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Objectives: To evaluate interobserver variability for diagnosis of disease presence and extent of small bowel and colonic Crohn’s disease using MR enterography (MRE) Methods: Data from the first 73 consecutive patients (mean age 32, 33F, 28 new diagnosis, 45 suspected relapse) recruited to a multicentre, prospective diagnostic accuracy trial evaluating MRE for small bowel Crohn’s disease were each read independently by three (from a pool of 20) radiologists. Radiologists documented presence and segmental location of small bowel Crohn’s disease and recorded morphological mural/extramural parameters for involved segments. Per patient percentage agreement for disease presence and extent were calculated against an outcome-based construct reference standard (averaged between pairs of readers). Prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted κ (PABAK) was calculated. Results: Agreement for small bowel disease presence for new diagnosis/relapsed patients was 68%(κ = 0.36)/ 78% (κ = 0.56) and 43%(κ = 0.14)/ 53% for disease extent (κ = 0.07), respectively. For disease presence, all three radiologists agreed correctly with the reference standard in 41/59 (69%) of patients with small bowel involvement, and in 8/14 (57%) cases of without small bowel disease. Agreement was highest for multisegment disease, greater than 5 cm in length, with mural thickness>6 mm, and increased mural T2 signal. Agreement for colonic disease presence was 61% (κ = 0.21 fair agreement) for new diagnosis/ 60% (κ = 0.20, slight agreement) for relapsed patients. Conclusion: There is a reasonable agreement between radiologists for small bowel disease presence using MRE for newly diagnosed Crohn’s disease, and patients with suspected relapse, respectively. Agreement is lower for disease extent. Advances in knowledge: There is reasonable agreement between radiologists for small bowel disease presence using MRE for newly diagnosed (68%) Crohn’s disease, and patients with suspected relapse (78%). Agreement is lower for disease extent (43% new diagnosis and 53% suspected relapse).

Background Most radiologists reporting CT colonography (CTC) do not undergo compulsory performance accreditation, potentially lowering diagnostic sensitivity. Purpose To determine whether 1-day individualized training in CTC reporting improves diagnostic sensitivity of experienced radiologists for 6-mm or larger lesions, the durability of any improvement, and any associated factors. Materials and Methods This prospective, multicenter cluster-randomized controlled trial was performed in National Health Service hospitals in England and Wales between April 2017 and January 2020. CTC services were cluster randomized into intervention (1-day training plus feedback) or control (no training or feedback) arms. Radiologists in the intervention arm attended a 1-day workshop focusing on CTC reporting pitfalls with individualized feedback. Radiologists in the control group received no training. Sensitivity for 6-mm or larger lesions was tested at baseline and 1, 6, and 12 months thereafter via interpretation of 10 CTC scans at each time point. The primary outcome was the mean difference in per-lesion sensitivity between arms at 1 month, analyzed using multilevel regression after adjustment for baseline sensitivity. Secondary outcomes included per-lesion sensitivity at 6- and 12-month follow-up, sensitivity for flat neoplasia, and effect of prior CTC experience. Results A total of 69 hospitals were randomly assigned to the intervention (31 clusters, 80 radiologists) or control (38 clusters, 59 radiologists) arm. Radiologists were experienced (median, 500-999 CTC scans interpreted) and reported CTC scans routinely (median, 151-200 scans per year). One-month sensitivity improved after intervention (66.4% [659 of 992]) compared with sensitivity in the control group (42.4% [278 of 655]; difference = 20.8%; 95% CI: 14.6, 27.0

Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) and ultrasound are used to image Crohn's disease, but their comparative accuracy for assessing disease extent and activity is not known with certainty. Therefore, we did a multicentre trial to address this issue. We recruited patients from eight UK hospitals. Eligible patients were 16 years or older, with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease or with established disease and suspected relapse. Consecutive patients had MRE and ultrasound in addition to standard investigations. Discrepancy between MRE and ultrasound for the presence of small bowel disease triggered an additional investigation, if not already available. The primary outcome was difference in per-patient sensitivity for small bowel disease extent (correct identification and segmental localisation) against a construct reference standard (panel diagnosis). This trial is registered with the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial, number ISRCTN03982913, and has been completed. 284 patients completed the trial (133 in the newly diagnosed group, 151 in the relapse group). Based on the reference standard, 233 (82%) patients had small bowel Crohn's disease. The sensitivity of MRE for small bowel disease extent (80% [95% CI 72-86]) and presence (97% [91-99]) were significantly greater than that of ultrasound (70% [62-78] for disease extent, 92% [84-96] for disease presence); a 10% (95% CI 1-18; p=0·027) difference for extent, and 5% (1-9; p=0·025) difference for presence. The specificity of MRE for small bowel disease extent (95% [85-98]) was significantly greater than that of ultrasound (81% [64-91]); a difference of 14% (1-27; p=0·039). The specificity for small bowel disease presence was 96% (95% CI 86-99) with MRE and 84% (65-94) with ultrasound (difference 12% [0-25]; p=0·054). There were no serious adverse events. Both MRE and ultrasound have high sensitivity for detecting small bowel disease presence and both are valid first-line investigations, and viable alternatives to ileocolonoscopy. However, in a national health service setting, MRE is generally the preferred radiological investigation when available because its sensitivity and specificity exceed ultrasound significantly. National Institute of Health and Research Health Technology Assessment. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.]

Background: Consensus guidelines emphasise the importance of multidisciplinary team driven care for patients with complex Crohn's disease. There are, however, no clear definitions of complexity beyond the presence or absence of pre-operative intra-abdominal sepsis. This study aims to develop a staging instrument (The St Mark's - Amsterdam tool) for complex ileocolonic Crohn's disease based upon best evidence and end-user expert opinion. The secondary aim is to investigate validation and reliability evidence for this staging tool. Methods: Items for the staging tool were developed using a literature review and semi-structured interviews. Validity was tested using pre-operative, peri-operative and post-operative outcome measures which were reviewed against intra-operative and histopathologically and radiologically assigned stages. Reliability was tested against intra-operative and histopathologically assigned stages using magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) and computer tomographic enterography (CTE), which were used to provide an objective pre-operative stage for patients who have undergone ileocolonic resection. Findings: A 4-stage tool was derived including items detailing ileocolonic radiological disease: 1) predominantly inflammatory stricture; 2) predominantly fibrotic stricture; 3) fistulating; and 4) intra-abdominal abscess/collection. Validity testing demonstrated a greater proportions of pre-operative anaemia, concomitant sigmoidectomy and pre-emptive stoma formation, and/or post-operative intra-abdominal septic complications and/or Clavien-Dindo≥3, with increasing intra-operative and histopathologically and pre-operative radiological stage (p

Radiologists daily diagnose a large number of Chest X-rays and it is crucial that these reports are appropriately recorded, meaningfully indexed, carefully stored, easily retrieved, shared and printed. The absence of organized reports’ storage does not permit their direct and easy retrieval, while after almost a year the report is perished and not even readable (handwritten or typed). The scope of this paper is to evaluate and propose the use of preassigned automated-coded phrases for the chest X-ray electronic reporting in a Radiology Department. The research included 9,252 typed reports, using the proposed method and 949 hand written reports (later typed or not), which were used to compare between the time being spent in reporting with either method. The results proved that even if the method could not be applied fully, there was a 90% reduction of the time being spent by the radiologists and secretarial staff in a Radiology Department, thereby facilitating the typing and management of the electronic archives. In addition, it was found that the reprinting due to addendums/discrepancies, when the proposed method was used, was reduced fourfold, when compared to the previously used methods. In conclusion, the consistent application of preassigned automated-coded reporting can be time saving, cost effective and environmentally friendly saving paper and ink.

Introduction Penile metastases are an extremely rare occurrence, and most primary malignancies are located in the urinary bladder, prostate, rectum, and rectosigmoid. Although very few cases of penile metastases have been reported, those of lung cancer as the primary tumor are very rare. Among the latter, squamous cell carcinomas constitute the majority, whereas adenocarcinomas are almost exceptions. To the best of our knowledge, only two cases have been reported. Case presentation We report the case of a 59-year-old Greek man who presented with persistent cough and chest pain that had started one month prior to a medical appointment. A physical examination, complete laboratory work-up, computed tomography scanning (of the chest, brain, and abdomen), pelvic magnetic resonance imaging, penile ultrasonography, bone scanning, and histological analyses were conducted. Afterward, a lung adenocarcinoma metastatic to the bones, brain, adrenals, lymph nodes, and penis was diagnosed. The primary lesion was a mass of 4cm in diameter in the apical segment of the lower lobe of the right lung. The patient was treated with bone and brain radiotherapy and various cycles of first- and second-line chemotherapy, and partial response was achieved five months after the initial appointment. Conclusions Although these metastatic sites are well known to occur from a primary pulmonary malignancy, penile metastasis is extremely rare. Its identification requires prompt awareness by the physician despite the dismal prognosis. Furthermore, since the penis usually is omitted from the physical examination and lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, more penile metastases may be detected in the future, making early detection and appropriate management of great importance.