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The question of what the function of media tools becomes in the simulation universe constitutes the problem of this study. The article aims to discuss how the process takes place in the simulation universe where the media becomes a part of the existing sign game and this determines the use value. According to Baudrillard, an object first has a use value, then an exchange value and finally a sign value. In the order of objects that emerges in the simulation reality, it is the sign value that determines the exchange and use value. In this reality where things are reversed, it is no longer the ideologies that matter, but the signifiers of ideologies and the place of these signifiers in the models oscillating in the simulation reality. The findings of the study, which is based on a traditional literature review, are as follows: The media has lost the use and exchange value it gained in parallel with the functions it fulfilled in the first and second simulacrum reality in the simulation reality. In the process, the media, which gained a use value within the game of signs, is now read, watched or listened to as a sign compatible with the objects of that model while presenting the model to which it belongs. Just like other technologies, the media is nothing but a sign that works for the continuation of the simulation universe and continues its existence by creating the illusion that it fulfills its old functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractHousing is a fundamental component in fulfilling the biological, economic, and social requirements of every household. The rapid urbanization, burgeoning urban populations, rural-to-urban migration, degradation and demolition of aging structures, diminishing household sizes, and housing supply challenges are prevalent issues in many cities, particularly in developing nations, such as Iran and India. This study focused on the housing exchange values in the 10th district of Tehran. The research was purpose-driven and employed a descriptive-analytical approach with a quantitative methodology. Regression and Moran methods were utilized for the investigation with housing prices for villas and apartments as dependent variables and 14 indicators as independent research variables. Spatial analysis was conducted using ArcGIS software. The results of the multivariate regression analysis indicated that household income had a direct impact of 17% among economic factors, while density had a direct effect of 77% among social factors. Additionally, structure age and type accounted for 63% and 31% of the most significant negative impact on housing price fluctuations in the 10th district of Tehran, respectively. Access to medical facilities had the most adverse effect on housing prices in the southern part of District 10, whereas access to commercial centers had the most substantial direct impact on housing exchange values in the district. Consequently, the highest concentration of hot spots indicating the highest housing exchange was observed in the northern and central parts of the 10th district of Tehran.Keywords: Exchange Value, Housing, Future Changes, Space Trap, 10th district of TehranIntroductionIn recent years, the housing sector of Iran as a developing country has experienced significant fluctuations, resulting in widespread adverse effects on households, other economic sectors, and even the banking system. Consequently, the impact of monetary policy on the performance of housing market has become a primary concern for policymakers, necessitating appropriate responses from monetary and financial authorities due to the sector's pivotal role in the country. Housing and its market have been the subject of extensive urban studies, particularly in urban economics, over the past 4 decades. The municipality of District 10 of Tehran has undergone rapid physical and economic expansion in the last two decades accompanied by increased investment in construction. Urban management initiatives have further exacerbated this situation, leading to unbalanced spatial developments at the regional level. Weaknesses in the housing sector within the municipality of the 10th district of Tehran include the housing supply-demand gap, particularly among low-income groups, a high number of households requiring assistance, a low proportion of durable residential units, a high prevalence of non-professional constructions, and the greater profitability of land transactions compared to housing construction. Additionally, there has been a surge in trading activities, a disproportionate increase in land prices compared to construction, and an intensified expansion in recent years. Therefore, this research conducted a spatial analysis of urban housing exchange values over a 1-year period (2022). By examining the spatial analysis of housing prices and exchange values, variations in income, culture, urban infrastructures, and perceived social and environmental comfort across different areas and localities could be observed. Consequently, the findings of this study could offer valuable insights for urban planners, managers, and housing investors. Materials and MethodsThis study was applied in its purpose and employed a descriptive-analytical method using a quantitative approach. Multivariable regression analysis was utilized to explore the relationship between factors influencing the exchange value of housing from both consumer and producer perspectives, identifying key determinants affecting housing prices. The research findings were presented through descriptive tables, explanatory tables, and numerous maps created by the researcher. The results highlighted the components and factors with the greatest and least impact on the land and housing market in the neighborhoods of District 10 of Tehran. The study drew on documentary sources, statistical data, censuses, official information from relevant organizations, internal and external information databases, as well as comprehensive and detailed urban development maps and plans to collect theoretical foundations and extract data. Given the significance of direct observation in geographical research, the researchers’ observational method and familiarity with the study area served as the primary research tools supplemented by a researcher-designed questionnaire. The questionnaire primarily focused on gathering land and housing prices from real estate consultants for 2022. The research methodology integrated both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The theoretical framework was developed based on the subject under study and the study employed statistical description and analysis, image processing, and analysis using spatial databases and geographic information systems. Additionally, Excel, SPSS, and ArcGIS software were utilized for data preparation and processing. Research FindingsOne of the most notable and distinctive aspects of this study in comparison to others was the spatial analysis of housing prices in District 10. This involved the integration of geographic information system software and quantitative models, such as hot and cold spot models, Moran, Vansim, and vector map conversion to raster. These were recalculated at the level of study units (statistical blocks of the 10th district of Tehran) revealing the spatial analysis of independent (economic, social, and physical) variables. Despite the highest density of apartment buildings being in the neighborhoods of Hashemi, South Karun, South Salisbil, and North Salisbil in Tehran's 10th district, it appeared that the value of multi-story buildings in the neighborhood of South Zanjan was more influenced by land prices, household income, and employment rates. Three spatial autocorrelation patterns (clustered, scattered, and random) were observed with Moran's coefficient indicating a clustered pattern in relation to the price of villa buildings at the level of North Salisbil, South Karun, and South Karun localities. The economic factors influencing housing prices in 2022 at the level of residential blocks in Tehran's 10th district included land prices, household income, mortgages, and rents. The regression analysis conducted in Excel software revealed a 0.64% correlation between economic indicators and housing prices. The highest correlation between socio-cultural indicators and housing prices in the southern areas of Tehran's 10th district was observed in Imam Khomeini, Hashemi, Karoun, and Kimel streets, the beginning of Nematullah Shah Parori Street, and the end of Malik Ashtar Street. According to Moran's spatial autocorrelation model, the coefficient for the correlation of the indicators of access to uses and services and housing prices was 0.050658%. The highest correlation to all factors was observed in District 10 (north of the region) corresponding to Karun and North Salisbil localities. Access to urban services, military uses, and facilities like airport had led to a significant decrease in prices, while access to commercial, medical, and educational centers had a positive effect on increasing housing prices. Discussion of Results & ConclusionHousing stands as a fundamental necessity within any society and fluctuations within this sector exert a profound impact on the broader economy. Therefore, precise forecasting of housing prices holds significant importance for homeowners, investors, and other stakeholders in the housing sector. The presence of a reliable method for predicting housing prices can enhance efficiency of the housing market. The surge in urban population over recent decades coupled with limited access to resources, services, and essential infrastructure has transformed housing into a scarce and invaluable commodity. The housing predicament is a consequence of the industrial revolution and subsequent developments leading to a detachment of its exchange value from its consumption value. Its significance has continued to escalate across diverse societies. This study leveraged spatial descriptions and analyses available in geographic information systems (ArcGIS software) complemented by statistical analyses conducted using Excel and SPSS software.

Although vendor firms invest heavily in technologies to digitalize business-to-business (B2B) service orchestration, little is known about the mechanisms through which high quality information, a key resource generated from digitalization, creates customer loyalty. Positioning our work in the B2B logistics services context, we take a customer needs fulfillment perspective to understand value creation and capture from digitalization of service orchestration in B2B logistics relationships. We suggest that a vendor will capture exchange value, manifesting as customer loyalty, for the customer's perceived use value of the service enabled by tracking information quality on service orchestration. We propose that service flexibility and service efficiency provided by the logistics vendor are two types of use value for customers, which serve as the value-creation pathways through which tracking information quality affects customer loyalty, the exchange value received by the vendor. We further argue that service modal variety, a key aspect of service complexity, moderates the value-creation pathways of tracking information quality. Using survey and archival data of B2B relationships between a Fortune 100 logistics vendor and its major customers, we find empirical support for the use value mechanisms through which tracking information quality affects customer loyalty in the context of B2B logistics services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing is a fundamental component in fulfilling the biological, economic, and social requirements of every household. The rapid urbanization, burgeoning urban populations, rural-to-urban migration, degradation and demolition of aging structures, diminishing household sizes, and housing supply challenges are prevalent issues in many cities, particularly in developing nations, such as Iran and India. This study focused on the housing exchange values in the 10th district of Tehran. The research was purpose-driven and employed a descriptive-analytical approach with a quantitative methodology. Regression and Moran methods were utilized for the investigation with housing prices for villas and apartments as dependent variables and 14 indicators as independent research variables. Spatial analysis was conducted using ArcGIS software. The results of the multivariate regression analysis indicated that household income had a direct impact of 17% among economic factors, while density had a direct effect of 77% among social factors. Additionally, structure age and type accounted for 63% and 31% of the most significant negative impact on housing price fluctuations in the 10th district of Tehran, respectively. Access to medical facilities had the most adverse effect on housing prices in the southern part of District 10, whereas access to commercial centers had the most substantial direct impact on housing exchange values in the district. Consequently, the highest concentration of hot spots indicating the highest housing exchange was observed in the northern and central parts of the 10th district of Tehran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exchange value is one of the most important issues in economics, which is also considered in jurisprudence under the title of being property by jurists, and in both sciences, various theories about its origin have been presented. The study of common theories of value shows that in these theories, exchange value is looked at with a static view and it is referred to as a point result that is due to causes and factors that are the origin of value at a point in time. In this article, we are trying to prove that the value of exchange is the result of a dynamic, linear and flowing process, which reaches actuality from potentiality over time through different stages. In this regard, with the introduction of two types of property and exchange value, potential and current, and as a result, the distinction between potential and current property, it is clear that the neglect of the types of value on the one hand and the lack of accurate analysis of the process of value formation on the other hand, have become the source of differences and mistakes in value theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iberian Journal of the History of Economic Thought is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ars & Humanitas is the property of Ars & Humanitas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, scholars have explained the factors driving the conversion of residential accommodation to retail units in African cities from an economic standpoint, which indicates high demand for property owners and high potential profit for retail tenants. Nevertheless, these economic perspectives do not elucidate the reasons behind the increasing rate of vacancies in converted retail units amidst the high demand and profit. This paper scrutinizes the rate of vacancies in converted retail units and the behavioural dimensions of conversion and renting decisions in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) in Ghana. Drawing on the behavioural finance concepts of investor myopia and herding behaviour, findings revealed that the conversion and renting decisions of some property owners and retail tenants in GAMA, respectively, are based on the perceived economic gain realized by other owners and tenants and not informed by locational dynamics and other rudiments of property market analysis. The consequences of these decisions manifest in their negative impact on the exchange and use values of converted retail units. Property owners are compelled to accept lower rents, shorter leases, and external cost of repairs as opportunity costs for the vacant retail units. Retailers, dissatisfied with low level of sales, fold up or continue to relocate from one retail unit to another. The implication of this study, among others, is that the huge capital investment in housing conversion may not be realized unless conversion decisions are based on a critical analysis of the property market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of digital currencies represented by immaterial carriers of monetary relations poses a key question for researchers about the sources of their value and purchasing power. The answer to this question can give an understanding of how digital currencies will be able to perform basic monetary functions, which methods and tools for regulating their turnover may be the most effective. The purpose of the study is to identify potential sources of value and purchasing power of digital currencies using retrospective analysis as a method of predictive research in economics. The purchasing power of commodity and metal money was determined by such objective factors as: the consumer properties of the goods and metals themselves; the costs of extracting the gifts of nature and metals, the manufacture of ingots and coinage of precious metals; the ratio between the demand for money and their supply. Subjective factors that determined the purchasing power of commodity and metal money are always associated with individual assessments and judgments of people: the purchasing power of commodity money in each case of their use depended on the hierarchy of consumer needs and preferences of individuals; the purchasing power of metal money depended on the monetary policy of the authorities, which determined the rules for the manufacture and circulation of ingots and coins made of precious metals, sources of replenishment of the state treasury with gold and silver, the scale of their extraction, export from the country and import into the country. The purchasing power of representatives and substitutes of money is determined by such objective factors as: the ratio between the demand for money and its supply; the speed of money turnover; the level of prices; the amount of interest rates. On the side of subjective factors influencing the purchasing power of representatives and substitutes of money, the monetary policy of the authorities remains, supported by the trust of individuals in the monetary authorities and the money they issue. The purchasing power of digital currencies is determined by such objective factors as: the ratio between the demand for money and its supply; the cost of electricity for the emission of money. On the side of subjective factors influencing the purchasing power of digital currencies are the regulatory activities of monetary authorities and the preferences of individuals. The directions of further research will be related to the continuation of the collection, processing, and analysis of statistical data on the use of digital currencies in various jurisdictions, as well as the systematization of various theoretical provisions justifying the possibilities and conditions for expanding the practice of their use.

The implementation of an effective depreciation policy, taking into account the real depreciation of the production and economic system with the use of modern information technologies and allowing the formation of the depreciation fund of the enterprise necessary for simple and extended reproduction, is an urgent task for the economy. The purpose of the research is to improve the depreciation policy of enterprises based on the organization of a system for accounting and evaluating the depreciation of the production and economic system using intelligent systems for diagnosing and servicing technological machines and equipment in real time. The production and economic system of the enterprise was chosen as the object of the study. The subject of the study is the process of forming the enterprise’s depreciation fund based on the accounting of technical wear and its assessment using intelligent systems for diagnosing the technical condition and maintenance of fixed assets. This study uses concepts developed by Professor A.N. Shichkov. The following scientific and practical results of the study were obtained: 1. Modern publications in the field of diagnostics and maintenance of technological machines and equipment are systematized, the author’s position on the possibility of using these systems in the formation of the depreciation policy of the enterprise is given. 2. The application of the coefficient of technical wear is justified, which allows calculating depreciation taking into account the real wear of the production and economic system. 3. The depreciation policy of the enterprise has been improved based on the system for accounting for the technical depreciation of the production and economic system using intelligent systems for diagnosing and servicing technological machines and equipment in real time. Scientific novelty lies in the proposed approach to the implementation of the operational measurement of the value of technical wear based on the characteristics that determine the level of loads of production and economic systems. The approach makes it possible to form an enterprise’s depreciation fund sufficient for reproduction. Further research will be devoted to improving the system of accounting and assessment of depreciation in the formation of the depreciation fund based on diagnostics and maintenance of equipment using artificial intelligence, as well as exploring the possibility of using various forms of intellectual property rights protection. It is also expected to test the results of the study on the example of vehicles.

The authors examine the influence that psychoanalysts' economic situation has on the current state of psychoanalysis, particularly focusing on the situation in Germany and employing a perspective afforded by Marxian commodity analysis. Their analysis brings them to conclude that, in psychoanalysis, the suspension of truth value, the tolerance shown towards contradictory concepts, the lack of conceptual criticism, and the exclusion of sociocritical issues seem to be effects of psychoanalysts' interest in realizing the exchange value of their psychoanalytic treatment and their accompanying lesser interest towards its use value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper unpacks Marx's theories on labour alienation and proposes an extension of these theories in the form of bodily alienation. This is done through a feminist lens in categorizing acts of beauty as "beauty labour" which constitute a form of alienation under the oppressive conditions of the patriarchy. The proposed framework of "beauty labour" aims to allow for a contemporary and intersectional approach to reading Marxist theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work develops a theory of happiness from value mechanisms. We assume two opposite states of expectation and information that combine (superpose) to create a mixed state of value. Value's state probabilistically subsists (by the auto-creative expectational states in uncertainty, i.e., the possibility of many solutions) and collapses into a unique solution (by the auto-destructive informational state, i.e., the disclosure of the solution). Happiness emerges from these collapse moments when expectation reaches its "wanted" novel information as the ultimate reward. Evidence to substantiate this theory comes from value mechanisms in economics, biology, and physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen Las concepciones de hombre y trabajo están íntimamente interconectadas dentro del pensamiento de Miguel de Unamuno. La persona, sin reducirse a ninguna forma de instrumentalización política y económica, no es un mero medio, sino un fin en sí misma. Unamuno no escamotea su lucha en contra del capitalismo y de la transformación de lo económico y de lo político en mero valor de cambio. No nos extraña, pues, que nuestro autor, no conformándose con los efectos del materialismo mercantilista, proponga unas concepciones de política y de sociedad más humanas capaces de dignificar la vida de cada hombre concreto de carne y hueso. Es en este marco teórico-conceptual en el que Unamuno conceptualiza el trabajo como vocación y como forma de realización humana, desvinculándolo de la perspectiva mercantilista vigente en su época. El propósito del presente estudio es, pues, descubrir la íntima relación que une la concepción unamuniana de hombre con su concepción del trabajo como forma de formación y libertad humanas.

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper shows that a well designed transport system has an embedded exchange value by serving as a market for potential exchange between consumers. Under suitable conditions, one can improve the welfare of consumers in the system simply by allowing some exchange of goods between consumers during transportation without incurring additional transportation cost. We propose an explicit valuation formula to measure this exchange value for a given compatible transport system. This value is always nonnegative and bounded from above. Criteria based on transport structures, preferences and prices are provided to determine the existence of a positive exchange value. Finally, we study a new optimal transport problem with an objective taking into account of both transportation cost and exchange value.

Copyright of Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (FLSF) is the property of Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (FLSF) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay uses musical and artistic examples to raise questions about Marx's conception of the nature of use value. I uncover some respects in which concrete use values can be economically consequential in ways that go beyond simply constituting an abstract precondition (as the basis of demand) for the saleability of commodities. The categories of 'production-tracking' and 'really unsubsumable' use values are described and analyzed, also with the aid of considerations drawn from the realms of music and art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Germany, statutory land valuation has developed over the course of almost 60 years into a powerful tool of spatial planning and land policy. The key to statutory land valuation is the concept of Verkehrswert (market value). The Verkehrswert equals the likely selling price of a cadastral parcel of land in the usual course of business at the time of valuation, and considers the legal situation, the actual disposition of the parcel, any other relevant conditions, and the location of the land, but does not take into account unusual or personal circumstances. The article explains the elements of Verkehrswert (market value) which account for the plural values of land such as exchange value, use value, territorial value, and existence value. The German Verkehrswert is not merely an instrument of plan implementation (e.g., land readjustment or compensation for expropriation), but also an analytical tool that helps planners and land policymakers understand when their interventions in land markets are necessary and how they can be helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at: systematization of the existing provisions of research on financial service; allocation of the primary, the secondary, and the auxiliary financial services; analysis of the material basis of financial service and its consideration as the sum total of the high and the low material shares; exploration of the issue of cost of financial services. A definition of financial service as the possibility for implementation of a financial interest of market participant has been suggested. In the composition of financial service, the article allocates the primary service (operation on trade in financial assets), the secondary (service for the benefit of a third party and at his expense), and the auxiliary (service in the sphere of trade in financial assets). The material basis for financial service has been explored, a systematization of financial services by the level of their separation from the material basis has been suggested. Prospect for further research will be consideration of the institutional and infrastructural ensuring the development of financial services in the context of the national economy.

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The aims of this research are to identify and analyze the exchange rate pass through towards domestic price in Indonesia. The aforementioned objective is reflected through the short-term and long-term influence variable, inflation fluctuation response due to other macroeconomic shock variable, which then reveals the characteristics of pass-through degree in Indonesia. The data used on this research was the quarter time series data from 1997 Q3 until 2017Q4. The variable used in this research were Consumer Price Index, Rupiah exchange value per Dollar, Import Price Index and SBI Interest Rate. The resource of the data variable were from Bank Indonesia and International Monetary Fund (IMF). The method being employed was Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The result of the research shows that in the long-term and short-term period, all variable influences inflation by a different lag. Moreover, the impulse response function assessment reveals that shock variable of import price index receives a positive response by consumer price index. The result of variance decomposition assessment also concludes that the import price index has the biggest contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Trans/Form/Ação is the property of Trans/Form/Acao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)