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Artykuł porusza tematykę skuteczności włączenia dziecka z zaburzeniami rozwoju do środowiska przedszkolnego w grupie integracyjnej. W ramach badań przeprowadzono zajęcia, w których uczestniczyło 16 dzieci, w tym 4 mających orzeczenie lub podejrzanych o zaburzenia rozwojowe. Inspiracją do przyjętej organizacji zajęć były wskazówki Edyty Gruszczyk-Kolczyńskiej i Ewy Zielińskiej, które opisywały w swojej książce, w jaki sposób organizować zabawy małych dzieci, aby bawiły się „mądrze i długo” (2019c, s. 209). Głównym celem badań było ustalenie, czy zastosowanie ciekawych elementów wybranych metod zainteresuje wszystkie dzieci i zachęci do wspólnej zabawy także te, które dotychczas niezbyt chętnie uczestniczyły w zabawach grupowych lub miały kłopoty z kontaktami z rówieśnikami. Na podstawie prowadzonych obserwacji można potwierdzić hipotezę, że sukces procesu włączania do grupy dziecka w przedszkolu integracyjnym w dużym stopniu zależy od przemyślanego działania nauczyciela, celowego doboru zajęć oraz dostosowania ich do potrzeb konkretnego dziecka. Przedstawione obserwacje stanowią wstęp do dalszych poszukiwań dotyczących zastosowania elementów różnych metod pedagogicznych w środowisku przedszkolnym w odniesieniu do najmłodszych dzieci.

The aim of this paper is to present novel highly sensitive and stretchable strain sensors using data analysis to report on human live parameters using the Arduino embedded system as a proof of concept in developing new and innovative solutions for health care. The article introduces the solution of textile sensor origination with electrical resistance measurement using the mobile Arduino microcontroller in the designed/elaborated textile printed sensor. The textile sensor was developed by the screen printing technique based on the water dispersion of carbon nanotubes during printing composition. By stretching and squeezing the T-shirt during breathing, the electrical resistances of the printed sensor were changed. The measured resistance corresponded to the number of breaths of the person wearing the T-shirt. The microcontroller calculated the number of breaths as a number of electrical resistance peaks, which then led to monitoring human live parameters.

Premature birth is considered to be a substantial problem in perinatal medicine, which in the vast majority of cases (>60%), concerns African and South Asian countries. Nevertheless, prematurity is a global problem and is faced by both less-developed (where 12% of babies are prematurely born) and well-developed countries (with 9% prematurity rate) [1, 2]. The percentage of children born prematurely, i.e., before the 37th week of pregnancy, was 8.7% in Europe, while, in Poland, it was 7.34% [3]. Care of prematurely born babies is a huge challenge for parents and medical staff in the neonatal intensive care unit. Preterm infants, because of their low weight and gestational age, are prone to health problems and even death. For this reason, continuous monitoring of health parameters plays an important role. It is achieved by the use of various sensors that are inserted in infants’ garments. Sensor systems monitor an infant’s health condition, and then the data are transmitted to doctors or parents. This article is for illustrative purposes, aimed at presenting solutions such as the use of sensors for monitoring infants’ physiological parameters.

The article presents research on ergonomics, biophysical comfort and safety of protective clothing. The resistance of the structural, thermal and mechanical properties of five fabrics (CBXS400, GG200T, Twaron CT736, Dyneema HB26 and T1790C), differing in geometry and raw material composition used in space suits, to dangerous ionizing radiation (β and γ) occurring in space was tested. For both types of radiation, four identical one-time doses in the range of 25–100 kGy were used. The effect of the applied absorbed doses of β and γ radiation on the parameters of textiles influencing ergonomics and safety of the cosmonaut’s work was verified by structural tests (micro-computed tomography and optical microcopy), thermal resistance tests (sweating guarded-hotplate) and strength tests (tensile testing machine). Experimental studies of thermal properties are supplemented with heat transport simulations using the finite volume method performed with 3D models of real textiles. The greatest reduction of thermal resistance for Twaron CT736 (−0.0667 m2·°C·W−1 for 100 kGy of β-radiation) and Dyneema HB26 (−0.0347 m2·°C·W−1 for 50 kGy of β-radiation) is observed. Strength tests have shown that all tested textiles are resistant to both types of radiation. Three textiles were selected to create a three-layer assembly with potential application in a cosmonaut’s glove (Extravehicular Activity—EVA).

Preterm infants, due to immature and dysfunctional skin, have increased water loss through the skin and consequently a decreased body temperature. In order to develop protective garments for preterm infants, it is important to select materials that will protect the child against water and heat loss. The authors are currently involved in the development of protective garments for premature babies, which are similar to baby clothes and contain a membrane that is partially permeable for vapor in combination with textile materials. This article presents the study of materials intended for the production of protective garments for pre-term infants. Samples of materials were investigated to determine biophysical comfort (tests of heat resistance, vapor resistance according to PN-EN ISO 11092:2014-11 and air permeability according to PN-EN ISO 9237) and porosity, surface mass in accordance with PN-EN 12127, and thickness in accordance with PN-EN ISO 5084. In order to determine the porosity of materials and to visualize the structure, tests on computer microtomography were carried out. The mechanical properties of the tested materials and the evaluation of the total hand value were characterized; the samples were tested on the KES device. The aim of this study was to select the most suitable fabrics for protective garments for premature infants to prevent excessive heat and moisture loss from the body, which can lead to hypothermia. For laminates, the optimal results of vapor resistance and heat resistance were obtained for laminate (15 g·m−2 PE foil + 15 g·m−2 PP non-woven), with a level of thermal resistance of 0.0766 m2·K·W−1 and vapor resistance of 188.729 m2·Pa·W−1, and for laminate (15 g·m−2 PE foil + 10 g·m−2 PP non-woven), with a level of thermal resistance of 0.0683 m2·K·W−1 and vapor resistance of 164.085 m2·Pa·W−1. For knitted fabrics, knitwear single cotton 155 g·m−2 showed the highest thermal resistance (0.0296 m2·K·W−1), and knitwear interlock polyester 120 g·m−2 showed the lowest thermal resistance (0.0179 m2·K·W−1). Knitwear cotton 120 g·m−2 had the highest water vapor resistance (8.402 m2·Pa·W−1), while knitwear interlock polyester 130 g·m−2 sample had the lowest resistance (6.356 m2·Pa·W−1). Garments for premature babies should have moisture barrier properties and high thermal insulation. They should also be characterized by optimal air permeability properties. Sample two-layer laminate (15 g·m−2 PE foil + 15 g·m−2 PP non-woven) had the best vapor resistance and thermal insulation properties. Moreover, this sample was characterized by good air permeability and surface weight compared to the other laminate samples. During the design of garments for premature babies, it is important to reduce the surface weight to as low as possible. Among the knitted fabrics, a knitwear single cotton 120 g·m−2 knitwear polyester interlock 120 g·m−2 was selected for having the best THV or tactile comfort. In addition, these knits were chosen for their lower surface weight. Based on the conducted tests, two-layer laminate (15 g·m−2 PE foil + 15 g·m−2 PP non-woven), the knitwear single cotton 120 g·m−2, and knitwear polyester interlock 120 g·m−2 were selected for further research.

The author presents changes in ways of helping a child with learning difficulties. Contemporary early school education focuses on leaving a child a lot of independence during pedagogical activities aimed at helping in the implementation of tasks that are difficult for a child. Particularly important here is the need to leave a child time to understand the whole task to be performed. Helping a child to perform particular activities must not interfere with his understanding and independent thinking as well as the activities planned by him. It is important for the child to seek his own way to achieve the result even at the cost of making mistakes and repeating work.

The thermal properties of clothing products are influenced by external environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, air flow and parameters related to the user’s body, which mainly include temperature and humidity. Depending on the type of raw material, its thickness and the material manufacturing technique, clothing products are characterised by certain insulating properties to protect the human body from external factors. A multilayer system made of different material groups can change the thermal insulating capacity significantly, which cannot be determined by the testing of individual layers used in the production. In order to determine the influence of weather conditions on thermal insulation and air permeability, tests were carried out for two types of sleeping bags (summer and autumn) produced by the same manufacturer, differing in insulation thickness. Simulations were carried out using SolidWorks and verified using a Newton thermal mannequin. During tests, both the temperature (range from −20 °C to 20 °C) and humidity values were changed (range 40–80% humidity). For sleeping bags, the effective thermal insulation decreases along with the increase of temperature and decrease of humidity. It can be observed, for the autumn sleeping bags, that for a temperature of 20 °C and humidity of 60%, the thermal insulation is 1.063 m2·K·W−1, while for a temperature of −20 °C and humidity of 60% thermal insulation increases significantly and amounts to 1.111 m2·K·W−1. A similar situation occurs for the effective thermal insulation of a summer sleeping bag (20 °C/60% thermal insulation is 0.794 m2·K·W−1, while for −20 °C/60%—0.851 m2·K·W−1. During the tests, the humidity and temperature between the layers of the clothing system were also controlled, in order to learn more about the influence of these parameters on the thermal insulation properties of the sleeping bags.

The article presents the role of teachers’ professional reflection in inclusive education. A teacher in a classroom with pupils with diverse educational needs (including persons with disabilities, behavioural disorders or coming from different cultures) faces many non-standard educational situations. He/She must modify his/her educational activities based on observation of phenomena, deepening his/her knowledge and reflection on his/her observations. In these activities he/she should get the help of specialists, school administration and social environment. The author draws a model of changing the personal professional knowledge of teachers of self-reflection.

In this study, the new tool for measuring thermal insulating power of garments for premature babies under coupled heat and moisture transport was developed. The thermal mannequin corresponds to the body weight and size of a premature baby born in the thirty fourth week of pregnancy. The mannequin surface temperature can be set at various levels, while the heat loss is measured in W/m2. The mannequin is divided into eleven independent heating zones and seven independent zones of moisture evolution. The study also presents the test results of heat insulating power obtained for the newly developed garment set with commercially available garment set for babies, conducted under different climatic conditions. The results exhibit the advantage of the new material construction of the garment over the commercially available one.

The article reviews the opinions of beginning pedagogy students. They were asked about their school teachers, those who they valued the most and the least. Students mainly described their moral and practical competences. Students appreciate the most the ability to establish rapport and to communicate and deal with students. According to the critical-hermeneutic theory, these competences have the greatest impact on the students, but they are difficult to teach during professional training. Making students aware of this can increase their inclination to develop their social skills.

This article presents research on ergonomics and physiological comfort of protective clothing. Biophysical properties of selected three-layer textile assemblies that differ in geometry and raw material composition for the production of types of mummy sleeping bags for premature babies were investigated. The tests included measurements of air permeability, thermal resistance and water vapor resistance (both by means of human skin model), thermal insulation, and water vapor resistance (both using newborn manikin). Experimental research was supplemented by modeling the thermal insulation of the assemblies by designing their 3D models using selected CAD software and applying the finite volume method. The obtained results allowed the evaluation of the influence of different geometry and the raw material composition of the proposed assemblies on the performance parameters of protective clothing.

In this article we present the results of our investigations of reduction of graphene oxide overprints, deposited by ink-jet method, by hydrobromic acid. Our study presents impact of different parameters of reduction, such as a temperature and time of the process on the chemical composition and electrical conductivity of the resulting material – reduced graphene oxide. Our results show the outstanding potential of this method for use in the production of flexible and elastic electronics and indicate the optimal parameters of reduction, which allow producing the optimal product.

We evaluated a solvent vapor-sensitive, non-woven fabric made from a biodegradable, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) polymer loaded with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The sensory properties of the fabric were obtained by optimizing the process parameters for manufacturing the melt-blown, non-woven fabric composed of 98% PLA 4060D (Nature Works) and 2% multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Nanocyl®). The diffusion of polar and non-polar solvent molecules influenced the electron flow between the separated carbon nanotubes in percolation paths built into the PLA, resulting in an increase of the resistance of the melt-blown, non-woven fabrics. The statistically significant differences between the mean values of electrical resistance before and after the influence of the tested solvent vapors were achieved for the non-woven fabrics manufactured at high air velocity and low extruder screw speed, taking the values of 30 m3/h and 20 rpm, respectively. The results obtained for the non-woven fabric manufactured in the optimal conditions show that methanol vapor response has the lowest amplitude of 15%, whereas for benzene, acetone and toluene sensitivity reaches values of 60%, 40%, and 35%, respectively. The values of the relative resistance amplitude correspond with Flory–Huggins interaction parameters κPLA\benzene PLA\acetone PLA\toluene PLA\methanol.

The main aim of this research was to detail the use of melt-blown technology to manufacture a temperature-sensitive nonwoven fabric. The sensor properties of the fabric were achieved by application of the optimal composition of immiscible polymer blends loaded with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). As the sensing phase, a dispersion of MWCNTs in poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) was used. The sensing phase was blended with a matrix made of polypropylene (PP). Three different polymer compositions were subjected to the melt-blowing process, changing the proportion of the matrix polymer to the dispersed phase to the range of 50–70% and changing the MWCNTs content to be between 1.2 and 2%. The selection of technological parameters was based on the thermal characteristics of the polymers used. Nonwoven fabrics made of these composites were characterized by measuring their electrical properties as a function of external stimuli. In particular, their responses to cycle changing of temperature in a range of 20–80°C were monitored. The 70%PP/28.8%/1.2%MWCNT nonwoven fabrics were observed to show the best sensitivity to changes in temperature between 50 and 60°C. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

The characteristic properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), particularly their heat conduction, electrical conductivity, high modulus of elasticity, high strength, and resistance to chemicals, have resulted in widespread application of CNTs in nanotechnologies. In this study, CNTs were used to impart specific functionality to textiles by printing techniques. To this aim, modified commercial aqueous dispersions of multiwalled CNTs from Nanocyl® were used for preparing special compositions as paste for printing by conventional techniques (screen printing) and as inks for ink-jet printing to bestow the fabric antistatic and antibacterial properties. Taking into account the importance of the dispersion level of CNT in the printing composition from the point of view of antistatic properties, the quality of the CNT dispersion was assessed on the basis of particle size distribution by means of a DLS PSS Nicomp device. Printings were done on two types of woven fabrics: 100% cotton and 30/70% cotton/polyester blend. The CNTs used in printing were found to impart antistatic and antibacterial properties to the printed fabrics. These imparted properties were resistant to repeated washing. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

Grafen se dokazao kao izvrstan nanomaterijal za suvremene elektroničke namjene kao što su biosenzori, tranzistori ili grijači. Nastojanja su da se ovaj novi nanomaterijal upotrebljava za razvoj jedinstvenih tekstroničkih uređaja. Trenutno stanje znanosti o materijalima pokazuje mogućnosti dizajna pametnih tekstila s grafenom. Autori iznose rezultate primjene 2D ugljikove strukture u tekstroničkim uređajima. Primjena novorazvijenih tinti i pasta daju zanimljiva svojstva tekstilu kao što su električna vodljivost i osjetljivost na hlapljive organske spojeve., Graphene has been proved to be an excellent nanomaterial for modern electronic applications such as biosensors, transistors or heaters. The natural point of view is to use this new nanomaterial for the development of unique textronic devices. The current state of the art of the materials science shows design possibilities of the smart textiles with graphene. The authors show the results of implementation of 2D carbon structure into the textronic devices. The development inks and pastes give interesting properties of textile such as electro conductivity and sensitive to the volatile organic compounds.

Graphene, because of its exceptional properties such as very good electrical conductance, flexibility and high optical transparency in visible light spectrum, has proved to be an excellent nanomaterial for modern electronic applications. The natural point of view is to use this new nanomaterial for the development of unique textronic devices such as sensory systems for monitoring human body’s vital functions and atmospheric composition. The present review shows the state of art of materials science and possibilities of the smart textiles design with graphene. The most promising applications of graphene for the design of textronic devices are the development of conductive polymer composites (CPC) and the development of inks and pastes for printing conductive tracks on textile materials. The preliminary results of implementation of 2D carbon structure into textronic devices are presented.

This article concerns the process of obtaining fibers made of sodium alginate containing nanosilver. The general objective was to select the proper forming parameters in order to obtain possibly high rates of tensile properties. The specific objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of basic forming parameters on the macroscopic structure, as well as the determination of the tensile, sorption, and resistivity properties of the obtained fibers. The porous structure and morphology studies were carried out by X-ray diffraction WAXS. Cross-sectional and surface analysis was carried out by SEM (scanning electron microscope) and AFM method (atomic force microscopy). SEM (Scanning electron microscope) + EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) analysis was applied to assess the uniformity of distribution of nanoadditives on the fibers’ surface, and FTIR spectroscopy was applied to confirm the chemical structure of fibers. Within the framework of this article, the impact of specific nanoadditives on the properties of the obtained fibers was also examined.

© 2012 Skrzetuska et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Giving Functional Properties to Fabrics Containing Polyester Fibres from Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) with the Printing Method

The overprints produced in inkjet technology with graphene oxide dispersion are presented. The graphene oxide ink is developed to be fully compatible with standard industrial printers and polyester substrates. Post-printing chemical reduction procedure is proposed, which leads to the restoration of electrical conductivity without destroying the substrate. The presented results show the outstanding potential of graphene oxide for rapid and cost efficient commercial implementation to production of flexible electronics. Properties of graphene-based electrodes are characterized on the macro- and nano-scale. The observed nano-scale inhomogeneity of overprints' conductivity is found to be essential in the field of future industrial applications.