Search

Brazil became the largest consumer of pesticides in the world in 2021. These products, although necessary, can cause significant damage to non-target organisms and agroecosystems. From this perspective, the search for new, safer products gains prominence every year. It is essential to understand how non-target organisms react to contact with these novel products to verify their safety. Therefore, vertebrate models, such as the embryo of Gallus gallus domesticus L., 1758 (Galliformes: Phasianidae), an organism from which the results can be extrapolated to other vertebrates, are important to guarantee the selectivity and safety of new products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the hexane fraction of fruits and seeds of Ricinus communis (HFFSRc) on Gallus gallus domesticus (the domestic chicken). This fraction has been studied as a potential insecticide for agricultural use. Three concentrations of HFFSRc were evaluated, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%, in addition to two control treatments, one with distilled water and one with Tween 80® (0.01%). The effect of HFFSRc on G. gallus domesticus embryos was analyzed through two different forms of exposure: i) injection of treatments into the egg’s air chamber and ii) spraying of treatments on the egg. After three days of incubation, the eggs of G. gallus domesticus were collected for morphological analysis using the total mount technique. It was observed that their exposure to HFFSRc, regardless of the concentration or form of exposure used, reduced the survival probability of G. gallus domesticus embryos. HFFSRc was found to be toxic to G. gallus domesticus embryos when sprayed on the eggshell, reducing their survival probability. HFFSRc was also toxic when injected into the air chamber, in addition to causing body malformations in G. gallus domesticus embryos.

Abstract Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), an entomopathogenic bacterium, has been used as bioinsecticides for insect pest control worldwide. Consequently, the objective of this work was to evaluate the possible effects of commercial formulations of Bt products, Dipel and Xentari, on the survival and behavior of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera). Bioassays were performed on foragers and newly emerged (24-h-old) bees that received the products mixed in the food. Their survival and behavior were evaluated through the vertical displacement tests and the walk test, analyzed using software Bee-Move. Then, histological analysis of the mesenterium was performed. As control treatment was used sterile water. The honey bees’ survival was evaluated for between 1 and 144 h. No interference of B. thuringiensis, Dipel and Xentari, in the survival of Africanized honey bees were found. Only Xentari interfered with vertical displacement behavior of newly emerged (24-h-old) bees. Both the products tested were selective and safe for A. mellifera.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the hexane fraction of the crude extract of the fruits and seeds of Ricinus communis (HFFSRC) on eggs of Spodoptera cosmioides and Spodoptera frugiperda and on caterpillars of Spodoptera eridania, S. frugiperda, and S. cosmioides, under laboratory conditions through topical application and ingestion, as well as to identify the compounds in the hexane fraction through high-performance chromatography (HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS). To do so, three bioassays were conducted: (1) the effect of HFFSRC at 2% (20,000 mg·mL−1) on eggs of S. cosmioides and S. frugiperda, (2) the lethal effect of HFFSRC at 2% applied topically, and (3) the lethal effect of HFFSRC at 2% applied to soybean-leaf discs on first-, second-, third-, and fourth-instar caterpillars of the three insect species. It was found that 2% HFFSRC had an ovicidal effect on S. frugiperda and S. cosmioides, completely reducing larvae hatching and the insecticidal effect for the four instars of the three insect species when applied topically and on food. Five compounds were identified in the HFFSRC: three flavonoids, one ricinoleic acid, and one cinnamic acid. HFFSRC at 2% had an acute ovicidal and insecticidal effect on caterpillars of the studied species, configuring itself as a potential insecticide.

A seletividade de fungos entomopatogênicos a organismos não-alvo deve ser considerada no Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP), pois mesmo sendo agentes de controle biológico, se utilizados de forma incorreta, podem alterar negativamente o funcionamento dos agroecossistemas. Portanto, estudos que avaliam a seletividade desses fungos a organismos benéficos são extremamente importantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metarril®) e Beauveria bassiana (Boveril®) a adultos de Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), em condições de laboratório. Os produtos foram avaliados em fêmeas adultas de T. podisi, nas concentrações recomendadas pelo fabricante. Para tanto, 0,2 mL das suspensões de cada produto e controle (tratamentos) foram aplicados na superfície interna dos tubos de vidro, sendo então colocada uma fêmea de T. podisi (maior menor 48 h de emergência). Após 24 h de contato, cartões com 25 ovos de Euschistus heros Fabricius (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) foram oferecidos por 24 h (COF24). Após esse período, o COF24 foi retirado. Após 72 h de contato da fêmea com a superfície do tubo, foram disponibilizadas novas cartelas de ovos de E. heros (COF72) por 24 h para oviposição de T. podisi. As avaliações foram realizadas diariamente e os parâmetros avaliados foram longevidade das fêmeas, porcentagem de parasitismo, porcentagem de emergência, razão sexual e período ovo-adulto. A mortalidade de fêmeas de T. podisi foi avaliada diariamente para determinar longevidade, porcentagem de parasitismo e emergência, proporção sexual e período de ovo-adulto. Metarril® e Boveril®, considerados seletivos para fêmeas adultas de T. podisi, não afetaram negativamente a maioria dos parâmetros avaliados.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the essential oils of Melaleuca alternifolia, Casearia sylvestris and Eugenia uniflora as inducers of defense mechanisms in Eucalyptus benthamii seedlings. Four mL of each oil, with a concentration of 0.75% were sprayed in E. benthamii seedlings and two bioassays were performed, in the first, the essential oils were sprayed and after 30 days, sugars, proteins, peroxidases, phenylalanine ammonia (PAL), and phenols were evaluated and; in the second, seven days after the first analysis, the essential oils were again sprayed and after three days, the same variables were evaluated. The essential oils of M. alternifolia, C. sylvestris, and E. uniflora sprayed had no significant effects on E. benthamii seedlings after 30 days in terms of total sugars, proteins, peroxidase, PAL activity, and phenols. However, when M. alternifolia and E. uniflora essential oils were sprayed seven days after the first analysis with evaluation after 3 days, an increase in total sugars was observed. After these days, all essential oils promoted an increase in protein levels. The oils of E. uniflora and C. sylvestris also increased peroxidase levels. The PAL defense enzyme not showed increased when essential oils were used. The essential oils of M. alternifolia and C. sylvestris had potential as inducers of defense mechanisms on E. benthamii seedlings after 3 days of their application, what it demonstrated not be permanent.

Africanized honey bee populations (Apis mellifera L.) have been decreasing mainly due to the intense use of synthetic insecticides associated with pollution and climate change. To minimize these impacts on the environment and bee populations, the use of biological control agents has been intensified. These products are generally safer for non-target insects, such as bees, which are important pollinating insects. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of entomopathogenic nematodes on the longevity of the Africanized honey bee A. mellifera workers. Seven treatments were used: Heterorhabditis amazonensis, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis indica, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae, and Steinernema rarum, at a concentration of 40 infective juveniles per cm2 (IJs/cm²), and a control in which autoclaved distilled water was used. Two bioassays were performed: 1) spraying nematodes on the workers and 2) spraying nematodes on glass plates, in which the bees remained for two hours. Each treatment consisted of five replicates with 20 bees each. Bees were kept in cages of PVC (20 × 10 cm) covered with a voile fabric and provided pieces of cotton soaked in water and Candy paste. The cages were kept in a climatized room (27 ± 2 °C temperature, 60 ± 10% relative humidity, and 12 h photophase) and the mortality was evaluated from 12 to 240 hours. In bioassay 1, the three treatments with nematodes of the genus Steinernema reduced the longevity of the workers (103.9, 96.3, and 99.6 h) when compared to treatments with Heterorhabditis (149.7, 126.8, and 134.7 h), of which, only H. amazonensis (149.7 h) did not differ from the control (166.0 h). In bioassay 2, all treatments reduced the longevity of honey bees (155.4 to 93.9 h) in relation to the control (176.1 h). Entomopathogenic nematodes, especially Heterorhabditis, need to be tested using other methodologies and for different durations of exposure and application because in the laboratory, they were less selective to A. mellifera.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, used in large field crops, and of the pomegranate Punica granatum aqueous extract, with insecticidal potential for insect control, on the quality of Africanized Apis mellifera queens. The control sample was composed of sterile distilled water with Tween®. The treatments were incorporated into a voile fabric, covered with an acrylic plate and packed with queen rearing nucleus hive, so the worker bees could be in contact with control agents (B. bassiana and P. granatum). In the next day, frames with 30 cell cups for queen rearing with larvae were introduced to produce queens, which were monitored at moment of emergency. Measurements included live weight, wing size, abdomen size, thorax size, the time of emergence, and analysis of the breeding area size. Histological analyses of the hypopharyngeal glands of attendant worker bees and of the midgut of virgin queens were performed. There was no reduction in the weight of queens, no changes in the length, width, and height of their thoraxes, no changes in the width and length of the wing, and no changes in total length. However, B. bassiana increased the weight of the queens and reduced emergency time. The control agents did not interfere in villi height and breeding area. No differences were found in tissues when the treatments were compared with their control. P. granatum extract and the fungus B. bassiana did not interfere in the quality of Africanized A. mellifera queens.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of three strains of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on the longevity of workers of Africanized honey bee. Solutions at a concentration of 3 × 108 spores.mL-1 (dosage) were prepared for each strain of Bt (IPS 82, BR 81, and BR 147). Three bioassays were performed as follows: spraying on the bees, contact with the sprayed surface, and candy paste incorporated with Bt. The bees of the Bt bioassay were submitted to histological analysis of the mesenteron. The longevity of workers was assessed from one to 120 hours using different ranges. It was found that the bees that were exposed to the strain of Bt IPS 82, in the spraying test, exhibited a reduced longevity. In the contact test, the BR 147 strain reduced the longevity of the bees. In the food test, in turn, the three studied strains reduced the longevity of the bees as follows: Bt IPS 82: 64.5 hours; Bt BR 81: 64.5 hours; and Bt BR 147: 60.0 hours. The Bt BR 81 strain was considered the most selective of the evaluated strains on Apis mellifera, reducing the longevity of this bee only when it came into contact by the method of ingestion.

The search for information to control Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae) in Eucalyptus, focus on the use of biological control techniques, including the use of entomopathogenic fungi. The objective of this study was evaluated the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana and Isaria sp. on Thaumastocoris peregrinus, under laboratory conditions. To do so, we tested four isolates of Beauveria bassiana VUILL. AND Isaria sp. EFFICIENCY FOR Thaumastocoris peregrinus CARPINTERO & DELLAPÉ (HEMIPTERA: THAUMASTOCORIDAE) CONTROL of 1.0 × 108 conidia mL-1. The solution was applied on leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, provided as food for the insect substrates, and maintained in glass bottles sealed with plastic film in a climatic chamber (26 ± 2 ° C, 14 h photoperiod and U.R. 70 ± 10%). Four replicates were performed (bottles) for isolated with 13 adult insects per bottle. Each bottle received 13 adult insects. Evaluations were performed until the fifth day after application. The dead insects were placed in humid chamber for confirmation of death by pathogen. All isolates were pathogenic to Thaumastocoris peregrinus. The confirmed mortality ranged between 37% and 80.1% for Beauveria bassiana, and was 87% for Isaria sp. after 10 days of application. The highest mean percentage of daily mortality (39.9%) occurred on the fourth day after contact with the substrate insect spray. The isolates of Beauveria bassiana and Isaria sp. evaluated presented potential to control Thaumastocoris peregrinus under laboratory conditions.

The association of plant extracts and B. thuringiensis may be important in situations that control of different insects species is required and/or control of insects in various development stages. However, extracts may have different effects on B. thuringiensis, compromising their mode of action. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of aqueous plant extracts on Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) and their interactions on Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Erebinae). Cherry plant extracts (Eugenia uniflora), pepper (Capsicum baccatum), trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens) and grape japan (Hovenia dulcis), were used at 5% concentrations. For compatibility studies, the extracts were mixed with Thuricide® (Btk) and the parameters evaluated were Colony Formation Units (CFU mL-1) for spores and, the A. gemmatalis mortality for crystals. The cherry extracts, pepper, and japan grape completely inhibited the CFU ml-1 of Btk and the cherry extract alone negatively affected the toxicity of Btk crystals, with significantly lower mortality of A. gemmatalis (20.40%) than that observed in the control with only Btk (79.44%). In the association between cherry, pepper, and grape japan extracts with B. thuringiensis, the extracts exhibited a negative effect in the formation of CFU. The cherry extract demonstrated a negative effect on crystals action.

Exemplars of Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae), insect pest of the genus Eucalyptus , were found dead in the Eucalyptus grandis plantation in the city of Realeza, the southwest region of the state of Paraná, Brazil, with white mycelial growth on the surface of the body. Isolation procedures were performed (in Potato-Dextrose-Agar culture) and identification of the pathogen, whereas the ratio between the microorganism and the insect has been established by Koch’s postulate. The fungus through standard procedures, was identified as Beauveria bassiana. In the laboratory testing pathogenicity were performed and caused mortality confirmed in 72.2% of the insects at the concentration of 1.0 x 10 8 conidia.mL -1 after six days inoculation. Studies on the selection of isolates should be performed and justified by the growing demand of the forest sector in search of control strategies for this insect pest. Thus, was verified that Beauveria bassiana naturally infects Thaumastocoris peregrinus, occurring spontaneously in the Paraná state.

ABSTRACT The guava weevil, Conotrachelus psidii (Marshall, 1922) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), has been reported to be harmful to guava fruit, causing deterioration. However, the occurrence of this insect and resulting damage in araçazeiro Psidium cattleianum (Sabine) fruit has not yet been described. For this reason, the objective of this study was to report the occurrence of C. psidii in araçá (P. cattleianum). In May 2015, the occurrence of C. psidii in araçá trees of the P. cattleianum species was investigated. Recordings were performed in the experimental area of UNEPE Viveiro de Plantas Hortícolas (geographical coordinates 25º41'37”S and 53º06'07”W, average altitude of 502m) at the Federal University of Technology (UTFPR-DV), Dois Vizinhos – PR.

ABSTRACT Thaumastocoris peregrinus has become a major pest in eucalyptus. The most promising control method is the use of the parasitoid, Cleruchoides noackae , but little is known about its biology. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the oviposition behaviour of C. noackae in T. peregrinus eggs laid on strips of paper towel in the laboratory. 12 copulated females were placed in a plastic petri dish containing five T. peregrinus eggs and their behaviour was observed for 30 min/female. Several behavioural events were performed: searching for the host, host evaluation, insertion of the ovipositor, internal recognition and oviposition. Time elapsed between the insertion of the ovipositor and its removal varied from two to ten minutes. Learning more about C. noackae biology is very important to understand the dynamics between the parasitoid and its host, aiming at its biological control.

A seletividade de produtos naturais a parasitoides é pouco conhecida. Em vista disso, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a seletividade de produtos naturais comerciais a Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Os produtos utilizados foram Baicao®, Orobor® e Topneem®, nas concentrações recomendadas pelos fabricantes, e pulverizados sobre cartelas contendo ovos esterilizados de Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Teste com chance de escolha para parasitismo foi realizado, confinando-se uma fêmea de T. pretiosum com duas cartelas, uma pulverizada com o produto e outra considerada testemunha, avaliando-se a percentagem de parasitismo. O teste sem chance de escolha consistiu na pulverização dos tratamentos, em cartelas, previamente ou posteriormente ao parasitismo. Em ambos os testes, avaliaram-se o número de ovos parasitados, a percentagem de emergência e a longevidade de adultos. No teste com chance de escolha, os produtos Topneem® e Baicao® provocaram redução do parasitismo de T. pretiosum. No teste sem chance de escolha, Baicao®, pulverizado previamente sobre cartelas contendo ovos de A. kuehniella, interferiu negativamente na emergência de T. pretiosum. Houve redução do número de ovos parasitados quando Baicao® foi pulverizado no tratamento pré-parasitismo. Orobor® é seletivo a T. pretiosum nas condições de realização do experimento e não afetou negativamente os parâmetros avaliados. Baicao® não foi seletivo para T. pretiosum, afetou a maioria dos parâmetros avaliados e foi classificado como levemente nocivo quanto à toxicidade aos adultos do parasitoide, em condições de laboratório.

A estabilidade de ambiência na avicultura moderna tem favorecido a proliferação de insetos praga. Nesse cenário, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), comumente denominado cascudinho, surge como principal inseto cosmopolita infestando camas de aviários. Neste sentido o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os fatores cal hidratada, temperatura e umidade na cama de aviários sobre a mortalidade de A. diaperinus em condições de laboratório. Foram realizados bioensaios laboratoriais simulando o ambiente de criação em recipientes com a adição de cama de aviário, ração e adultos e larvas de A. diaperinus. A variável resposta foi a mortalidade aos sete e 10 dias após a instalação dos experimentos. A adição de cal hidratada na cama de aviário na dosagem de 400g m-² promoveu mortalidade parcial de adultos (35,62%±2,74) e larvas (45,62%±1,75) de A. diaperinus. O fator umidade na cama de aviário, independente do percentual, não provocou mortalidade significativa de adultos de A. diaperinus. A temperatura da cama de aviário em 45°C proveu mortalidade total de adultos e larvas de A. diaperinus nas condições propostas.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of alternative products to the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). The products used were Oil Geranium, Natualho®, Pironat®, Rotenat®, Natuneem® and Compostonat at the concentration recommended by manufacturer. Was sprayed 0.2 mL-1 of grout on cards containing 25 eggs of Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and sterile distilled water as a control. For the free-choice test, a female T. podisi was confined in a glass tube with two cards containing eggs of E. heros one being sprayed with treatment and other with sterile distilled water. . In the no-choice test, a female of T. podisi was confined ina a glass tube containing a card with eggs of E. heros, for a period of 24 h, the card being sprayed with the product prior or subsequent to parasitism. The parasitism percentage, emergence percentage, egg-adult period and sex ratio were evaluated. In free-choice test, the products Compostonat, Natualho® and Geranium Oil reduced significantly the percentage of parasitism. Similar reduction was also observed in no-choice test for Natualho® and Geranium oil in pre and post-parasitism. In pre-parasitism Compostonat and Geranium oil reduced the emergence and egg-adult period was affected by Natualho®. In post- parasitism there was a reduction in the number of eggs with signs of parasitism when the product sprayed was Rotenat®. The sex ratio of emerged adults was reduced by Natualho® and Geranium Oil. Natuneem® was the only product selective to T. podisi in all parameters evaluated.

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of natural phytossanitary products (NPP) on spores and crystal toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki – HD1 (Btk). For this commercial products (Agromos, Biogermex, Bovemax, Bordeaux mixture, Ecolife®, Dalneen, Matan Plus, Pyronin and Stüble-Aid®) were used at three different concentrations. The effect of NPP on spores was assessed by comparing a suspension of Btk + NPP with sterile distilled water (SDW) and another suspension with nutrient broth (NB), inoculated on nutrient agar (NA) in Petri dishes to quantify the number of CFU/mL, 18 h after inoculation and incubation. The effect of NPP on crystals was evaluated with a suspension of Btk+SDW+NPP added to the artificial diet supplied for Anticarsia gemmatalis Hub. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) quantifying the number of dead larvae at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. Matan Plus was the only natural product that did not present effect on spores. All other products, regardless of concentration, decreased significantly CFU/mL Regarding crystals, Bordeaux mixture was the only one that reduced significantly Btk insecticidal activity at three concentrations. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito dos produtos fitossanitários naturais (PFN) sobre esporos e sobre a toxicidade dos cristais de Bacillus thuringiensis subespécie kurstaki – HD1 (Btk). Para tal foram usados os produtos comerciais (Agromos, Biogermex, Bovemax, Calda Bordalesa, Ecolife®, Dalneen, Matan Plus, Pironin e Stüble –Aid®) em três diferentes concentrações. O efeito dos PFN sobre esporos foi avaliado comparando-se suspensões de Btk + PFN com água destilada esterelizada (ADE) e suspensões com caldo nutriente (CB), inoculadas em agar nutriente (AN), em placas de Petri quantificando-se o número de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC / mL), 18 h após a inoculação e incubação. O efeito dos PFN sobre cristais foi avaliado com suspensões de Btk + ADE + PFN adicionados à dieta artificial fornecida para Anticarsia gemmatalis Hub. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), quantificando-se o número de lagartas mortas nos tempos 24, 48 e 72 h. Matan Plus foi o único produto natural que não apresentou efeito sobre esporos. Todos os outros produtos, independentemente da concentração, diminuíram significativamente as UFC/mL. Com relação aos cristais, a Calda Bordalesa foi o único produto que reduziu significativamente a atividade inseticida de Btk nas três concentrações.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity and virulence of isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Unioeste 47 and Unioeste 57), Metarhizium anisopliae (Unioeste 43 and Esalq 09) and Isaria sp. (IBCB 367 a d IBCB 394) against Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Suspensions of the isolates (1.0 × 109 conidia/mL) were sprayed on third instar nymphs on cabbage leaves. It was performed four replications, each one with 20 insects, for each treatment. The control consisted of sterile distilled water + Tween® 80 (0.01%). The number of killed nymphs was evaluated during seven days, and then they were kept in a moist chamber. To estimate the median lethal concentration (LC50), isolates suspensions of 1.0 × 105, 1.0 × 106, 1.0 × 107, 1.0 × 108 and 1.0 × 109 conidia/mL were sprayed on third instar nymphs. The number of nymphs with confirmed mortality was evaluated. The isolates B. bassiana Unioeste 47 (84.1%) and Isaria sp. IBCB 367 (98.6%) did not differ significantly, causing the highest mortalities. However, the isolate M. anisopliae Esalq 09 caused the lower confirmed mortality (23.2%). The LC50 of the B. bassiana isolates varied from 1.8 × 105 and 4.1 × 105 conidia/mL (Unioeste 57 and Unioeste 47, respectively). Among the isolates of M. anisopliae, Esalq 09 presented the highest LC50 value (7.8 × 108 conidia/mL), whereas Unioeste 43 presents the lowest (4,3 × 105 conidia/mL). The Isaria sp. isolates presented LC50 of 2.5 × 105 and 3.1 × 105 conidia/mL (IBCB 367 and IBCB 394, respectively). Therefore, B. bassiana Unioeste 47 e Isaria sp. IBCB 367 isolates had potential to B. tabaci control and for future field studies.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a patogenicidade e a virulência dos isolados de Beauveria bassiana (Unioeste 47 e Unioeste 57), Metarhizium anisopliae (Unioeste 43 e Esalq 09) e Isaria sp. (IBCB 367 e IBCB 394) a Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Suspensões dos isolados (1,0 × 109 conídios/ mL) foram pulverizadas sobre ninfas de 3o ínstar aderidas às folhas de couve. Para cada tratamento foram realizadas quatro repetições, com 20 insetos cada. A testemunha constou de água destilada esterilizada + Tween® 80 (0,01%). Avaliou-se o número de ninfas mortas durante sete dias, que foram, posteriormente, mantidas em câmara úmida. Para a estimativa da concentração letal média (CL50) as suspensões dos isolados (1,0 × 105, 1,0 × 106, 1,0 × 107, 1,0 × 108 e 1,0 × 109 conídios/mL) foram pulverizadas sobre ninfas de 3o ínstar. Avaliou-se o número de ninfas com mortalidade confirmada pelo fungo. Os isolados B. bassiana Unioeste 47 (84,1%) e Isaria sp. IBCB 367 (98,6%) não diferiram significativamente entre si, provocando os maiores índices de mortalidade, enquanto o isolado M. anisopliae Esalq 09 provocou a menor mortalidade confirmada (23,2%). A CL50 dos isolados de B. bassiana ficou entre 1,8 × 105 e 4,1 × 105 conídios/mL (Unioeste 57 e Unioeste 47, respectivamente). Dentre os isolados de M. anisopliae, Esalq 09 apresentou maior CL50 (7,8 × 108 conídios/mL), enquanto Unioeste 43 esteve entre as menores (4,3 × 105 conídios/mL). Os isolados de Isaria sp. apresentaram CL50 de 2,5 × 105 e 3,1 × 105 conídios/mL (IBCB 367 e IBCB 394, respectivamente). Neste sentido, os isolados B. bassiana Unioeste 47 e Isaria sp. IBCB 367 apresentam potencial para controle de B. tabaci e para futuros trabalhos em campo.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise comparativa entre um livro didático de Biologia utilizado na terceira série do Ensino Médio, da rede estadual de ensino do município de Cascavel, PR, e apostilas utilizadas por duas escolas da rede privada. Após o levantamento e escolha, os materiais didáticos foram submetidos a uma análise geral em relação à capa, encadernação, espaçamento entre linhas, tamanho da letra, ilustrações, quadros e tabelas, e, também, a uma análise específica do conteúdo Filo Mollusca, considerando-se conceitos; sugestões de leituras complementares; erros ortográficos e conceituais; erros de impressão e revisão; ilustrações. Verificou-se que todos os materiais didáticos analisados apresentam falhas. No entanto, em umas das apostilas, foram encontradas mais falhas, pois além do seu conteúdo ser extremamente sucinto e não apresentar um planejamento em relação às atividades propostas, continha imagens incorretas e sem legendas auto-explicativas.The objective of this work was to carry out a comparative analysis between an instructional Biology book used in the junior year of high school in the school network system of the State of Paraná at the municipality of Cascavel, PR, and teacher's notes/handouts used by two schools in the private school network. After surveying and selecting the materials, these were submitted to a general analysis with regard to their cover, binding, line spacing, font size, illustrations, charts and tables, and also to a specific analysis in relation to their Phylum Mollusca contents, in which concepts, supplementary reading suggestions, typos and conceptual errors, printing and proofreading errors, and illustrations were taken into consideration. It was observed that all learning materials analyzed showed imperfections; however, a higher number of imperfections was found in one set of teacher's notes, because besides having an extremely succinct content and not presenting any planning in relation to the proposed activities, it contained incorrect images without self-explanatory labels.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi mapear a distribuição da vespa da galha do eucalipto no mundo, destacando estados do Brasil e cidades do Paraná. Para isto, foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico dos lugares de ocorrência da vespa da galha, Leptocybe invasa. Foi registrada a ocorrência deste inseto em duas cidades no estado do Paraná. Foram elaborados mapas temáticos, atualizados, representando as áreas de distribuição da vespa no mundo e, posteriormente, nos estados brasileiros. Além disso, foi elaborado o mapa do Paraná com as novas áreas de ocorrência de L. invasa.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a viabilidade econômica da produção de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) nas escalas de produção de 4.500 (A), 9.000 (B) e 13.500 (C) cartelas com 100.000 ovos por ano. Foram utilizados como critérios o valor presente líquido (VPL) e taxa interna de retorno (TIR). Os dados de custo de produção de cada sistema tecnológico foram levantados junto ao comércio local de Dois Vizinhos-PR, à empresas especializadas e laboratórios de controle biológico da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Campus de Dois Vizinhos e da Universidade Estadual Oeste do Paraná – Campus de Marechal Cândido Rondon, entre julho e dezembro de 2011. Os fatores que mais influenciaram nos custos de produção foram os insumos e a mão-de-obra utilizada. A análise de viabilidade econômica apresentou os respectivos valores de VPL e TIR para as escalas A, B e C: R$ 279.662,13 e 50,04%; R$ 919.566,09 e 130,39%; e R$ 1.544.602,37 e 164,76%. As três escalas de produção são viáveis economicamente, sendo que a escala C apresentou o melhor desempenho econômico. Economic Analysis of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley Production at Different Scales Abstract. The present study aimed to assess the economic feasibility of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) production on the scales production of 4,500, 9,000 and 13,500 cards with 100,000 eggs per year. The criteria of present liquid value (PLV) and internal rate return (IRR) were used. Data from costs production of each technology system were surveyed in the local markets in Dois Vizinhos, specialized companies and biological control laboratories from Universidade Tecnológica do Paraná – Campus Dois Vizinhos, and from Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná – Campus Marechal Candido Rondon, between July and December 2011. The factors which most affected the production costs were the inputs and labor. The economic feasibility provided the following values for PLV and IRR for the scales A, B and C: R$ 279,662.13 and 50.04%; R$ 919,566.09 and 130.39%; R$ 1,544,602.37 and 164.76%. The three productions scales are economically feasible, and scale C had the best economic performance.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito repelente, inseticida e fagoinibidor de extratos de pimenta dedo-de-moça Capsicum baccatum (Willd.) Eshb. (Solanaceae) sobre o gorgulho do milho Sitophillus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). O efeito repelente/atraente foi avaliado utilizando quatro arenas/repetições, nas quais foram adicionados os extratos vegetais nas concentrações 0; 2,5; 5; 10 e 20% e 140 insetos e, após 24 horas, efetuou-se a contagem de insetos. Para a atividade inseticida, em recipientes plásticos, aplicou-se 1 mL do extrato nas mesmas concentrações já descritas sobre insetos adultos e, após agitação de 10 segundos, foram transferidos para placas de Petri, utilizando 4 repetições, com 20 insetos cada. A mortalidade foi avaliada diariamente durante 10 dias. Para o teste de fagoinibição, os insetos avaliados na atividade inseticida foram pesados em balança analítica, sendo utilizados quatro insetos de cada repetição. Verificaram-se que os extratos aquosos de sementes de pimenta apresentaram atividade repelente na concentração de 20% e apresentaram atividade inseticida independente da concentração. Efeito correlato foi obtido com extratos alcoólicos de frutos, que apresentaram atividade inseticida e fagoinibidora na concentração de 20%. A utilização de extratos vegetais de pimenta dedo-de-moça constitui alternativa de controle sobre o gorgulho do milho.

As formigas cortadeiras estão entre os principais insetos pragas das florestas plantadas brasileiras, causando danos econômicos desde a implantação até a sua colheita. Em razão das questões ambientais e da exigência da certificação florestal, métodos alternativos estão sendo desenvolvidos para o controle do gênero Atta. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade inseticida de pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.) e cinamomo (Melia azedarach L.) sobre soldados de Atta laevigatta Smith. Para tal, a partir de folhas, foram obtidos extratos pelos processos de decocção, infusão, maceração, extrato alcoólico e extração de óleo essencial, em diferentes concentrações. O óleo essencial de E. uniflora, nas concentrações de 1,25, 2,5 e 5%, apresentou potencial inseticida sobre soldados de A. laevigata, quando comparado às demais formas de obtenção. O extrato alcoólico de M. azedarach, a 10%, também apresentou potencial inseticida, podendo estes extratos serem testados em práticas de campo.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de extratos vegetais aquosos de jambolão, Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae), mamona, Ricinus communis (L.) (Euphorbiaceae), uva-do-japão, Hovenia dulcis (Thumberg) (Rhamnaceae) e urucum (Bixa orellana (L.) (Bixaceae), na concentração de 10%, sobre Bacillus thuringiensis subesp. kurstaki(Btk) e sobre Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) e a associação destes sobre A. gemmatalis, em condições de laboratório. Os tratamentos constaram dos extratos aquosos e Btk isoladamente e a mistura de cada extrato com Btk. Estes foram incubados em agitador horizontal (30 ± 2°C, 150 rpm por 2 h) e, em seguida, aplicados sobre cubos de dieta artificial para A. gemmatalis, em placas de Petri. Como testemunha utilizou-se água destilada esterilizada. Cada tratamento constou de 4 placas de Petri (repetição), com 25 lagartas de segundo ínstar cada. Estas foram acondicionadas em câmara climatizada (27 ± 2°C umidade relativa 70 ± 10% e fotofase 14 h), avaliando-se a mortalidade após 24, 48 e 72 h. Também foram avaliados o percentual de empupamento e o peso das pupas dos insetos sobreviventes. Nenhum dos extratos apresentou efeito inseticida para A. gemmatalis e efeito negativo para os cristais de Btk. A mortalidade acumulada causada pelos extratos de uva-do-japão, jambolão, urucum e mamona foram, respectivamente, de 54,73; 46,09; 47,19 e 65,73%; diferindo significativamente da testemunha (95,74%). O peso médio das pupas não diferiu significativamente entre os tratamentos. A associação dos extratos de uva-do-japão, colorau e mamona com Btk provocou mortalidade acumulada de 100% em A. gemmatalis.

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito inseticida de produtos alternativos sobre Thaumastocoris peregrinus, bem como o potencial em atuar no processo de indução de resistência em plantas. Folhas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis foram imersas na solução dos produtos Orobor®, Topneem®, Rotenat®, Rotenat CE®, Baicao®, Compostonat®, Pironat®, Assist®, Extrato de Alho e Calda Bordalesa. Posteriormente, foram transferidas para tubos contendo 10 adultos de T. peregrinus, avaliando-se diariamente o número de insetos mortos. Os produtos que apresentaram efeito inseticida foram testados quanto ao seu potencial como indutores de resistência, avaliando-se em cotilédones de soja a síntese da fitoalexina gliceolina (pterocarpanoide) e a ativação da rota dos fenilpropanoides pela atividade da enzima fenilalanina amônia-liase. Água foi utilizada como testemunha e quitosana (1%) como indutor de referência. Rotenat®, Compostonat®, Rotenat CE® e Topneem® apresentaram efeito inseticida; destes Rotenat CE® e Topneem® apresentaram potencial como indutores de resistência, expressando valores significativos de fitoalexinas e atividade da FAL (fenilalanina-amônialiase).

RESUMOEm junho de 2012 foi registrada a ocorrência do percevejo bronzeado do eucalipto, Thaumastocoris peregrinus, na região sudoeste do Paraná, atacando árvores de Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. O registro foi realizado no município de Realeza (coordenadas UTM SAD 69: 245000 E 7153682S).