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Bachkground: The risk factors of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS) and depressive symptoms have been well-established, but whether the network structure of their symptoms changes over time remains unclear. This study aims to examine the six-year changes of network structure of PTSS and depressive symptoms among Wenchuan earthquake adult survivors in China.Methods: In this pooled cross-sectional study, respondents were sampled from the same population at each of the five waves (N = 1343, 1205, 1177, 1376, and 1339). The network structure of them was investigated using network analyses.Results: The study shows network connections stable across waves were the positive connections between hyperarousal and intrusions, hyperarousal and somatic symptoms, and two dimensions of positive effects. Stable negative connections were those between depressed affects and positive effects, avoidance and depressed affects, avoidance with interpersonal symptoms and avoidance with somatic symptoms. Across waves, fearful emotion consistently was the strongest bridge symptom connecting with PTSS symptoms. However, for PTSS the strongest bridge symptom varied across time as it was avoidance in wave 1 but were hyperarousal in other four waves.Limitations: This study was based on a pooled cross-sectional survey, which inhibits conclusions regarding causal influences between symptoms at the individual patient level.Conclusions: The network structure of PTSS and depressive symptoms was partly stable, yet also varied across survey waves. Core symptom clusters for PTSS and depressive symptoms were avoidance and depressed affect, respectively. The central role of these clusters in PTSS and depressive symptoms has important implications to future psychiatric programs.

False denials are sometimes used to cope with traumatic experiences. We examined whether false denials can affect true and false memory production for a traumatic event and conversations surrounding the trauma. One hundred and twenty-six participants watched a trauma analogue video of a car crash before being randomly asked in a discussion with the experimenter to (1) respond honestly or (2) falsely deny that certain details happened in the video. After one week, all participants received misinformation about the discussion with the experimenter and the car crash. Finally, all participants were instructed to respond truthfully in a source memory task. Participants who falsely denied information during the first session were statistically significantly more prone than honest participants to omit details they denied and to report misinformation about what was discussed in the first session. Our work suggests that false denials of a traumatic experience might lead to both forgetting and increased false memory levels for earlier conversations about the event. ispartof: Memory vol:30 issue:9 pages:1158-1171 ispartof: location:England status: Published online

Background Respectful care of bereaved parents after stillbirth plays a pivotal role in enabling the grieving process and reducing the traumatic impact of this life-changing event. Unfortunately, professionals and midwives, in particular, are often emotionally unprepared and frequently left alone when dealing with these stressful events. Aim The BLOSSoM (Burnout after perinatal LOSS in Midwifery) study aims to address the levels of professional burnout in Italian midwives and evaluate the psychological impact of bereavement care on professionals. Methods Web-based cross-sectional study, including socio-demographic questionnaire, survey on the knowledge of guidelines for stillbirth management and two psychometric tests: Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R). Findings Of 445 female midwives, mean age 35.1 (SD 9.9), working years 11.2 (SD 10.2), 149 (33.4%) reported specific training on stillbirth and 420 (94.6%) highlighted the need for further training and support. Medium to high levels of burnout (Emotional Exhaustion) were present in 65 midwives (15.9%) with a high prevalence of Reduced Personal Accomplishment (292, 64.2%). ‘Communicating the diagnosis of death’ was considered the hardest task, followed by ‘assisting the meeting with the baby’; 109 midwives (24.5%) reported high IES-R scores (>30), suggesting symptoms of PTSD related to stillbirth events; a good level of knowledge of guidelines favoured Personal Accomplishment (OR 0.3 [0.1 – 0.6]). The number of stillbirths assisted by midwives was not associated with burnout levels. Conclusion Midwives are particularly at risk of developing professional burnout, as early as after five years of work, with a significant association with the psychological impact exerted by stressful events (stillbirth).

Objective: Although research indicates that women are more likely than men to report posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms following exposure to a disaster event, few studies have a...

Understanding the processes controlling dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) loss in tile-drained systems is essential to better define critical source areas and inform nutrient and conservation practice recommendations. Concentration-discharge (C-Q) relationships have been used to infer solute sources, reactivity, proximity, and transport mechanisms governing solute fluxes. In this study, we compare DRP loads and flow-weighted mean DRP (FDRP) concentrations from P source and sink soils at an annual and event scale, and use power law analysis coupled with index-based approaches in order to identify the predominant DRP C-Q behavior in these soils at a daily and event scale. Results indicate that, in general, P source soils consistently lost higher DRP loads and exhibited greater FDRP concentrations when compared to P sink soils when examined at both annual and event scales. At the daily scale, C-Q patterns were linked to the soil P status whereby a chemostatic (b = 1) and dilution (b

BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent in patients who have had a cardiac arrest and their partners. Accordingly, acute traumatic stress screening is recommended, but its association with later PTSD symptoms has never been addressed in postresuscitation settings.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine whether acute traumatic stress is associated with PTSD symptoms in patients who have had a cardiac arrest and their partners.METHODS: This multicenter longitudinal study of 141 patients and 97 partners measures acute traumatic stress at 3 weeks and PTSD symptoms at 3 months and 1 year after resuscitation, using the Impact of Event Scale. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between severity of acute traumatic stress and PTSD symptoms and post hoc to explore effects of group (patients/partners), age, and sex on acute traumatic stress severity. We categorized Impact of Event Scale scores higher than 26 at 3 months and 1 year as clinical severe PTSD symptoms.RESULTS: Higher acute traumatic stress severity is significantly positively associated with higher PTSD symptom severity at 3 months (patients and partners: P < .001) and 1 year (patients and partners: P < .001) postresuscitation, with the strongest association for women compared with men (P = .03). Acute traumatic stress was higher in women compared with men across groups (P = .02). Clinical severe PTSD symptoms were present in 26% to 28% of patients and 45% to 48% of partners.CONCLUSION: Experiencing a cardiac arrest may elicit clinical severe PTSD symptoms in patients, but particularly in their partners. Screening patients and partners for acute traumatic stress postresuscitation is warranted to identify those at increased risk of long-term PTSD symptoms.

Problems duringold age have a direct impact on the mental and social health of the older adults. In this research, we decided to evaluate the effects of group logotherapy training on self-esteem, communication skills, and dealing with events in the older adults. Thesamples of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) include30 older adults individuals with unstable and weak self-esteem in adaily center for the older adults, which were selected by convenience method and divided into two equal groups, i.e., the cases and controls. The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI), Weiss and Marmar’s Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and Barton’s Communication Skills Questionnaire were the instruments for data collection. After evaluating the baseline, the case group attended ten sessions of group logotherapy. During this period, the controls were only using the conventional programs of the center. At the end of the program, the baseline sessions were completed by all participants at 1 and 3-month follow-up. The collected data were analyzed usinga repeated measures model, independent t-test, and chi-square test.The results show that group logotherapy significantly effect on the improvement of self-esteem, communication skills, and dealing with events in the older adults (P

The literature on social protection does not sufficiently address the impact of traumatic experiences on vulnerability and resilience. Failure to address trauma in highly traumatized and vulnerable populations could negate the effects of social protection programs. This study used a natural experiment (n = 465) to explore the effectiveness of trauma counseling and cash/in-kind transfers on enhancing social economic resilience among members of vulnerable communities in Northern Uganda. The results suggest that trauma counseling is more relevant than cash/in-kind transfers in enhancing social economic resilience; however, no synergetic effect on social economic resilience was found in relation to receiving trauma counseling in conjunction with social protection cash/in-kind assistance. This research adds to the existing literature by providing insights into the underlying factors contributing to vulnerability, such as trauma, as essential elements to be considered in designing and implementing social protection programs in vulnerable communities.

Objective To investigate the traumatic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on middle-school students and their parents. Methods This epidemiological cross-sectional study was conducted with middle-school students in Denizli. A questionnaire consisting of the IES-R, CRIES-13 and a sociodemographic data form was delivered online. A total of 1059 participants who fully completed the questionnaire were included for analysis. Results The IES-R total and subdimension scores and the CRIES-13 scores were found to be significantly higher in families with an income level of ≤2,500 TL. The CRIES-13 scores of children were found to be significantly higher in divorced families. No statistically significant difference was determined between the IES-R total and subdimension scores of the parents who were healthcare workers and the CRIES-13 scale scores of their children. Conclusion A statistically significant, positive, moderate relationship was found between the IES-R scale total and subdimension scores of parents and the CRIES-13 scale scores of children. A low socioeconomic level was seen to increase the prevalence of anxiety in adults and adolescents. The children of divorced families were found to be at higher risk of PTSD. Successful management of mental health symptoms in parents will reflect positively on the mental health status of their children.

Background: Spontaneous Haemoperitoneum in Pregnancy (SHiP) is a rare, but life-threatening complication of pregnancy that occurs predominantly in the third trimester of pregnancy and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Recently the largest case series in literature was published describing 11 Dutch cases of SHiP in women with endometriosis. Purpose: To investigate experiences, psychological impact, and quality of life after SHiP. Methods: A mixed-methods study was performed in women with a history of SHiP and their partners, including all known cases in the Netherlands between 2007 to 2015. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were organized between 2016 and 2017 and analysed thematically with a framework approach. Participants were asked to complete questionnaires investigating the impact of the event (Impact of Event Scale) and Quality of Life (RAND-36). Results: Out of a total of 11 known cases, 7 women agreed for be individually interviewed. From these, all women described a freeze response at the moment of SHiP, combined with either an anxious reaction or a survival mode mind-set. All women received psychological help after SHiP. Still, the feeling of not being heard by the medical staff was present in all women. Other themes such as postpartum period, bonding with their child, effect on daily life, reviving the event, and future pregnancies were also identified in the interviews. In regard to their partners, 3 were interviewed, hence no saturation was achieved. Finally, the questionnaires showed lower Quality of Life and an impact score of ≥ 8/10. Conclusion: SHiP had a profound impact on women and their partners. Dedicated psychological help should be offered to all women after experiencing SHiP.

This study investigated the association between changes in sleep duration after disaster and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and the mediating role of resilience on the association.Data were collected from 2951 Korean adults who were victims of a natural disaster and did not have any mental or medical illnesses before the event. They completed a long-term survey on changes in life for disaster victims using computer-aided personal interviews. Changes in sleep duration before and one month after experiencing a disaster were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire. Resilience levels and PTSD symptoms were measured using the Brief Resilience Scale and the Impact of Event Scale - Revised, respectively, and more than 33 of the IES-R score items were defined as significant PTSD symptoms. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the associations between changes in sleep duration and PTSD symptoms. Additionally, mediating studies were conducted to identify the role of resilience on the association.Compared with participants without significant PTSD symptoms, those with PTSD symptoms were more likely to be older and female (group without significant PTSD symptom: mean age = 56.12 ± 18.70 years, female sex = 49.24%; group with significant PTSD symptoms: mean age = 60.88 ± 15.66 years, female sex = 59.52%). Compared with disaster victims without changes in sleep duration, those who had shorter sleep duration after disaster had a higher risk of significant PTSD symptoms (OR = 2.89, 95% Cl = 2.31-3.62, p 0.001). In the mediating study, resilience level significantly mediated the relationship between reduced sleep duration and PTSD symptoms (direct effect: β = 0.208, 95% Cl = 0.166-0.250, p 0.001; indirect effect: β = 0.007, 95% Cl = 0.002-0.011, p 0.001; total effect: β = 0.215, 95% Cl = 0.173-0.257, p 0.001).This study revealed that individuals with reduced sleep duration after disaster had a higher risk of PTSD symptoms, while those with increased sleep duration did not. In addition, mediating effects of resilience level on the relationship between reduced sleep duration and significant PTSD symptoms were observed.

The paper is devoted to the role of hares in the composition of hunter's prey in the Upper Palaeolithic of the Russian (East European) Plain. Mammoths and hoofed mammals are traditionally considered as main hunting species for these sites. However, sometimes completely different species come to the fore, while the bones of the “main hunting animals” are presented only in small amounts. We have analyzed the faunistic materials of the sites confined to the basins of the main rivers of the Russian Plain (Dnieper, Desna, Seym, Oka, Don), the chronostratigraphic position of which is justified by radiocarbon dates. As a result of quantitative analysis, the sites were divided into 4 groups, where group 1 comprises the sites with the content of hare bones in relation to all definable bone residues of more than 50%, and group 4 - which does not contain them at all. A set of skeletal elements was also studied and their percentage in the collection was determined. Correlation of the data with the Late Pleistocene event scale showed the absence of a direct relationship between the number of hare bones in sites with climate changes. Throughout the entire Upper Palaeolithic, hares were part of the environment of the ancient population, spreading widely in forest landscapes and decreasing in the tundra-steppes. Hares served as universal game, especially when other types of hunting were limited (for example, during seasonal migrations of other species).

Understanding erosion and sedimentation processes along the drainage network, from hillslopes to rivers and reservoirs, is essential for water resources management and river restoration. This work proposes a novel dynamic evaluation of landscape factor from modeled runoff and erosion rates from physically-based distributed hydrological modelling, to estimate event-scale sediment connectivity. Four precipitation events of moderate intensity were selected and used for model calibration. The results were used to analyze the temporal variability of connectivity and comparison with indices based on catchment relief or land-uses. Although the headwater areas of the hillslopes presented similar values for all simulated events, a progressive increase in sediment connectivity, proportional to the runoff magnitude of the event, was observed. The variability of the event-scale connectivity index was mainly controlled by parameters related to flow (riverbed roughness, rill erodibility and particle diameter) and less by land use and vegetation cover (cover fraction or interrill erodibility). Although features affecting functional connectivity caused variations between events, the obtained results agreed with indices based on relief as landscape factor. This highlights the important role of structural connectivity represented by the catchment topography. However, the proposed methodology is subject to several sources of uncertainty related to event-scale model calibration, the erosion and transport processes considered and the spatial distribution of runoff. Furthermore, the geomorphological threshold for hillslope and rivers can also affect sediment connectivity, especially along the fluvial system. The results of this work highlight important future challenges in a more dynamic understanding of sediment connectivity river basins., This work was financed by ERDF/Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities-State Research Agency (AEI)/Project CGL2017-84625-C2-1-R (CCAMICEM); State Program for Research, Development and Innovation focused on the Challenges of Society

We sought to validate the Centrality of Event Scale (CES) in a Nigerian clinical sample of people living with HIV/ ADS. Our sample consisted of 869 people living with HIV/AIDS. They completed the C...

Background Communication is key to understanding the emotional state of critical care patients. Objective To analyze the effectiveness of the communicative intervention known as CONECTEM, which incorporates basic communication skills and augmentative alternative communication, in improving pain, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in critical care patients transported by ambulance. Methods This study had a quasi-experimental design with intervention and control groups. It was carried out at 4 emergency medical centers in northern Spain. One of the centers served as the intervention unit, with the other 3 serving as control units. The nurses at the intervention center underwent training in CONECTEM. Pretest and posttest measurements were obtained using a visual analog scale to measure pain, the short-version State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to measure anxiety, and the Impact of Event Scale to measure posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Results In the comparative pretest-posttest analysis of the groups, significant differences were found in favor of the intervention group (Pillai multivariate, F2,110 = 57.973, P < .001). The intervention was associated with improvements in pain (mean visual analog scale score, 3.3 pretest vs 1.1 posttest; P < .001) and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (mean Impact of Event Scale score, 17.8 pretest vs 11.2 posttest; P < .001). Moreover, the percentage of patients whose anxiety improved was higher in the intervention group than in the control group (62% vs 4%, P < .001). Conclusion The communicative intervention CONECTEM was effective in improving psychoemotional state among critical care patients during medical transport.

Platyniuk O. B. Formation mechanisms of non-psychotic mental disorders in injured combatants as a basis of psychotherapy. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(12):359-364. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.12.035 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.12.035 https://zenodo.org/record/4741003 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 09.11.2020. Revised: 25.11.2020. Accepted: 29.12.2020. FORMATION MECHANISMS OF NON-PSYCHOTIC MENTAL DISORDERS IN INJURED COMBATANTS AS A BASIS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY O. B. Platyniuk Kharkiv National Medical University, Ukraine Abstract Today 16.2% of the world’s population suffers from the consequences of military conflicts. In 80% of people affected by hostilities, the consequences of combat trauma are non-psychotic mental disorders. According to the data obtained during the study, the following non-psychotic disorders were found in examined combatants: acute stress reaction (F43.0) in 36.2% of subjects, PTSD (F43.1) in 32.1%, prolonged depressive adjustment reaction (F43.21) in 11.3%, adjustment disorder with anxiety (F43.22) in 12.2%, depressive episode (F32.1, F32.2) in 8.2% of subjects. 145 male injured combatants aged 20 – 55 y. o. were examined at the Military Medical Clinical Center of the Northern Region. Methods: clinical psychopathological, clinical anamnestic, psychodiagnostic, catamnestic, statistical. According to the results of Clinically administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), clinically pronounced manifestations of PTSD were noted in examined combatants (frequency of PTSD symptoms: 33.9 ± 3.6 points, intensity: 32.2 ± 5.5 points, and total severity of symptoms: 67.1 ± 6.9 points). According to the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) in the surveyed combatants, a high level of impact of the traumatic event was observed by scales of invasion (77.8% of surveyed), avoidance (62.9%) and physiological excitability (72.2%). Against the background of using the developed program there were a positive dynamics of mental state (86.9% of respondents), a decrease in anxiety (85.6%) and depression (82.2%), and a decrease level of PTSD symptoms by Impact of Event Scale (IES-R) (79.8%). Key words: combatants; injuries; non-psychotic mental disorders; psychotherapy; psychoeducation.

We studied the short-term psychological effects of the COVID-19 crisis and the quarantine on 3550 adults from the Spanish population in a cross-sectional survey. Symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress were analyzed using the 21-item version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder were analyzed using the Impact of Event Scale. Symptomatic scores of anxiety, depression, and stress were observed in 20% to 30% of respondents. Symptomatic scores indicating psychological stress were found in 47.5% of respondents. Similar to the findings of other multiple studies, confinement has been found to have significant emotional impact in the Spanish population.

Recognized risk factors influencing the birth experience and subsequent poor mental health are not addressed among childbearing adolescents, especially minority teens. Our study purpose was to compare birth experiences of three adolescent groups by prevalence and influence of selected risk factors as moderated by racial/ethnic background. Using a birth rating scale and the Impact of Event Scale, birth perception and stress were examined among an equal number of Black, White, and Hispanic adolescents. Surveys completed at 72 hours postpartum showed Black adolescents most at risk for a negative birth experience. Contributing risk factors included depression, trauma, parity, and operative childbirth. Risk factors occur before and after birth; therefore, childbirth educators can promote a positive birth experience via perinatal assessments and interventions.

Purpose The aim of the study was: (1) to determine whether post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) intensification in a spouse/partner is an essential predictor for PTSS intensification in the parents of children who were treated in the NICU during the neonatal period and (2) to indicate the relationship between psychological variables linked to stress intensification and coping styles with PTSS intensification. Design The research sample consisted of 41 couples of parents of infants aged between 3 and 11 months old, who had been treated in a NICU during the neonatal period. The Impact Event Scale – Revised was used to assess PTSS, the Perceived Stress Scale was applied to assess stress, and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations was used to measure the coping style. Data were analysed statistically using descriptive statistics, and hierarchical regression was performed to indicate PTSS predictors. Results PTSS intensification in men was 39.17 ± 17.17 points and in women it was 48.93 ± 18.97 points. The majority of the fathers (68.5%) and of the mothers (82.9%) scored more than 33 points in the IES-R scale, which suggests PTSD. Significant PTSS predictors in the fathers were: PTSS intensification in the partner, the level of perceived stress and emotion-oriented coping. Significant PTSS predictors in women were: avoidance-oriented style in stressful situations and PTSD intensification in the father. Conclusion Post-traumatic stress symptoms in a partner is a significant predictor for post-traumatic stress symptoms in the mothers and fathers of children previously treated in NICU. Practice implications Demonstrating a significant correlation between PTSS in a parent and their partner, as well as stress coping has crucial clinical implications both in terms of prevention and diagnosis.

Purpose As men nowadays often attend the delivery of their own child, they also have to go through the labor period. In this study, the condition of the expectant fathers attending labor was evaluated. Methods In 2016, fathers who went through labor with their partners in the University medical center of Mainz were interviewed within the first days after delivery and 6 months later. They received a “Fathers questionnaire” concerning their motivation, the valuation of their attendance, their emotions during labor, and concerning the service in the labor ward. Six months later, they also received the validated Impact of Event Scale questionnaire (IES-R). In total, 318 participants answered the “Fathers’ Questionnaire”, 226 the IES-R. Results Father’s attendance during labor was considered to be beneficial for fathers themselves (254, 79.8%), for the mother (272, 85.5%), for the newborn child (187, 58.8%), for the relationship (234, 73.6%). Only four could not see a purpose in their attendance. 73 men (23%) felt helpless, 47 (14.8%) were overwhelmed by the situation, 116 (36.5%) felt fear, 299 (94%) were happy to be present at birth, 27 (8.5%) felt traumatized by experiencing their partners in labor. According to the IES-R, none of the 226 men surveyed showed all symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Conclusion Childbirth is related to positive and negative emotions. Positive emotions are predominant, but come along with negative feelings. In this survey, posttraumatic stress disorder did not occur among men after delivery. Nevertheless, fathers’ needs should be kept in view.

The interception process impacts rainfall magnitude and intensity under the canopy. In this study, the effect of plant interception on throughfall characteristics was assessed in the deciduous Caat...

Background Women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation have high lifetime risks of developing breast and ovarian cancers. We sought to estimate the prevalence of cancer-related distress and to identify predictors of distress in an international sample of unaffected women with a BRCA mutation. Methods Women with a BRCA1/2 mutation and no previous cancer diagnosis were recruited from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and from a national advocacy group. Using an online survey, we asked about cancer risk reduction options and screening, and we measured cancer-related distress using the Impact of Event Scale. Results Among 576 respondents, mean age was 40.8 years (SD = 8.1). On average 4.9 years after a positive test result, 16.3% of women reported moderate-to-severe cancer-related distress. Women who had undergone risk-reducing breast and ovarian surgery were less likely to have (moderate or severe) cancer-related distress compared to other women (22.0% versus 11.4%, P value = 0.007). Women recruited from the advocacy group were more likely to have cancer-related distress than other women (21.6% versus 5.3%, P value = 0.002). Conclusions Approximately 16% of women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation experience distress levels comparable to those of women after a cancer diagnosis. Distress was lower for women who had risk-reducing surgery.

The transitional impact scale (TIS) was developed to measure the quality and quantity of changes brought about by transitional events. The aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the TIS. Study 1 investigated the validity and internal consistency of the TIS among 445 participants (aged 18-73 years) who completed the TIS, beck anxiety inventory (BAI), centrality of event scale (CES), impact of event scale-revised (IES-R), and post-traumatic growth inventory. Study 2 investigated the test-retest reliability of the TIS among 140 university students (70 female; 70 male) who completed a retest of the TIS after a 2-week interval. The two-factor structure (i.e., material change and psychological change) of the TIS proposed by Svob et al. (2014) was confirmed in different age and socioeconomic status groups of a Turkish sample. The TIS was significantly correlated with the BAI, CES, and IES-R. Finally, the TIS had a high test-retest reliability.

Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently occurs in survivors of natural disasters, while symptom of depression is related mostly to interpersonal trauma. These conditions are highly correlated and strongly impact adolescent quality of life. This study aimed to explore the relationship among trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, and/or depression symptoms in adolescent survivors of the 2013 Lushan (China) earthquake. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 2921 adolescents in the Longmenshan seismic fault zone was conducted three years after the Lushan earthquake. Participants were evaluated using the Earthquake Experience Scale, the Adolescent Self-rating Life Events Checklist (ASLEC), the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13), and the Depression Self-Rating Scale (KADS-6). Stepwise regression was used to explore relationships between trauma exposure and PTSD or depression symptoms. Results There was a strong correlation between PTSD and depression symptoms, with a 10.7% comorbidity. Earthquake-related exposure, negative life events, prior exposure to the 2008 Wenchuan (China) earthquake, and being left behind by parents all contributed to PTSD and depressive symptoms. Earthquake exposures contributed mainly to PTSD symptoms, while interpersonal traumas contributed mainly to depression symptoms. Conclusion PTSD and depression symptoms strongly correlate in adolescent survivors of the 2013 Lushan earthquake. The high comorbidity between PTSD and depression symptoms may reflect shared risk factors. Natural disasters are more likely to cause PTSD symptoms, while interpersonal traumas are more likely to cause depression symptoms.

Feigning causes personal and societal consequences, in both civil and criminal context. We investigated whether presenting the consequences of feigning can diminish symptom endorsement in feigned Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We randomly allocated non-native English speaking undergraduates (N = 145) to five conditions: 1) Truth tellers (n = 31), 2) Civil context feigners (n = 27), 3) Civil context warned feigners (n = 26), 4) Criminal context feigners (n = 29), and 5) Criminal context warned feigners (n = 32). All feigning groups received a vignette depicting a situation in which claiming PTSD would be beneficial. One vignette referred to the personal injury claim, whereas the second was about the aggravated assault charges. Additionally, one feigning group from each setting received information about the consequences of feigning (i.e., warned feigners). After receiving the instructions, all participants were administered the Self-Report Symptom Inventory (SRSI), a measure of symptom endorsement. Truth tellers endorsed fewer symptoms than all feigning groups, which mostly did not differ. Yet, criminal warned feigners (59%) were significantly less frequently detected on the SRSI as overreporters than other feigning groups (86.2%���89%). Hence, emphasizing the negative consequences of overreporting may diminish symptom endorsement, but only in high-stake situations. The implications and limitations (e.g., online measure administration) of this work are discussed.

Aim: While it is known that being mechanically restrained during hospitalization can, in severe cases, lead to PTSD in individuals with mental illness, less is known about why some develop posttraumatic stress reactions following restraint while others do not. This study examined whether the amount ofexposure to mechanical restraint and patients’ interpretations of the episodes’ centrality to their identity were related to symptoms of PTSD in individuals with schizophrenia. Methods: We asked 20 individuals to recall mechanical restraint episodes and rate them on centrality to identity. They also completed scales measuring symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, trauma history, and were rated on positive and negative symptoms. Objective information about thenumber of times they had been restrained was obtained through Danish health registries. Results: Amount of exposure to mechanical restraint was not significantly related to PTSD symptoms, potentially due to limitations of our small sample. However, interpreting episodes as more central toidentity was. This relationship remained significant when controlling for trauma history, positive symptoms, and depression. Conclusion: The results suggest that clinically significant levels of PTSD are common in this population,and that considering patients’ subjective interpretations of restraint episodes, and not merely the objective facts surrounding them is important for patients’ psychological adjustment. Aim While it is known that being mechanically restrained during hospitalization can, in severe cases, lead to PTSD in individuals with mental illness, less is known about why some develop posttraumatic stress reactions following restraint while others do not. This study examined whether the amount of exposure to mechanical restraint and patients' interpretations of the episodes' centrality to their identity were related to symptoms of PTSD in individuals with schizophrenia. Methods We asked 20 individuals to recall mechanical restraint episodes and rate them on centrality to identity. They also completed scales measuring symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, trauma history, and were rated on positive and negative symptoms. Objective information about the number of times they had been restrained was obtained through Danish health registries. Results Amount of exposure to mechanical restraint was not significantly related to PTSD symptoms, potentially due to limitations of our small sample. However, interpreting episodes as more central to identity was. This relationship remained significant when controlling for trauma history, positive symptoms, and depression. Conclusion The results suggest that clinically significant levels of PTSD are common in this population, and that considering patients' subjective interpretations of restraint episodes, and not merely the objective facts surrounding them is important for patients' psychological adjustment.

Type 1 diabetes is a challenge for children, adolescents, and their families as it affects the quality of life and lifestyle of the whole family context. Diabetes onset and its chronic management could be therefore particularly related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a group of persistent psychological and physiological symptoms due to a traumatic and severe event. The aim of this study was to assess the rate of PTSD in a group of pediatric patients with T1DM and to evaluate the relationship between parental trauma and quality of life. Forty-nine prepubertal children affected by T1DM and their families were consecutively enrolled in the study. Patients and parents were asked to complete two types of questionnaires: (1) The Impact of Event Scale (IES) questionnaire for the evaluation of PTSD. (2) The PedsQL™3.0 Diabetes Module questionnaire to measure diabetes-specific QOL in both children and their parents. Our data suggest that a clinical level of trauma is present in 66.7% of mothers and 65.5% of fathers of T1D children. Parents with medium or high IES Scores demonstrated lower levels of QoL. The results of this study show a high prevalence of acute post-traumatic stress symptoms in parents of prepubertal children with T1DM. This finding is consistent with data from adult diabetic patients. Our data demonstrated also a relation between parents’ level of traumatism and declared QoL scores. Indeed, our data confirm that the duration of diabetes negatively correlates with the QoL by both, parents and patients.