EBF and knowledgeable, with a significant relationship between awareness and knowledge of media messages on EBF. Exposure to media messages improved knowledge and responses to EBF. However, responses to messages were constrained by economic, cultural, and social factors such as myths and family pressure. Conclusion: Nursing mothers are highly exposed to media messages on EBF, which shows that the media plays a significant role in EBF campaigns. Unique contribution: The study has identified the significant role of media messages in creating awareness of the importance of EBF among mothers. The study has also identified the limitations of adopting media messages on EBF. Key Recommendation: Media messages on EBF should aim more at counteracting myths and misinformation in the South-East region. Health professionals should harmonise their messages with media messages to enhance persuasive effects.

This study aimed to identify whether appetitive traits predict exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) duration for the first 6 months of life and to assess other predictors of its duration. 186 six- month-old term infants were included. Appetitive traits were assessed at 3–4 months of age. EBF duration, feeding practices, sex, maternal age and education, socioeconomic level, mode of delivery and gestational age were also evaluated. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through generalized linear regression models to identify predictors of EBF for the first 6 months of life. Only 32.9% of infants achieved 6-month EBF. Vaginal birth, not using formula the first 3 days, maternal education ≥ university and slowness in eating significantly increased the probability of EBF for 6 months. Slowness in eating was the only appetitive trait related to EBF for the first 6 months and was the most significant predictor in the multivariate model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite recommendations for influenza and COVID-19 vaccines, studies have documented gaps and disparities in vaccination coverage for adults and adolescents. Understanding the proportion and demographics of those unvaccinated against influenza and/or COVID-19 is important for tailoring appropriate messaging and strategies to increase confidence and uptake. Using the 2021 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), we assessed the prevalence of four vaccination patterns (exclusive influenza vaccination, exclusive COVID-19 vaccination, dual influenza and COVID-19 vaccination, and neither vaccination) by sociodemographic and other characteristics among adults and adolescents 12–17 years. Adjusted multivariable regression analyses were conducted to examine factors associated with each of the four vaccination categories among adults and adolescents. In 2021, 42.5% of adults and 28.3% of adolescents received both influenza and COVID-19 vaccines, while approximately a quarter (22.4%) of adults and a third (34.0%) of adolescents did not receive either vaccine. Among adults and adolescents, 6.0% and 11.4% were exclusively vaccinated against influenza and 29.1% and 26.4% were exclusively vaccinated against COVID-19, respectively. Among adults, exclusive COVID-19 or dual vaccination was more likely to be associated with older age, non-Hispanic multi/other race, and having a college degree compared to their respective counterparts. Exclusive influenza or neither vaccination was more likely to be associated with younger age, having a high school diploma or less, living below the poverty level, and having a previous COVID-19 diagnosis. During the COVID-19 pandemic, approximately two-thirds of adolescents and three-fourths of adults received exclusive influenza or COVID-19 vaccines or both vaccines in 2021. Vaccination patterns differed by sociodemographic and other characteristics. Promoting confidence in vaccines and reducing barriers to access is needed to protect individuals and families from severe health consequences of vaccine-preventable diseases. Being up-to-date with all recommended vaccinations can prevent a future resurgence of hospitalizations and cases. 42.5% of adults and 28.3% of adolescents received both influenza and COVID-19 vaccines in 2021, while approximately a quarter (22.4%) of adults and a third (34.0%) of adolescents did not receive either vaccine; 6.0% of adults and 11.4% of adolescents were exclusively vaccinated against influenza and 29.1% of adults and 26.4% of adolescents were exclusively vaccinated against COVID-19. Among adults, exclusive COVID-19 vaccination or dual vaccination was more likely to be associated with older age, non-Hispanic multi/other race, and having a college degree or higher compared to their respective counterparts; exclusive influenza vaccination or neither vaccination was more likely to be associated with younger age, having a high school diploma or less, living below poverty level, and having a previous COVID-19 diagnosis compared to their respective counterparts. Promoting confidence in vaccines and reducing barriers to access is needed to protect individuals and families from severe health consequences of vaccine-preventable diseases. Being up-to-date with all recommended vaccinations can prevent a future resurgence of hospitalizations and cases, especially as new variants emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Interreligious dialogue has been a significant topic in recent years, especially in the effort to create harmony between religious communities. Nurcholis Madjid, a prominent Indonesian Muslim scholar, has advocated for the concept of pluralism in his efforts to promote interfaith dialogue. However, some of his thoughts have been controversial among religious people. Using descriptive and analytical methods, as well as a theological approach, this article aimed to reveal and criticize Nurcholish Madjid's inclusive-pluralist theology. In conclusion, Nurcholish Madjid believes that all religions, including Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and Shabiin, are true as long as they believe in Allah, believe in the Day of Judgment, and do good. He argues that Islam is a universal religion and pluralism is sunnatullah, which means it has been occurring since the beginning of time. While Nurcholish Madjid's approach to interreligious dialogue may seem inclusive and tolerant, it deviates from the core teachings of Islam. According to the Qur'an, Islam is the only true religion, and it cannot be equated with any other faith. Pluralist inclusive theology is not a way to achieve inter-religious harmony but instead creates new problems because it reduces the meaning and identity of religions. As such, a critical evaluation of his thoughts is necessary to understand the implications of pluralism in the context of Islam.

Latar Belakang: Salah satu penyebab kegagalan ASI eksklusif adalah kembalinya ibu bekerja. Angka cakupan ASI eksklusif tahun 2021 di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara masih di bawah target nasional yaitu sebesar 39,7% dan menempati urutan kelima paling bawah di Indonesia. Meskipun cakupan masih rendah namun beberapa ibu bekerja berhasil memberikan ASI ekskusif. Intensi yang kuat saat hamil untuk memberikan ASI eksklusif pada ibu bekerja berpengaruh pada keberhasilan praktik ASI eksklusif. Keterlibatan dalam kelompok dukungan juga mempengaruhi niat ibu sejak hamil untuk memberikan ASI eksklusif dan tidak mudah terpengaruh dengan susu formula sebagai pengganti ASI. Komunitas Peduli ASI Sulawesi Utara (KAPAS) merupakan komunitas menyusui yang didirikan sejak tahun 2016 di Manado dan memiliki anggota lebih dari 200 ibu dengan beragam latar belakang Tujuan: untuk menggali peran kelompok dukungan pada ibu bekerja dalam memberikan ASI eksklusif Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan desain fenomenologi. Informan penelitian merupakan anggota KAPAS. Informan penelitian dipilih secara purposive dengan mempertimbangkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Kriteria inklusi mencakup ibu memiliki bayi usia 6 -24 bulan dan berhasil memberikan ASI eksklusif, ibu bekerja penuh di sektor formal, ibu bekerja dan tinggal di Manado bersama bayi. Hasil wawancara ditranskrip dan diolah menggunakan software open code Hasil: Setelah dilakukan skrining secara online dan wawancara langsung kepada 195 Ibu, diperoleh 5 informan utama yaitu ibu bekerja dan 2 informan pendukung yaitu pengurus KAPAS. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam dan diperoleh hasil bahwa motivasi ibu bekerja bergabung dengan kelompok dukungan (KAPAS) adalah ingin memberikan ASI eksklusif baik pada anak pertama maupun anak kedua. Ibu ingin menggali ilmu lebih dalam agar berhasil memberikan ASI eksklusif meskipun sambil bekerja. KAPAS membuat ibu merasa percaya diri menghadapi kesulitan menyusui baik yang datang dari dalam diri ibu maupun luar ibu termasuk mitos di masyarakat. Informasi yang diberikan di grup whatsapp juga membuat ibu lebih terampil dalam manajemen ASI Perah selama bekerja. Selain itu ibu juga lebih berani berkomunikasi kepada tenaga kesehatan di rumah sakit yang kurang pro ASI tentang keinginannya memberikan ASI Eksklusif. Pendirian KAPAS bertujuan untuk mewadahi ibu di Sulawesi Utara untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang ASI dan menjadi tempat diskusi agar ibu tidak merasa sendirian menghadapi tantangan dalam menyusui Kesimpulan: Bergabung dengan kelompok dukungan meningkatkan intensi ibu bekerja untuk memberikan ASI eksklusif sehingga ibu dapat mempersiapkan dirinya untuk menghadapi permasalahan yang muncul selama menyusui baik yang datang dari dalam maupun luar diri ibu. KAPAS memberikan kesempatan antar anggota untuk saling memberikan informasi dan dukungan bagi ibu bekerja sehingga berhasil memberikan ASI eksklusif

The article describes some objective characteristics of the formation of architecture in the capital of the emirate of Dubai. These characteristics do not coincide with commonly accepted views. The main factors, preconditions and trends of its rapid development from the present to the future are outlined. The article presents some proactive conceptual solutions for exclusive architectural designs in Dubai worked out by the author in the 2000s.

Background and Significance: Breastfeeding problems are common; however, health care providers vary widely in their ability to address them effectively. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relative frequencies of common breastfeeding challenges and their associations with maternal well-being. Study Design and Methods: Women completed an online survey in which they described breastfeeding problems. Factor analysis was used to identify problems that co-occurred frequently, as well as the problems most strongly associated with maternal distress, maternal perceptions of greater severity, and postpartum depression or postpartum anxiety. Results: There were 535 responses to the online survey; of these, 457 answered the question about the nature of their breastfeeding difficulties. Pain with breastfeeding was the most common breastfeeding problem. Difficulties with milk supply and milk intake were most strongly associated with heightened maternal distress and perceptions of severity. Clinical Implications: Coordinated care for breastfeeding dyads, in which providers acknowledge the complex and reciprocal nature of many breastfeeding problems, has the potential to improve maternal satisfaction with breastfeeding as well as breastfeeding metrics. Breastfeeding challenges are common. In this study of over 450 new mothers who were recruited from social media, breastfeeding pain, nipple trauma, and perceived insufficient milk supply were the most frequently reported barriers to women reaching their breastfeeding goals. Nurses can use these data to advise women what to expect during breastfeeding and offer options prospectively that may help to avoid some of these situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the duration of breastfeeding and the effect of only breastfeeding on the level of Mother-infant attachment and Postpartum Depression. Design and Methods: The study was conducted with 230 mothers with children between 6 months and 1 year of age. Findings: The mean MAI score of mothers who only breastfed was 74.67±4.35; EPDS average score of 5.73±4.34 were found. It was found that there was a negative, statistically significant correlation between the mothers depression and attachment score (r=-0.153, p=0.021). Practice Implications: The support provided by nurses who are primarily responsible for this issue can increase the time and attachment level of the mother to feed her baby with "breast milk"; As the level of attachment increases, the risk of developing postpartum depression can be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As the WHO aptly puts it, breastfeeding is the cornerstone of child survival, nutrition and development, as well as maternal health. However, contrary to the WHO recommendations, fewer than half of infants under 6 months of age are exclusively breastfed (1) According to the National Family Health Survey data of India, only 71% of children under 6 months are exclusively breastfed in Maharashtra. (2) This may be seen more in the tribal communities due to their geographical location and strong cultural norms. This study aims to assess the breastfeeding practices that are prevalent in a tribal district. Objectives: 1) To estimate the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in the tribal population. 2) To determine the factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in the tribal population. Methodology: This is a community based cross-sectional observational research project. The study population is mothers belonging to the Scheduled Tribes Category with infant in the age group of 6 months to 1 year. 161 women were selected by simple random sampling using a random number table. A structured interview schedule was used to conduct the interviews. Data was analysed using appropriate statistical test. Results: The overall prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding is 63%. 72.7% of mothers belonging to the Warli tribe and 91% of mothers of the age under 20 years followed the recommended exclusive breastfeeding. Even the place of delivery of the child was found to be significantly associated with the exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion: The prevalence of breastfeeding in the tribal population is less than the overall prevalence of the entire state. More efforts are needed to create awareness about the concept and the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding.

The COVID-19-induced lockdown resulted in the closure of learning institutions and subsequent intermittent college attendance as a way of preventing the spread of the virus. In Zimbabwe, the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Innovation Science, and Technology Development instructed tertiary institutions to adopt online learning in addition to face-to-face learning as a way of ensuring that learning continued during COVID-19 restrictions. There was a shift from exclusively humanist education, where humans have been believed to be the only agents in the teaching and learning process, to posthumanist education, where technology was used as a tool for learning. This study explored the organisational preparedness of TVET institutions to take on board posthuman pedagogy when online learning was blended with face-to-face learning. This was a qualitative study that used observations and indepth interviews to collect data on the institutional preparedness of two randomly sampled TVET institutions to embrace posthumanist education. Ten randomly sampled lecturers were interviewed to elicit their views and experiences of implementing blended learning, which is largely ingrained in posthuman pedagogy. An observation was made on the suitability of technological infrastructure to support blended learning. Ten randomly selected students from each institution participated in focus group discussions to elicit the organisational preparedness of institutions for blended learning. Results showed that the institutions were not ready for blended learning. Lecturers and students were not equipped or skilled to use online technologies. The infrastructure to drive online learning was inadequate. Inadequacies in the internet infrastructure affected their understanding and acceptance of online learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence for the effectiveness of enteral nutrition (EN) for the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is well-established. However, there is considerable global variation in EN practices. This study aimed to characterize the practices and perceptions of gastroenterologists regarding the use of EN in patients with IBD in one of the largest countries in the Gulf region. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on pediatric and adult gastroenterologists working in Saudi Arabia who are involved in IBD management. A self-administered web-based survey was distributed via social media platforms and mailing lists of national gastroenterology societies. Results: A total of 80 gastroenterologists completed the survey. However, only 55 reported that they were currently practicing EN in any form. EN was mostly indicated by gastroenterologists who "sometimes" recommend EN for: the prevention and correction of undernutrition (50.9%), preoperative optimization (50.9%), and the induction of remission in patients with active and long-standing CD (36.4%), at initial diagnosis (34.5%), during the management of complications (61.8%), and after failing to respond to pharmacological therapy (58.2%). Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is regularly recommended by 14.5% of gastroenterologists. The prescription of EEN was significantly associated with the pediatric profession (p < 0.01), IBD specialty (p < 0.05), level of nutrition education during training (p < 0.01), and previous training in a unit with regular EN use (p < 0.01). The most reported barriers to using EN were patients' lack of acceptance (73.8%) and poor adherence (65%). A lack of dietitian support and a lack of standardized protocols were also reported as barriers by many physicians. Pediatric gastroenterologists were more likely to use at least one assessment method to evaluate EN success. Conclusion: EN practices differ between gastroenterologists working in Saudi Arabia. Future EN protocols should be optimized to support both children and adults with IBD. Gastroenterology training programs should offer nutrition support-focused training to help physicians better utilize EN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breastfeeding is a well-established intervention for the improvement of child survival. Although breastfeeding is associated with multiple health and economic benefits for mothers children and society, the recommended breastfeeding rate is low worldwide., Objective: This study aimed to determine the sociodemographic predictors of EBF among breastfeeding mothers attending the immunization clinic of ATBUTH, Bauchi., Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 420 mother-child dyads attending the immunization clinic. Participants were selected through a systematic random sampling. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding and early initiation of breastfeeding were measured using the WHO 24-hour recall, while the sociodemographic data were collected using a pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and binary logistic regression were used for analysis at p<0.05., Results: The mean age of the respondents was 28.5 ± 6.2 years, more than half were full-time housewives. The majority were Muslims, and 97.6% of the respondents had some level of formal education. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 46.7%. Predictors of EBF were mothers' age (p= 0.001), and mothers' level of education (p= 0.04)., Conclusion: The rate of EBF as compared to the WHO target is still low. More needs to be done in terms of education, health advocacy, and policy as well as family and social support, to ensure the practice of EBF is improved., Competing Interests: The Authors declare that no competing interest exists, (Copyright © 2024 by West African Journal of Medicine.)