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Foods consumed by adventists exposed to different vegetarian dietary patterns

Introdução: Vários trabalhos prévios demonstraram o efeito protetor da dieta vegetariana na prevalência de DCV (doenças cardiovasculares). Entretanto ainda restam questionamentos sobre a reprodutibilidade desses estudos em grupos populacionais de países em desenvolvimento e de outros que relacionem diretamente dieta neste grupo com o uso de escore de cálcio coronário. Objetivos: 1) Analisar a relação entre dieta vegetariana e aterosclerose subclínica em uma população etnicamente diversa. 2) Observar a relação entre dieta vegetariana e o escore de cálcio coronário 3) Analisar outros fatores clínicos, laboratoriais, e de imagem na prevalência de aterosclerose subclínica. Métodos: Participantes foram incluídos consecutivamente entre março de 2013 e agosto de 2016, no Hospital Universitário da USP, adventistas do sétimo dia, entre 35 e 74 anos, residentes no estado de São Paulo. Realizada entrevista clínica, exames laboratoriais, determinação de variáveis nutricionais e exames de imagem e cardiológicos como escore de cálcio coronário, medida da íntima de carótida e bordo hepático e velocidade de onda de pulso. O padrão dietético foi avaliado através de questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) validado para a dieta brasileira, com base em medidas e períodos padronizados. Resultados: Os 1404 participantes incluídos foram divididos em 3 grupos: 548 onívoros, 617 ovo-lacto-vegetarianos e 239 vegetarianos estritos. Não houve diferenças nos grupos em relação à idade, raça ou sexo. Foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos onívoro, ovo-lactovegetariano, e vegetariano estrito favoráveis ao vegetarianismo em suas formas para várias medidas antropométricas (peso, índice de massa corporal, frequência cardíaca em repouso, pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica, percentual de gordura abdominal e circunferência abdominal), índice de gordura abdominal e membros, e à bioimpedância. Houveram diferenças significativas entre os grupos para fatores laboratoriais associados a aterosclerose subclínica (hemoglobina glicada, sódio urinário de 12h, cálcio urinário de 12h, creatinina sérica, alanina transaminase, gama GT, ácido úrico, colesterol total, LDL colesterol, não HDL colesterol, triglicérides, glicemia de jejum e após 2h de carga glicêmica, insulinemia de jejum e 2h após carga glicêmica, proteína C reativa ultrassensível, fósforo urinário e dosagem de 25-OH-Vitamina D). Dos exames complementares, foram observadas diferenças favoráveis aos grupos vegetarianos na ultrassonografia para espessura de íntima de carótidas, e do bordo hepático, Velocidade de Onda de Pulso (PWV) e Escore de Cálcio Coronário (CAC). Conclusão: No grupo estudado observou-se que a dieta vegetariana, dentro de suas variantes (vegetariana estrita e ovo-lacto-vegetariana) conferiram um menor risco cardiovascular associado a marcadores de aterosclerose subclínica dentro de uma população adulta na faixa de 35-74 anos residentes no estado de São Paulo Introduction: Previous studies have demonstrated the protective effect of the vegetarian diet on the prevalence of CVD (cardiovascular diseases). However, there are still questions about the reproducibility of these studies in populations from developing countries or regarding the association of diet and the coronary calcium score. Objectives: 1) To analyze the relationship between vegetarian diet and subclinical atherosclerosis in an ethnically diverse population from Brazil. 2) To describe the relationship between a vegetarian diet and coronary calcium score. 3) To analyze the association between diet and other clinical, laboratory, and imaging variables associated with the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis. Methods: Participants were consecutively included between March 2013 and August 2016 at the University Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo, seventhday adventists, aged 35-74 years, living in the state of São Paulo. Clinical interview, laboratory tests, determination of nutritional variables and imaging and cardiological exams such as coronary calcium score, measurement of the carotid intima and hepatic border, and pulse wave velocity were performed. The dietary pattern was evaluated through a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for the Brazilian diet, based on standardized measures and periods. Results: The 1,404 participants included were divided into 3 groups: 548 omnivores, 617 ovo-lacto-vegetarian and 239 strict vegetarians. There were no differences in the groups in relation to age, race and gender. Statistically significant differences were observed between the omnivore, ovo-lactovegetarian, and strict vegetarian groups favoring vegetarianism in their forms for various anthropometric measures (weight, body mass index, resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, percentage of abdominal fat and abdominal circumference), abdominal fat index and limbs. There were significant differences between groups for laboratory factors associated with subclinical atherosclerosis (glycated hemoglobin, 12h urinary sodium, 12h urinary calcium, serum creatinine, alanine transaminase, GT range, uric acid, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol , non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glycemia and insulinemia and after 2h of glycemic load, ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein, urinary phosphorus and 25-OH-Vitamin D dosage). From the complementary examinations, favorable differences were observed in the vegetarian groups on carotid and hepatic border ultrasound, pulse wave velocity (PWV) and Coronary Calcium Score (CAC). Conclusion: In the studied groups, it was observed that vegetarian diet, within its variants (strict vegetarian and ovo-lacto-vegetarian), was associated with a reduced odds of subclinical atherosclerosis and its risk markers within an adult population in the 35-74 age group living in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Evidence exists which suggests that a vegetarian diet is a predisposing factor to erosive tooth wear. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of dietary pattern (vegetarian, lacto-ovo vegetarian and omnivore) on erosive tooth wear.Two hundred seven subjects (29 vegetarians, 96 lacto-ovo vegetarians and 82 omnivores) underwent an oral assessment and were asked to answer questionnaires about diet and oral care.Individuals who followed vegetarian and lacto-ovo vegetarian diets had statistically significantly more erosive tooth wear than did omnivores (p = 0.004). Conversely, omnivores presented more tooth loss than did lacto-ovo vegetarians (p = 0.027). Being a vegetarian or a lacto-ovo vegetarian entailed an increased risk (4 times and 2.5 times, respectively) of presenting erosive tooth wear than being omnivorous.Vegetarian and lacto-ovo vegetarian dietary patterns seem to favour the loss of dental structure by erosion. Vegetarian patients should thus be informed about preventive measures and treated accordingly.

Analyses of typical bacterial clusters in humans named enterotypes may facilitate understanding the host differences in the cardiometabolic profile. It stills unknown whether the three previously described enterotypes were present in populations living below the equator. We examined how the identification of enterotypes could be useful to explain the dietary associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in Brazilian subjects. In this cross-sectional study, a convenience sample of 268 adults (54.2% women) reported their dietary habits and had clinical and biological samples collected. In this study, we analyzed biochemical data and metagenomics of fecal microbiota (16SrRNA sequencing, V4 region). Continuous variables were compared using ANOVA, and categorical variables using chi-square test. Vsearch clustered the operational taxonomic units, and Silva Database provided the taxonomic signatures. Spearman coefficient was used to verify the correlation between bacteria abundances within each enterotype. One hundred subjects were classified as omnivore, 102 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and 66 strict vegetarians. We found the same structure as the three previously described enterotypes: 111 participants were assigned to Bacteroides, 55 to Prevotella, and 102 to Ruminococcaceae enterotype. The Prevotella cluster contained higher amount of strict vegetarians individuals than the other enterotypes (40.0 vs. 20.7 and 20.6, p = 0.04). Subjects in this enterotype had a similar anthropometric profile but a lower mean LDL-c concentration than the Bacteroides enterotype (96 ± 23 vs. 109 ± 32 mg/dL, p = 0.04). We observed significant correlations between bacterial abundances and cardiometabolic risk factors, but coefficients differed depending on the enterotype. In Prevotella enterotype, Eubacterium ventriosum (r BMI = -0.33, p = 0.03, and r HDL-c = 0.33, p = 0.04), Akkermansia (r 2h glucose = -0.35, p = 0.02), Roseburia (r BMI = -0.36, p = 0.02 and r waist = -0.36, p = 0.02), and Faecalibacterium (r insulin = -0.35, p = 0.02) abundances were associated to better cardiometabolic profile. The three enterotypes previously described are present in Brazilians, supporting that those bacterial clusters are not population-specific. Diet-independent lower LDL-c levels in subjects from Prevotella than in other enterotypes suggest that a protective bacterial cluster in the former should be driving this association. Enterotypes seem to be useful to understand the impact of daily diet exposure on cardiometabolic risk factors. Prospective studies are needed to confirm their utility for predicting phenotypes in humans.

Cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the host immune system regulates host metabolism, and its dysregulation can cause metabolic disease. Here, we show that the gut microbe Akkermansia muciniphila can mediate negative effects of IFNγ on glucose tolerance. In IFNγ-deficient mice, A. muciniphila is significantly increased and restoration of IFNγ levels reduces A. muciniphila abundance. We further show that IFNγ-knockout mice whose microbiota does not contain A. muciniphila do not show improvement in glucose tolerance and adding back A. muciniphila promoted enhanced glucose tolerance. We go on to identify Irgm1 as an IFNγ-regulated gene in the mouse ileum that controls gut A. muciniphila levels. A. muciniphila is also linked to IFNγ-regulated gene expression in the intestine and glucose parameters in humans, suggesting that this trialogue between IFNγ, A. muciniphila and glucose tolerance might be an evolutionally conserved mechanism regulating metabolic health in mice and humans., Mice deficient in the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFNγ have improved glucose tolerance. Here, the authors show that this effect depends on the gut microbe Akkermansia muciniphila, whose abundance increases in the absence IFNγ, and which is known to have beneficial effects on host metabolism.

Background Human body harbors ten times more bacteria than human cells, indicating that microbial communities should play a role for health and diseases. Changes in gut microbiota composition can alter gut barrier, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) translocation and trigger metabolic endotoxemia and insulin resistance. Akkermansia has been associated with a protective effect on the gut barrier by increasing mucus layer. In contrast, Escherichia is a gram-negative bacterium that contains LPS on your surface.