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Short-lived turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) becomes a popular model species for neuroscience. However, the effects of sex and rearing conditions on behavior and brain monoamines in N. furzeri are unknown. In this article, we study the body mass, behavior in the novel tank diving test, levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the brain of 108 day-old N. furzeri males and females reared in small (one male and one or two females in 4-L tanks) and large (four males and four females in 25-L tanks) groups. Males were heavier and had a lower NA level in the brain compared with females. The behavior of males and females did not differ in the novel tank diving test. Their DA, 5-HT, DOPAC, and 5-HIAA levels in the brain did not differ too. Males from small groups spent more time near the tank's bottom. Rearing in small groups reduced the DA level in the female brain and the DOPAC level in female and male brains. However, group size did not affect body mass, 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the brain. Thus, group size is important for behavior and neuroscience studies of N. furzeri.

The annual turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) is a laboratory model organism for neuroscience of aging. In the present study, we investigated for the first time the levels of serotonin and its main metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, as well as the activities of the key enzymes of its synthesis, tryptophan hydroxylases, and degradation, monoamine oxidase, in the brains of 2-, 4- and 7-month-old male and female N. furzeri. The marked effect of age on the body mass and the level of serotonin, as well as the activities of tryptophan hydroxylases and monoamine oxidase in the brain of killifish were revealed. The level of serotonin decreased in the brain of 7-month-old males and females compared with 2-month-old ones. A significant decrease in the tryptophan hydroxylase activity and an increase in the monoamine oxidase activity in the brain of 7-month-old females compared to 2-month-old females was shown. These findings agree with the age-related alterations in expression of the genes encoding tryptophan hydroxylases and monoamine oxidase. N. furzeri is a suitable model with which to study the fundamental problems of age-related changes of the serotonin system in the brain.

The mechanisms of resistance to antidepressant drugs is a key and still unresolved problem of psychopharmacology. Serotonin (5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play a key role in the therapeutic effect of many antidepressants. Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in 5-HT synthesis in the brain. We used zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a promising model organism in order to elucidate the effect of TPH2 deficiency caused by p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) on the alterations in behavior and expression of 5-HT-related (Tph2, Slc6a4b, Mao, Htr1aa, Htr2aa) and BDNF-related (Creb, Bdnf, Ntrk2a, Ngfra) genes in the brain after prolonged treatment with two antidepressants, inhibitors of 5-HT reuptake (fluoxetine) and oxidation (pargyline). In one experiment, zebrafish were treated for 72 h with 0.2 mg/L fluoxetine, 2 mg/L pCPA, or the drugs combination. In another experiment, zebrafish were treated for 72 h with 0.5 mg/L pargyline, 2 mg/L pCPA, or the drugs combination. Behavior was studied in the novel tank diving test, mRNA levels were assayed by qPCR, 5-HT and its metabolite concentrations were measured by HPLC. The effects of interaction between pCPA and the drugs on zebrafish behavior were observed: pCPA attenuated “surface dwelling” induced by the drugs. Fluoxetine decreased mRNA levels of Tph2 and Htr2aa genes, while pargyline decreased mRNA levels of Slc6a4b and Htr1aa genes. Pargyline reduced Creb, Bdnf and Ntrk2a genes mRNA concentration only in the zebrafish treated with pCPA. The results show that the disruption of the TPH2 function can cause a refractory to antidepressant treatment.

Short-lived turquoise killifish (

В работе рассматривается ход решения ряда задач по информатике, рекомендованных для подготовки к ОГЭ-2021.

This article presents a method for determining the influence of disturbance and instability of the parameters of the excavation site on the reliability of the work of the treatment face. To determine the impact of disturbance and instability of the parameters of the excavation site on the reliability of the treatment face, a method was model for calculating the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of violations. The general assessment of the reliability of the operation of the technological scheme of treatment works in the dredging areas with changing mining and geological conditions is the sum of the partial estimates of its operation in the areas with stable and unstable operating conditions. The change in the readiness coefficient on the disturbed parts of the excavation site is determined, depending on the magnitude of the influence of geological disturbances on the rate of lava movement. The analysis of some results of the problem under study, obtained using the proposed methodology, is given. The dependence was established that the readiness coefficient decreases most intensively at large values of the ratio, and then the intensity of the decrease decreases towards smaller values

Short-lived turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) have become a popular model organism for neuroscience. In the present paper we study for the first time their behavior in the novel tank diving test and the levels of mRNA of various 5-HT-related genes in brains of 2-, 4- and 6-month-old males and females of N. furzeri. The marked effect of age on body mass, locomotor activity and the mRNA level of Tph1b, Tph2, Slc6a4b, Mao, Htr1aa, Htr2a, Htr3a, Htr3b, Htr4, Htr6 genes in the brains of N. furzeri males was shown. Locomotor activity and expression of the Mao gene increased, while expression of Tph1b, Tph2, Slc6a4b, Htr1aa, Htr2a, Htr3a, Htr3b, Htr4, Htr6 genes decreased in 6-month-old killifish. Significant effects of sex on body mass as well as on mRNA level of Tph1a, Tph1b, Tph2, Slc6a4b, Htr1aa, 5-HT2a, Htr3a, Htr3b, Htr4, and Htr6 genes were revealed: in general both the body mass and the expression of these genes were higher in males. N. furzeri is a suitable model with which to study the fundamental problems of age-related alterations in various mRNA levels related with the brains 5-HT system.

Cyclodextrins and their derivatives are widely used as drug delivery agents due to their ability to hold small molecules in their internal cavity. Reduction of toxicity by cyclodextrins is proven in the case of non-invasive or oral delivery of drugs, but the authors disagree on the intravenous use of these substances. In this paper, we compare two substances - the cluster complex of niobium [Nb 6 Cl 12 (H 2 O) 6 ]2+ for which we previously showed anticancer activity, and its conjugate with cyclodextrin [Nb 6 Cl 12 (H 2 O) 6 ]2+@ $\gamma$ -CD. To assess the effect of cyclodextrin on the toxicity of the solution, we intravenously administered a wide range of doses of two substances to BALB/C mice. After assessment of acute toxicity, the study of organ morphology was carried out. The results showed that conjugation with cyclodextrin not only did not reduce the toxicity of the cluster complex, but also increased it, causing vascular disorders in several organs.

в статье рассмотрена проблема пространственных представлений детей и формирование пространственных представлений в процессе выполнения заданий геометрических заданий.

В данной статье подробно раскрыта и проанализирована сущность понятия «патриотизм». Описаны основные критерии, составляющие идеальную модель патриота. Важность и взаимосвязь всех компонентов патриотического воспитания (когнитивного, эмотивно-мотивационного, поведенческого), которая в последствии влияет на развитие общего уровня психологического патриотизма, создаёт определенные критерии, проявляющийся в мотивах гражданско-патриотической деятельности.

в статье описаны проблемы межличностного взаимодействия участников образовательного процесса, с которыми сталкивается педагог начальных классов. Для решения педагогических задач и проблемы детско-родительских отношений предложено использовать обучающий тренинг как форму социально-психологической помощи родителям, воспитывающим ребенка младшего школьного возраста.