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2. Thresholds for adding degraded tropical forest to the conservation estate

Author

Ewers, Robert M., Orme, C. David L., Pearse, William D., Zulkifli, Nursyamin, Yvon-Durocher, Genevieve, Yusah, Kalsum M., Yoh, Natalie, Yeo, Darren C. J., Wong, Anna, Williamson, Joseph, Wilkinson, Clare L., Wiederkehr, Fabienne, Webber, Bruce L., Wearn, Oliver R., Wai, Leona, Vollans, Maisie, Twining, Joshua P., Turner, Edgar C., Tobias, Joseph A., Thorley, Jack, Telford, Elizabeth M., Teh, Yit Arn, Tan, Heok Hui, Swinfield, Tom, Svátek, Martin, Struebig, Matthew, Stork, Nigel, Sleutel, Jani, Slade, Eleanor M., Sharp, Adam, Shabrani, Adi, Sethi, Sarab S., Seaman, Dave J. I., Sawang, Anati, Roxby, Gabrielle Briana, Rowcliffe, J. Marcus, Rossiter, Stephen J., Riutta, Terhi, Rahman, Homathevi, Qie, Lan, Psomas, Elizabeth, Prairie, Aaron, Poznansky, Frederica, Pillay, Rajeev, Picinali, Lorenzo, Pianzin, Annabel, Pfeifer, Marion, Parrett, Jonathan M., Noble, Ciar D., Nilus, Reuben, Mustaffa, Nazirah, Mullin, Katherine E., Mitchell, Simon, Mckinlay, Amelia R., Maunsell, Sarah, Matula, Radim, Massam, Michael, Martin, Stephanie, Malhi, Yadvinder, Majalap, Noreen, Maclean, Catherine S., Mackintosh, Emma, Luke, Sarah H., Lewis, Owen T., Layfield, Harry J., Lane-Shaw, Isolde, Kueh, Boon Hee, Kratina, Pavel, Konopik, Oliver, Kitching, Roger, Kinneen, Lois, Kemp, Victoria A., Jotan, Palasiah, Jones, Nick, Jebrail, Evyen W., Hroneš, Michal, Heon, Sui Peng, Hemprich-Bennett, David R., Haysom, Jessica K., Harianja, Martina F., Hardwick, Jane, Gregory, Nichar, Gray, Ryan, Gray, Ross E. J., Granville, Natasha, Gill, Richard, Fraser, Adam, Foster, William A., Folkard-Tapp, Hollie, Fletcher, Robert J., Fikri, Arman Hadi, Fayle, Tom M., Faruk, Aisyah, Eggleton, Paul, Edwards, David P., Drinkwater, Rosie, Dow, Rory A., Döbert, Timm F., Didham, Raphael K., Dickinson, Katharine J. M., Deere, Nicolas J., de Lorm, Tijmen, Dawood, Mahadimenakbar M., Davison, Charles W., Davies, Zoe G., Davies, Richard G., Dančák, Martin, Cusack, Jeremy, Clare, Elizabeth L., Chung, Arthur, Chey, Vun Khen, Chapman, Philip M., Cator, Lauren, Carpenter, Daniel, Carbone, Chris, Calloway, Kerry, Bush, Emma R., Burslem, David F. R. P., Brown, Keiron D., Brooks, Stephen J., Brasington, Ella, Brant, Hayley, Boyle, Michael J. W., Both, Sabine, Blackman, Joshua, Bishop, Tom R., Bicknell, Jake E., Bernard, Henry, Basrur, Saloni, Barclay, Maxwell V. L., Barclay, Holly, Atton, Georgina, Ancrenaz, Marc, Aldridge, David C., Daniel, Olivia Z., Reynolds, Glen, and Banks-Leite, Cristina

Published
2024
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3. Propagating Variational Model Uncertainty for Bioacoustic Call Label Smoothing

Author

Rizos, Georgios, Lawson, Jenna, Mitchell, Simon, Shah, Pranay, Wen, Xin, Banks-Leite, Cristina, Ewers, Robert, and Schuller, Bjoern W.

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Sound, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing
Abstract

We focus on using the predictive uncertainty signal calculated by Bayesian neural networks to guide learning in the self-same task the model is being trained on. Not opting for costly Monte Carlo sampling of weights, we propagate the approximate hidden variance in an end-to-end manner, throughout a variational Bayesian adaptation of a ResNet with attention and squeeze-and-excitation blocks, in order to identify data samples that should contribute less into the loss value calculation. We, thus, propose uncertainty-aware, data-specific label smoothing, where the smoothing probability is dependent on this epistemic uncertainty. We show that, through the explicit usage of the epistemic uncertainty in the loss calculation, the variational model is led to improved predictive and calibration performance. This core machine learning methodology is exemplified at wildlife call detection, from audio recordings made via passive acoustic monitoring equipment in the animals' natural habitats, with the future goal of automating large scale annotation in a trustworthy manner.

Published
2022

12. Riparian buffers can help mitigate biodiversity declines in oil palm agriculture

Author

Deere, Nicolas J, Bicknell, Jake E, Mitchell, Simon L, Afendy, Aqilah, Baking, Esther L, Bernard, Henry, Chung, Arthur YC, Ewers, Robert M, Heroin, Herry, Joseph, Nellcy, Lewis, Owen T, Luke, Sarah H, Milne, Sol, Fikri, Arman Hadi, Parrett, Jonathan M, Payne, Melissa, Rossiter, Stephen J, Vairappan, Charles S, Vian, Chaw Vi, Wilkinson, Clare L, Williamson, Joseph, Wong, Andrew BH, Slade, Eleanor M, Davies, Zoe G, and Struebig, Matthew J

Published
2022

13. The global abundance of tree palms

Author

Muscarella, Robert, Emilio, Thaise, Phillips, Oliver L, Lewis, Simon L, Slik, Ferry, Baker, William J, Couvreur, Thomas LP, Eiserhardt, Wolf L, Svenning, Jens‐Christian, Affum‐Baffoe, Kofi, Aiba, Shin‐Ichiro, Almeida, Everton C, Almeida, Samuel S, Oliveira, Edmar Almeida, Álvarez‐Dávila, Esteban, Alves, Luciana F, Alvez‐Valles, Carlos Mariano, Carvalho, Fabrício Alvim, Guarin, Fernando Alzate, Andrade, Ana, Aragão, Luis EOC, Murakami, Alejandro Araujo, Arroyo, Luzmila, Ashton, Peter S, Corredor, Gerardo A Aymard, Baker, Timothy R, Camargo, Plinio Barbosa, Barlow, Jos, Bastin, Jean‐François, Bengone, Natacha Nssi, Berenguer, Erika, Berry, Nicholas, Blanc, Lilian, Böhning‐Gaese, Katrin, Bonal, Damien, Bongers, Frans, Bradford, Matt, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q, Brewer, Steven W, Camargo, Jose LC, Campbell, David G, Castilho, Carolina V, Castro, Wendeson, Catchpole, Damien, Martínez, Carlos E Cerón, Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Cho, Percival, Chutipong, Wanlop, Clark, Connie, Collins, Murray, Comiskey, James A, Medina, Massiel Nataly Corrales, Costa, Flávia RC, Culmsee, Heike, David‐Higuita, Heriberto, Davidar, Priya, Aguila‐Pasquel, Jhon, Derroire, Géraldine, Di Fiore, Anthony, Van Do, Tran, Doucet, Jean‐Louis, Dourdain, Aurélie, Drake, Donald R, Ensslin, Andreas, Erwin, Terry, Ewango, Corneille EN, Ewers, Robert M, Fauset, Sophie, Feldpausch, Ted R, Ferreira, Joice, Ferreira, Leandro Valle, Fischer, Markus, Franklin, Janet, Fredriksson, Gabriella M, Gillespie, Thomas W, Gilpin, Martin, Gonmadje, Christelle, Gunatilleke, Arachchige Upali Nimal, Hakeem, Khalid Rehman, Hall, Jefferson S, Hamer, Keith C, Harris, David J, Harrison, Rhett D, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Herault, Bruno, Pizango, Carlos Gabriel Hidalgo, Coronado, Eurídice N Honorio, Hubau, Wannes, Hussain, Mohammad Shah, Ibrahim, Faridah‐Hanum, Imai, Nobuo, Joly, Carlos A, Joseph, Shijo, Anitha, K, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kassi, Justin, and Killeen, Timothy J

Subjects
Life on Land, above-ground biomass, abundance patterns, Arecaceae, local abiotic conditions, Neotropics, pantropical biogeography, tropical rainforest, wood density, Ecology
Abstract

Aim: Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location: Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period: Current. Major taxa studied: Palms (Arecaceae). Methods: We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co-occurring non-palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results: On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long-term climate stability. Life-form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non-tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above-ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions: Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.

Published
2020

15. Functional susceptibility of tropical forests to climate change

Author

Aguirre‐Gutiérrez, Jesús, Berenguer, Erika, Oliveras Menor, Imma, Bauman, David, Corral-Rivas, Jose Javier, Nava-Miranda, Maria Guadalupe, Both, Sabine, Ndong, Josué Edzang, Ondo, Fidèle Evouna, Bengone, Natacha N’ssi, Mihinhou, Vianet, Dalling, James W., Heineman, Katherine, Figueiredo, Axa, González-M, Roy, Norden, Natalia, Hurtado-M, Ana Belén, González, Diego, Salgado-Negret, Beatriz, Reis, Simone Matias, Moraes de Seixas, Marina Maria, Farfan-Rios, William, Shenkin, Alexander, Riutta, Terhi, Girardin, Cécile A. J., Moore, Sam, Abernethy, Kate, Asner, Gregory P., Bentley, Lisa Patrick, Burslem, David F.R.P., Cernusak, Lucas A., Enquist, Brian J., Ewers, Robert M., Ferreira, Joice, Jeffery, Kathryn J., Joly, Carlos A., Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Martin, Roberta E., Morandi, Paulo S., Phillips, Oliver L., Bennett, Amy C., Lewis, Simon L., Quesada, Carlos A., Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Kissling, W. Daniel, Silman, Miles, Teh, Yit Arn, White, Lee J. T., Salinas, Norma, Coomes, David A., Barlow, Jos, Adu-Bredu, Stephen, and Malhi, Yadvinder

Published
2022
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17. A regional model for estimating the aboveground carbon density of Borneo's tropical forests from airborne laser scanning

Author

Jucker, Tommaso, Asner, Gregory P., Dalponte, Michele, Brodrick, Philip, Philipson, Christopher D., Vaughn, Nick, Brelsford, Craig, Burslem, David F. R. P., Deere, Nicholas J., Ewers, Robert M., Kvasnica, Jakub, Lewis, Simon L., Malhi, Yadvinder, Milne, Sol, Nilus, Reuben, Pfeifer, Marion, Phillips, Oliver, Qie, Lan, Renneboog, Nathan, Reynolds, Glen, Riutta, Terhi, Struebig, Matthew J., Svátek, Martin, Teh, Yit Arn, Turner, Edgar C., and Coomes, David A.

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods
Abstract

Borneo contains some of the world's most biodiverse and carbon dense tropical forest, but this 750,000-km2 island has lost 62% of its old-growth forests within the last 40 years. Efforts to protect and restore the remaining forests of Borneo hinge on recognising the ecosystem services they provide, including their ability to store and sequester carbon. Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) is a remote sensing technology that allows forest structural properties to be captured in great detail across vast geographic areas. In recent years ALS has been integrated into state-wide assessment of forest carbon in Neotropical and African regions, but not yet in Asia. For this to happen new regional models need to be developed for estimating carbon stocks from ALS in tropical Asia, as the forests of this region are structurally and compositionally distinct from those found elsewhere in the tropics. By combining ALS imagery with data from 173 permanent forest plots spanning the lowland rain forests of Sabah, on the island of Borneo, we develop a simple-yet-general model for estimating forest carbon stocks using ALS-derived canopy height and canopy cover as input metrics. An advanced feature of this new model is the propagation of uncertainty in both ALS- and ground-based data, allowing uncertainty in hectare-scale estimates of carbon stocks to be quantified robustly. We show that the model effectively captures variation in aboveground carbons stocks across extreme disturbance gradients spanning tall dipterocarp forests and heavily logged regions, and clearly outperforms existing ALS-based models calibrated for the tropics, as well as currently available satellite-derived products. Our model provides a simple, generalised and effective approach for mapping forest carbon stocks in Borneo, providing a key tool to support the protection and restoration of its tropical forests.

Published
2017

22. Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

Author

ForestPlots.net, Blundo, Cecilia, Carilla, Julieta, Grau, Ricardo, Malizia, Agustina, Malizia, Lucio, Osinaga-Acosta, Oriana, Bird, Michael, Bradford, Matt, Catchpole, Damien, Ford, Andrew, Graham, Andrew, Hilbert, David, Kemp, Jeanette, Laurance, Susan, Laurance, William, Ishida, Francoise Yoko, Marshall, Andrew, Waite, Catherine, Woell, Hannsjoerg, Bastin, Jean-Francois, Bauters, Marijn, Beeckman, Hans, Boeckx, Pfascal, Bogaert, Jan, De Canniere, Charles, de Haulleville, Thales, Doucet, Jean-Louis, Hardy, Olivier, Hubau, Wannes, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Verbeeck, Hans, Vleminckx, Jason, Brewer, Steven W., Alarcón, Alfredo, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arets, Eric, Arroyo, Luzmila, Chavez, Ezequiel, Fredericksen, Todd, Villaroel, René Guillén, Sibauty, Gloria Gutierrez, Killeen, Timothy, Licona, Juan Carlos, Lleigue, John, Mendoza, Casimiro, Murakami, Samaria, Gutierrez, Alexander Parada, Pardo, Guido, Peña-Claros, Marielos, Poorter, Lourens, Toledo, Marisol, Cayo, Jeanneth Villalobos, Viscarra, Laura Jessica, Vos, Vincent, Ahumada, Jorge, Almeida, Everton, Almeida, Jarcilene, de Oliveira, Edmar Almeida, da Cruz, Wesley Alves, de Oliveira, Atila Alves, Carvalho, Fabrício Alvim, Obermuller, Flávio Amorim, Andrade, Ana, Carvalho, Fernanda Antunes, Vieira, Simone Aparecida, Aquino, Ana Carla, Aragão, Luiz, Araújo, Ana Claudia, Assis, Marco Antonio, Gomes, Jose Ataliba Mantelli Aboin, Baccaro, Fabrício, de Camargo, Plínio Barbosa, Barni, Paulo, Barroso, Jorcely, Bernacci, Luis Carlos, Bordin, Kauane, de Medeiros, Marcelo Brilhante, Broggio, Igor, Camargo, José Luís, Cardoso, Domingos, Carniello, Maria Antonia, Rochelle, Andre Luis Casarin, Castilho, Carolina, Castro, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias, Castro, Wendeson, Ribeiro, Sabina Cerruto, Costa, Flávia, de Oliveira, Rodrigo Costa, Coutinho, Italo, Cunha, John, da Costa, Lola, da Costa Ferreira, Lucia, da Costa Silva, Richarlly, da Graça Zacarias Simbine, Marta, de Andrade Kamimura, Vitor, de Lima, Haroldo Cavalcante, de Oliveira Melo, Lia, de Queiroz, Luciano, de Sousa Lima, José Romualdo, do Espírito Santo, Mário, Domingues, Tomas, dos Santos Prestes, Nayane Cristina, Carneiro, Steffan Eduardo Silva, Elias, Fernando, Eliseu, Gabriel, Emilio, Thaise, Farrapo, Camila Laís, Fernandes, Letícia, Ferreira, Gustavo, Ferreira, Joice, Ferreira, Leandro, Ferreira, Socorro, Simon, Marcelo Fragomeni, Freitas, Maria Aparecida, García, Queila S., Manzatto, Angelo Gilberto, Graça, Paulo, Guilherme, Frederico, Hase, Eduardo, Higuchi, Niro, Iguatemy, Mariana, Barbosa, Reinaldo Imbrozio, Jaramillo, Margarita, Joly, Carlos, Klipel, Joice, do Amaral, Iêda Leão, Levis, Carolina, Lima, Antonio S., Dan, Maurício Lima, Lopes, Aline, Madeiros, Herison, Magnusson, William E., dos Santos, Rubens Manoel, Marimon, Beatriz, Junior, Ben Hur Marimon, Grillo, Roberta Marotti Martelletti, Martinelli, Luiz, Reis, Simone Matias, Medeiros, Salomão, Meira-Junior, Milton, Metzker, Thiago, Morandi, Paulo, do Nascimento, Natanael Moreira, Moura, Magna, Müller, Sandra Cristina, Nagy, Laszlo, Nascimento, Henrique, Nascimento, Marcelo, Lima, Adriano Nogueira, de Araújo, Raimunda Oliveira, Silva, Jhonathan Oliveira, Pansonato, Marcelo, Sabino, Gabriel Pavan, de Abreu, Karla Maria Pedra, Rodrigues, Pablo José Francisco Pena, Piedade, Maria, Rodrigues, Domingos, Rodrigues Pinto, José Roberto, Quesada, Carlos, Ramos, Eliana, Ramos, Rafael, Rodrigues, Priscyla, de Sousa, Thaiane Rodrigues, Salomão, Rafael, Santana, Flávia, Scaranello, Marcos, Bergamin, Rodrigo Scarton, Schietti, Juliana, Schöngart, Jochen, Schwartz, Gustavo, Silva, Natalino, Silveira, Marcos, Seixas, Cristiana Simão, Simbine, Marta, Souza, Ana Claudia, Souza, Priscila, Souza, Rodolfo, Sposito, Tereza, Junior, Edson Stefani, do Vale, Julio Daniel, Vieira, Ima Célia Guimarães, Villela, Dora, Vital, Marcos, Xaud, Haron, Zanini, Katia, Zartman, Charles Eugene, Ideris, Nur Khalish Hafizhah, Metali, Faizah binti Hj, Salim, Kamariah Abu, Saparudin, Muhd Shahruney, Serudin, Rafizah Mat, Sukri, Rahayu Sukmaria, Begne, Serge, Chuyong, George, Djuikouo, Marie Noel, Gonmadje, Christelle, Simo-Droissart, Murielle, Sonké, Bonaventure, Taedoumg, Hermann, Zemagho, Lise, Thomas, Sean, Baya, Fidèle, Saiz, Gustavo, Espejo, Javier Silva, Chen, Dexiang, Hamilton, Alan, Li, Yide, Luo, Tushou, Niu, Shukui, Xu, Han, Zhou, Zhang, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Escobar, Juan Carlos Andrés, Arellano-Peña, Henry, Duarte, Jaime Cabezas, Calderón, Jhon, Bravo, Lina Maria Corrales, Cuadrado, Borish, Cuadros, Hermes, Duque, Alvaro, Duque, Luisa Fernanda, Espinosa, Sandra Milena, Franke-Ante, Rebeca, García, Hernando, Gómez, Alejandro, González-M., Roy, Idárraga-Piedrahíta, Álvaro, Jimenez, Eliana, Jurado, Rubén, Oviedo, Wilmar López, López-Camacho, René, Cruz, Omar Aurelio Melo, Polo, Irina Mendoza, Paky, Edwin, Pérez, Karen, Pijachi, Angel, Pizano, Camila, Prieto, Adriana, Ramos, Laura, Correa, Zorayda Restrepo, Richardson, James, Rodríguez, Elkin, Rodriguez M., Gina M., Rudas, Agustín, Stevenson, Pablo, Chudomelová, Markéta, Dancak, Martin, Hédl, Radim, Lhota, Stanislav, Svatek, Martin, Mukinzi, Jacques, Ewango, Corneille, Hart, Terese, Yakusu, Emmanuel Kasongo, Lisingo, Janvier, Makana, Jean-Remy, Mbayu, Faustin, Toirambe, Benjamin, Mukendi, John Tshibamba, Kvist, Lars, Nebel, Gustav, Báez, Selene, Céron, Carlos, Griffith, Daniel M., Andino, Juan Ernesto Guevara, Neill, David, Palacios, Walter, Peñuela-Mora, Maria Cristina, Rivas-Torres, Gonzalo, Villa, Gorky, Demissie, Sheleme, Gole, Tadesse, Gonfa, Techane, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Baisie, Michel, Bénédet, Fabrice, Betian, Wemo, Bezard, Vincent, Bonal, Damien, Chave, Jerôme, Droissart, Vincent, Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie, Hladik, Annette, Labrière, Nicolas, Naisso, Pétrus, Réjou-Méchain, Maxime, Sist, Plinio, Blanc, Lilian, Burban, Benoit, Derroire, Géraldine, Dourdain, Aurélie, Stahl, Clement, Bengone, Natacha Nssi, Chezeaux, Eric, Ondo, Fidèle Evouna, Medjibe, Vincent, Mihindou, Vianet, White, Lee, Culmsee, Heike, Rangel, Cristabel Durán, Horna, Viviana, Wittmann, Florian, Adu-Bredu, Stephen, Affum-Baffoe, Kofi, Foli, Ernest, Balinga, Michael, Roopsind, Anand, Singh, James, Thomas, Raquel, Zagt, Roderick, Murthy, Indu K., Kartawinata, Kuswata, Mirmanto, Edi, Priyadi, Hari, Samsoedin, Ismayadi, Sunderland, Terry, Yassir, Ishak, Rovero, Francesco, Vinceti, Barbara, Hérault, Bruno, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Daniels, Armandu, Tuagben, Darlington, Woods, John T., Fitriadi, Muhammad, Karolus, Alexander, Khoon, Kho Lip, Majalap, Noreen, Maycock, Colin, Nilus, Reuben, Tan, Sylvester, Sitoe, Almeida, Coronado G., Indiana, Ojo, Lucas, de Assis, Rafael, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Sheil, Douglas, Pezo, Karen Arévalo, Verde, Hans Buttgenbach, Moscoso, Victor Chama, Oroche, Jimmy Cesar Cordova, Valverde, Fernando Cornejo, Medina, Massiel Corrales, Cardozo, Nallaret Davila, de Rutte Corzo, Jano, del Aguila Pasquel, Jhon, Llampazo, Gerardo Flores, Freitas, Luis, Cabrera, Darcy Galiano, Villacorta, Roosevelt García, Cabrera, Karina Garcia, Soria, Diego García, Saboya, Leticia Gatica, Rios, Julio Miguel Grandez, Pizango, Gabriel Hidalgo, Coronado, Eurídice Honorio, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Isau, Huasco, Walter Huaraca, Aedo, Yuri Tomas Huillca, Peña, Jose Luis Marcelo, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, Rodriguez, Vanesa Moreano, Vargas, Percy Núñez, Ramos, Sonia Cesarina Palacios, Camacho, Nadir Pallqui, Cruz, Antonio Peña, Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez, Huaymacari, José Reyna, Rodriguez, Carlos Reynel, Paredes, Marcos Antonio Ríos, Bayona, Lily Rodriguez, del Pilar Rojas Gonzales, Rocio, Peña, Maria Elena Rojas, Revilla, Norma Salinas, Shareva, Yahn Carlos Soto, Trujillo, Raul Tupayachi, Gamarra, Luis Valenzuela, Martinez, Rodolfo Vasquez, Arenas, Jim Vega, Amani, Christian, Ifo, Suspense Averti, Bocko, Yannick, Boundja, Patrick, Ekoungoulou, Romeo, Hockemba, Mireille, Nzala, Donatien, Fofanah, Alusine, Taylor, David, Bañares-de Dios, Guillermo, Cayuela, Luis, la Cerda, Íñigo Granzow-de, Macía, Manuel, Stropp, Juliana, Playfair, Maureen, Wortel, Verginia, Gardner, Toby, Muscarella, Robert, Rutishauser, Ervan, Chao, Kuo-Jung, Munishi, Pantaleo, Bánki, Olaf, Bongers, Frans, Boot, Rene, Fredriksson, Gabriella, Reitsma, Jan, ter Steege, Hans, van Andel, Tinde, van de Meer, Peter, van der Hout, Peter, van Nieuwstadt, Mark, van Ulft, Bert, Veenendaal, Elmar, Vernimmen, Ronald, Zuidema, Pieter, Zwerts, Joeri, Akite, Perpetra, Bitariho, Robert, Chapman, Colin, Gerald, Eilu, Leal, Miguel, Mucunguzi, Patrick, Abernethy, Katharine, Alexiades, Miguel, Baker, Timothy R., Banda, Karina, Banin, Lindsay, Barlow, Jos, Bennett, Amy, Berenguer, Erika, Berry, Nicholas, Bird, Neil M., Blackburn, George A., Brearley, Francis, Brienen, Roel, Burslem, David, Carvalho, Lidiany, Cho, Percival, Coelho, Fernanda, Collins, Murray, Coomes, David, Cuni-Sanchez, Aida, Dargie, Greta, Dexter, Kyle, Disney, Mat, Draper, Freddie, Duan, Muying, Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane, Ewers, Robert, Fadrique, Belen, Fauset, Sophie, Feldpausch, Ted R., França, Filipe, Galbraith, David, Gilpin, Martin, Gloor, Emanuel, Grace, John, Hamer, Keith, Harris, David, Jeffery, Kath, Jucker, Tommaso, Kalamandeen, Michelle, Klitgaard, Bente, Levesley, Aurora, Lewis, Simon L., Lindsell, Jeremy, Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Lovett, Jon, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marthews, Toby, McIntosh, Emma, Melgaço, Karina, Milliken, William, Mitchard, Edward, Moonlight, Peter, Moore, Sam, Morel, Alexandra, Peacock, Julie, Peh, Kelvin S.-H., Pendry, Colin, Pennington, R. Toby, de Oliveira Pereira, Luciana, Peres, Carlos, Phillips, Oliver L., Pickavance, Georgia, Pugh, Thomas, Qie, Lan, Riutta, Terhi, Roucoux, Katherine, Ryan, Casey, Sarkinen, Tiina, Valeria, Camila Silva, Spracklen, Dominick, Stas, Suzanne, Sullivan, Martin, Swaine, Michael, Talbot, Joey, Taplin, James, van der Heijden, Geertje, Vedovato, Laura, Willcock, Simon, Williams, Mathew, Alves, Luciana, Loayza, Patricia Alvarez, Arellano, Gabriel, Asa, Cheryl, Ashton, Peter, Asner, Gregory, Brncic, Terry, Brown, Foster, Burnham, Robyn, Clark, Connie, Comiskey, James, Damasco, Gabriel, Davies, Stuart, Di Fiore, Tony, Erwin, Terry, Farfan-Rios, William, Hall, Jefferson, Kenfack, David, Lovejoy, Thomas, Martin, Roberta, Montiel, Olga Martha, Pipoly, John, Pitman, Nigel, Poulsen, John, Primack, Richard, Silman, Miles, Steininger, Marc, Swamy, Varun, Terborgh, John, Thomas, Duncan, Umunay, Peter, Uriarte, Maria, Torre, Emilio Vilanova, Wang, Ophelia, Young, Kenneth, Aymard C., Gerardo A., Hernández, Lionel, Fernández, Rafael Herrera, Ramírez-Angulo, Hirma, Salcedo, Pedro, Sanoja, Elio, Serrano, Julio, Torres-Lezama, Armando, Le, Tinh Cong, Le, Trai Trong, and Tran, Hieu Dang

Published
2021
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23. Pantropical modelling of canopy functional traits using Sentinel-2 remote sensing data

Author

Aguirre-Gutiérrez, Jesús, Rifai, Sami, Shenkin, Alexander, Oliveras, Imma, Bentley, Lisa Patrick, Svátek, Martin, Girardin, Cécile A.J., Both, Sabine, Riutta, Terhi, Berenguer, Erika, Kissling, W. Daniel, Bauman, David, Raab, Nicolas, Moore, Sam, Farfan-Rios, William, Figueiredo, Axa Emanuelle Simões, Reis, Simone Matias, Ndong, Josué Edzang, Ondo, Fidèle Evouna, N'ssi Bengone, Natacha, Mihindou, Vianet, Moraes de Seixas, Marina Maria, Adu-Bredu, Stephen, Abernethy, Katharine, Asner, Gregory P., Barlow, Jos, Burslem, David F.R.P., Coomes, David A., Cernusak, Lucas A., Dargie, Greta C., Enquist, Brian J., Ewers, Robert M., Ferreira, Joice, Jeffery, Kathryn J., Joly, Carlos A., Lewis, Simon L., Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Martin, Roberta E., Morandi, Paulo S., Phillips, Oliver L., Quesada, Carlos A., Salinas, Norma, Schwantes Marimon, Beatriz, Silman, Miles, Teh, Yit Arn, White, Lee J.T., and Malhi, Yadvinder

Published
2021
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24. From tree to plot: investigating stem CO2 efflux and its drivers along a logging gradient in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.

Author

Mills, Maria B., Both, Sabine, Jotan, Palasiah, Huaraca Huasco, Walter, Cruz, Rudi, Pillco, Milenka M., Burslem, David F. R. P., Maycock, Colin, Malhi, Yadvinder, Ewers, Robert M., Berrio, Juan Carlos, Kaduk, Jörg, Page, Susan, Robert, Rolando, Teh, Yit A., and Riutta, Terhi

Subjects
TREE size, TROPICAL forests, INVESTMENT policy, RESOURCE allocation, CELL anatomy
Abstract

Summary: Stem respiration constitutes a substantial proportion of autotrophic respiration in forested ecosystems, but its drivers across different spatial scales and land‐use gradients remain poorly understood. This study quantifies and examines the impact of logging disturbance on stem CO2 efflux (EA) in Malaysian Borneo.EA was quantified at tree‐ and stand‐level in nine 1‐ha plots over a logging gradient from heavily logged to old‐growth using the static chamber method.Tree‐level results showed higher EA per unit stem area in logged vs old‐growth plots (37.0 ± 1.1 vs 26.92 ± 1.14 g C m−2 month−1). However, at stand‐level, there was no difference in EA between logged and old‐growth plots (6.7 ± 1.1 vs 6.0 ± 0.7 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) due to greater stem surface area in old‐growth plots. Allocation to growth respiration and carbon use efficiency was significantly higher in logged plots. Variation in EA at both tree‐ and stand‐level was driven by tree size, growth and differences in investment strategies between the forest types.These results reflect different resource allocation strategies and priorities, with a priority for growth in response to increased light availability in logged plots, while old‐growth plots prioritise maintenance and cell structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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25. Spatial ecosystem monitoring with a Multichannel Acoustic Autonomous Recording Unit (MAARU).

Author

Heath, Becky E., Suzuki, Reiji, Le Penru, Neel Patrick, Skinner, James, Orme, C. David L., Ewers, Robert M., Sethi, Sarab Singh, and Picinali, Lorenzo

Subjects
BIRDSONGS, ENVIRONMENTAL monitoring, ELECTRICITY pricing, ANIMAL behavior, ACOUSTICS
Abstract

Multi‐microphone recording adds spatial information to recorded audio with emerging applications in ecosystem monitoring. Specifically placing sounds in space can improve animal count accuracy, locate illegal activity like logging and poaching, track animals to monitor behaviour and habitat use and allow for 'beamforming' to amplify sounds from target directions for downstream classification. Studies have shown many advantages of spatial acoustics, but uptake remains limited as the equipment is often expensive, complicated, inaccessible or only suitable for short‐term deployments.With an emphasis on enhanced uptake and usability, we present a low‐cost, open‐source, six‐channel recorder built entirely from commercially available components which can be integrated into a solar‐powered, online system. The MAARU (Multichannel Acoustic Autonomous Recording Unit) works as an independent node in long‐term autonomous, passive and/or short‐term deployments. Here, we introduce MAARU's hardware and software and present the results of lab and field tests investigating the device's durability and usability.MAARU records multichannel audio with similar costs and power demands to equivalent omnidirectional recorders. MAARU devices have been deployed in the United Kingdom and Brazil, where we have shown MAARUs can accurately localise pure tones up to 6 kHz and bird calls as far as 8 m away (±10° range, 100% and >60% of signals, respectively). Louder calls may have even further detection radii. We also show how beamforming can be used with MAARUs to improve species ID confidence scores.MAARU is an accessible, low‐cost option for those looking to explore spatial acoustics accurately and easily with a single device, and without the formidable expenses and processing complications associated with establishing arrays. Ultimately, the added directional element of the multichannel recording provided by MAARU allows for enhanced recording of sonic environments, further enabling a potential step change in the uptake of spatial acoustics in the wider field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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29. Extinction filters mediate the global effects of habitat fragmentation on animals

Author

Betts, Matthew G., Wolf, Christopher, Pfeifer, Marion, Banks-Leite, Cristina, Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor, Ribeiro, Danilo Bandini, Barlow, Jos, Eigenbrod, Felix, Faria, Deborah, Fletcher, Robert J., Hadley, Adam S., Hawes, Joseph E., Holt, Robert D., Klingbeil, Brian, Kormann, Urs, Lens, Luc, Levi, Taal, Medina-Rangel, Guido F., Melles, Stephanie L., Mezger, Dirk, Morante-Filho, José Carlos, Orme, C. David L., Peres, Carlos A., Phalan, Benjamin T., Pidgeon, Anna, Possingham, Hugh, Ripple, William J., Slade, Eleanor M., Somarriba, Eduardo, A. Tobias, Joseph, Tylianakis, Jason M., Urbina-Cardona, J. Nicolás, Valente, Jonathon J., I. Watling, James, Wells, Konstans, Wearn, Oliver R., Wood, Eric, Young, Richard, and Ewers, Robert M.

Published
2019

32. From tree to plot: investigating stem CO2 efflux and its drivers along a logging gradient in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Author

Mills, Maria B., Both, Sabine, Jotan, Palasiah, Huaraca Huasco, Walter, Cruz, Rudi, Pillco, Milenka M., Burslem, David F.R.P., Maycock, Colin, Malhi, Yadvinder, Ewers, Robert M., Berrio, Juan Carlos, Kaduk, Jörg, Page, Susan, Robert, Rolando, Teh, Yit A., Riutta, Terhi, Mills, Maria B., Both, Sabine, Jotan, Palasiah, Huaraca Huasco, Walter, Cruz, Rudi, Pillco, Milenka M., Burslem, David F.R.P., Maycock, Colin, Malhi, Yadvinder, Ewers, Robert M., Berrio, Juan Carlos, Kaduk, Jörg, Page, Susan, Robert, Rolando, Teh, Yit A., and Riutta, Terhi

Abstract

•Stem respiration constitutes a substantial proportion of autotrophic respiration in forested ecosystems, but its drivers across different spatial scales and land-use gradients remain poorly understood. This study quantifies and examines the impact of logging disturbance on stem CO2 efflux (EA) in Malaysian Borneo. •EA was quantified at tree- and stand-level in nine 1-ha plots over a logging gradient from heavily logged to old-growth using the static chamber method. •Tree-level results showed higher EA per unit stem area in logged vs old-growth plots (37.0 ± 1.1 vs 26.92 ± 1.14 g C m−2 month−1). However, at stand-level, there was no difference in EA between logged and old-growth plots (6.7 ± 1.1 vs 6.0 ± 0.7 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) due to greater stem surface area in old-growth plots. Allocation to growth respiration and carbon use efficiency was significantly higher in logged plots. Variation in EA at both tree- and stand-level was driven by tree size, growth and differences in investment strategies between the forest types. •These results reflect different resource allocation strategies and priorities, with a priority for growth in response to increased light availability in logged plots, while old-growth plots prioritise maintenance and cell structure.

Published
2024

33. Global impacts of energy demand on the freshwater resources of nations

Author

Holland, Robert Alan, Scott, Kate A, Flörke, Martina, Brown, Gareth, Ewers, Robert M, Farmer, Elizabeth, Kapos, Valerie, Muggeridge, Ann, Scharlemann, Jörn PW, Taylor, Gail, Barrett, John, and Eigenbrod, Felix

Subjects
Clean Water and Sanitation, Affordable and Clean Energy, Conservation of Energy Resources, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environment, Fresh Water, Geography, Greenhouse Effect, Industry, Petroleum, Public Policy, Rivers, Water Supply, energy, freshwater, nexus, MRIO, sustainability
Abstract

The growing geographic disconnect between consumption of goods, the extraction and processing of resources, and the environmental impacts associated with production activities makes it crucial to factor global trade into sustainability assessments. Using an empirically validated environmentally extended global trade model, we examine the relationship between two key resources underpinning economies and human well--being-energy and freshwater. A comparison of three energy sectors (petroleum, gas, and electricity) reveals that freshwater consumption associated with gas and electricity production is largely confined within the territorial boundaries where demand originates. This finding contrasts with petroleum, which exhibits a varying ratio of territorial to international freshwater consumption, depending on the origin of demand. For example, although the United States and China have similar demand associated with the petroleum sector, international freshwater consumption is three times higher for the former than the latter. Based on mapping patterns of freshwater consumption associated with energy sectors at subnational scales, our analysis also reveals concordance between pressure on freshwater resources associated with energy production and freshwater scarcity in a number of river basins globally. These energy-driven pressures on freshwater resources in areas distant from the origin of energy demand complicate the design of policy to ensure security of fresh water and energy supply. Although much of the debate around energy is focused on greenhouse gas emissions, our findings highlight the need to consider the full range of consequences of energy production when designing policy.

Published
2015

37. Resilience of tropical invertebrate community assembly processes to a gradient of land use intensity

Author

Granville, Natasha R., primary, Barclay, Maxwell V. L., additional, Boyle, Michael J. W., additional, Chung, Arthur Y. C., additional, Fayle, Tom M., additional, Hah, Huai En, additional, Hardwick, Jane L., additional, Kinneen, Lois, additional, Kitching, Roger L., additional, Maunsell, Sarah C., additional, Miller, Jeremy A., additional, Sharp, Adam C., additional, Stork, Nigel E., additional, Wai, Leona, additional, Yusah, Kalsum M., additional, and Ewers, Robert M., additional

Published
2023
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40. Is habitat fragmentation good for biodiversity?

Author

Fletcher, Robert J., Jr, Didham, Raphael K., Banks-Leite, Cristina, Barlow, Jos, Ewers, Robert M., Rosindell, James, Holt, Robert D., Gonzalez, Andrew, Pardini, Renata, Damschen, Ellen I., Melo, Felipe P.L., Ries, Leslie, Prevedello, Jayme A., Tscharntke, Teja, Laurance, William F., Lovejoy, Thomas, and Haddad, Nick M.

Published
2018
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47. Comparison of carbon management and emissions of universities that did and did not adopt voluntary carbon offsets.

Author

Lewis-Brown, Emily, Jennings, Neil, Mills, Morena, and Ewers, Robert

Subjects
CARBON offsetting, GREENHOUSE gas mitigation, CARBON emissions, CARBON cycle, MORAL hazard
Abstract

The urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, remove carbon from the atmosphere and stabilize natural carbon sinks has led to the development of many carbon management measures, increasingly including voluntary carbon offsets (VCOs). We studied carbon management in universities, institutions with large carbon footprints and considerable influence in climate science and policy fora. However, concerns that VCOs may deter adopters (including universities) from adopting other carbon reduction measures and limit emissions reductions, for example, through moral hazard, have been raised but understudied. We compared the carbon management characteristics (priorities, policies, practices and emissions) of universities that did and did not adopt VCOs. We found adopters measured carbon emissions for longer, and had set targets to reach net zero earlier than had non-adopters. Adopters of VCOs also undertook more carbon management practices in both 2010 and 2020 than non-adopters. We also found that both adopters and non-adopters significantly increased their carbon management practices over the decade studied, but with no difference between groups. Gross CO2 emissions were reduced significantly over time by adopters of VCOs but not by non-adopters, whereas carbon intensity and percentage annual emissions reductions did not relate to adoption status. Consequently, our study showed no indication of mitigation deterrence due to adoption of VCOs at the universities studied. Rather, greater emissions reductions correlated with earlier net zero target dates, and a higher number of policies and carbon management practices. However, our study was constrained to universities that were affiliated with a national environmental network, so research beyond these organizations, and with individuals, would be useful. The survey was voluntary, exposing the study to potential self-selection bias so the findings may not be generalized beyond the study group. Finally, we found the carbon accounting method currently required of universities for scope 1 and 2 emissions may underestimate emissions reductions, particularly for adopters of VCOs. Augmenting the current location-based accounting method with market-based carbon accounts may overcome this. Adopters of voluntary carbon offsets (VCOs) undertook more carbon management practices than non-adopters. Evidence for mitigation deterrence was therefore not found (e.g. via moral hazard). Both adopters and non-adopters of carbon offsets used mitigation hierarchies found in carbon management literature (measure, reduce then offset). However, clarity on reducing emissions to as low as reasonably practicable is lacking in the literature. Reductions in scope 1 and 2 emissions may be underestimated, especially for adopters of VCOs who adopted more practices not included in current carbon reporting (e.g. purchasing renewable energy). This may be overcome by reporting market-based emissions alongside location-based emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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48. Habitat suitability as an indicator of urbanisation potential in four UK mammals.

Author

Fung, Uva Yu Yan, Carbone, Chris, Scott‐Gatty, Kate, Freeman, Robin, Ewers, Robert M., and Turner, Jessica

Subjects
WILDLIFE conservation, OLD World badger, URBAN animals, HABITATS, RED fox, SQUIRRELS, FOXES, PUBLIC spaces
Abstract

Urban environments provide opportunities for some species but are inhospitable for others. However, those which thrive can be found at higher densities in human‐dominated landscapes than in more rural habitats. This highlights the importance of understanding species responses to human environments. It is not only important for the conservation of urban wildlife but also may provide fundamental insights into human‐wildlife coexistence globally.Here, we use citizen science data to predict the habitat suitability of Greater London for the West European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), the European badger (Meles meles) and the Eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis).Results indicate that the four target species prefer different urban habitats, indicating different levels of urbanisation potential. Foxes and grey squirrels are able to thrive in inner urban areas, with the highest values of habitat suitability for these species found in central London, whereas for hedgehogs and badgers, the highest habitat suitability occurs in suburban and more rural habitats in outer London, respectively.These results highlight a gradient in urban tolerance, from squirrels and foxes to hedgehogs and badgers. This work also shows the importance of urban green spaces as habitats for wildlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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