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It is important for marketing academics and public policymakers to understand how to persuade consumers to consume healthier food instead of unhealthy food. Based on the theories of synchrony effect and self-control, this research makes novel predictions about the time-of-day effects on (un)healthy food purchases. The results of a field study and a laboratory experiment confirm that consumers’ self-control level becomes lower in the evening, which leads consumers to buy more unhealthy products in the evening than they do in the morning. A follow-up eye-tracking experiment reveals the underlying mechanism through which self-control failure makes consumers pay more visual attention to unhealthy food and the weaker effect of attention to healthy food on purchases. The results of this study provide valuable insights not only for marketing academics but also for retailers and consumer marketing companies.

Background Although rotating shifts are essential for nurses to ensure optimal patient care, rotating shifts expose them to an imbalanced circadian rhythm. Shift work leads to nurses experiencing diminished sleep quality, which affects their wakefulness and judgement, curtails work performance, and affects care quality. Aim To investigate the relationship among social jetlag, anxiety, and premenstrual symptoms in nurses working in 8-hour rotating shifts Methods Participants were 194 shift-working nurses in three South Korean university hospitals from March 21 to April 2 in 2021. Chronotype and social jetlag were assessed using the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire for Shift Workers. Anxiety was measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory X-1. Premenstrual symptoms were measured using the Shortened Premenstrual Assessment Form. This cross-sectional study adheres to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. Findings Among participants, the mean overall social jetlag was 3 hours 45 minutes. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that social jetlag (on evening shift) and anxiety significantly influenced nurses’ premenstrual symptoms. Moreover, individuals’ chronotype and preference to work the night shift were identified as predictors of premenstrual symptoms. Discussion Nurses working on shifts are bound to experience greater social jetlag compared with the general population and are at an elevated risk of deteriorated quality of life. Nursing managers should consider individuals’ chronotypes and social jetlag when establishing shift schedules and identify strategies that relieve anxiety in nurses working in rotating shifts. Conclusion Social jetlag and anxiety adversely affect premenstrual symptoms in female nurses working in 8-hour rotating shifts.

Individuals with evening chronotypes are prone to suffer chronodisruption and display worse lifestyle habits than morning-types, exhibiting higher cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, it is unknown whether CVD patients, who are evening chronotypes, have higher cardiometabolic risk than morning-types. This study explored whether individual chronotypes were associated with cardiometabolic risk in patients from the CORDIOPREV study (n = 857). We also investigated whether potential associations were moderated by long-term consumption of two healthy diets (Mediterranean and Low-fat diets). This population was classified into chronotypes using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. Seven-day daily rhythms in wrist temperature (T), rest-activity (A) and position (P) were recorded in a subset of patients (n = 168), and an integrative variable TAP was determined. Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) was determined at baseline, and metabolic and inflammation markers were measured at baseline and yearly during the 4 years of follow-up. Differences in several lifestyle factors were analyzed according to chronotype. At all times, evening-types had higher triglycerides, C-reactive protein and homocysteine and lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol than morning-types (P < 0.05). Evening-types had a higher prevalence of MetS (OR 1.58 IC 95% [1.10 - 2.28], P = 0.01). Moreover, they were more sedentary, displayed less and delayed physical activity and ate and slept later. In addition, evening-types had lower amplitude, greater fragmentation, lower robustness and less stable circadian pattern at TAP (P < 0.01), all related to a less healthy circadian pattern. In conclusion, evening-types with CVD had higher cardiometabolic risk and less robust circadian-related rhythms than morning-types, regardless of the nutritional intervention.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Caffeine use is ubiquitous among adolescents and may be harmful to sleep, with downstream implications for health and development. Research has been limited by self-reported and/or aggregated measures of sleep and caffeine collected at a single time point. This study examines bidirectional associations between daily caffeine consumption and electroencephalogram-measured sleep among adolescents and explores whether these relationships depend on timing of caffeine use. METHODS: Ninety-eight adolescents aged 11–17 (mean =14.38, standard deviation = 1.77; 50% female) participated in 7 consecutive nights of at-home sleep electroencephalography and completed a daily diary querying morning, afternoon, and evening caffeine use. Linear mixed-effects regressions examined relationships between caffeine consumption and total sleep time, sleep-onset latency, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, and time spent in sleep stages. Impact of sleep indices on next-day caffeine use was also examined. RESULTS: Increased total caffeine consumption was associated was increased sleep-onset latency (β = .13; 95% CI = .06, .21; P < .001) and reduced total sleep time (β = −.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −.31, −.02; P = .02), sleep efficiency (β = −1.59; 95% CI = −2.51, −.67; P < .001), and rapid eye movement sleep (β = −.12; 95% CI = −.19, −.05; P < .001). Findings were driven by afternoon and evening caffeine consumption. Reduced sleep efficiency was associated with increased afternoon caffeine intake the following day (β = −.006; 95% CI = −.012, −.001; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Caffeine consumption, especially afternoon and evening use, impacts several aspects of adolescent sleep health. In contrast, most sleep indicators did not affect next-day caffeine use, suggesting multiple drivers of adolescent caffeine consumption. Federal mandates requiring caffeine content labeling and behavioral interventions focused on reducing caffeine intake may support adolescent sleep health. CITATION: Lunsford-Avery JR, Kollins SH, Kansagra S, Wang KW, Engelhard MM. Impact of daily caffeine intake and timing on electroencephalogram-measured sleep in adolescents. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(3):877–884.

Objective To examine the role of adolescents’ and their parents’ sleep quality as mediators of family-level processes and family members’ psychological distress (ie, anxiety/depressive symptoms). Design Short-term prospective design with an initial survey followed by a 7-day twice-daily (morning and evening) diary. Setting Online survey for high school students and their parents across the United States. Participants A total of 193 adolescent (Mage = 15.7 years old, standard deviation = 0.94; 54.4% female) and parent (Mage = 47.6 years old, standard deviation = 5.4; 80% female) dyads. Measurement In the initial survey, adolescents reported on family dysfunction, parent-child relationship quality, and parents reported on their own romantic relationship satisfaction. Both adolescents and parents reported their daily levels of sleep quality (morning diaries) and their psychological distress (evening diaries) for 7 days. Results At the level of between-family differences, parents’ sleep quality mediated the association between their baseline reports of romantic relationship satisfaction and daily levels of psychological distress. In addition, adolescents’ sleep quality mediated the association between family-level dysfunction and their own psychological distress. After controlling for between-family associations, spikes in parents’ and/or adolescents’ sleep quality on specific mornings predicted corresponding drops in parents’ evening reports of psychological distress on those same days. Finally, parents’ and adolescents’ sleep quality demonstrated significant levels of concordance across the 7 days of the daily diary. Conclusions Findings underscore the dynamic and tightly related processes within the family system and the important role that sleep plays in linking them with family members’ psychological distress.

Background. The article presents the data of the COMETA study on the effectiveness of the combination of Armadin + Trizipin preparations, injection and tablet forms, by the domestic manufacturer Microkhim Research and Production Company, Ltd, in the comprehensive treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and high cardiovascular risk (HCR) in a day cardiology hospital and outpatient clinic, provides an integral evaluation of the validity of using the develo­ped treatment regimen for a month and du­ring long-term follow-up. Materials and methods. The study included 30 patients with IHD and HCR who received standard therapy according to the ESC recommendation. In addition, i.v. drip infusions of Armadin (200 mg per 100.0 saline solution), Trizipin (1000 mg i.v. in the tube at 1 : 2 dilution in saline solution), Armadin long 300 mg, 1 tablet in the evening — for two weeks, then during four weeks Trizipin long 1000 mg in the morning, Armadin long 300 mg, 1 tablet in the morning and in the evening were administered. The efficiency of the prescribed complex was monitored by the dynamics of clinical status, treadmill test (t/test), 6-minute walk test, echocardioscopy, Holter ECG monitoring (HECGM) using standard techniques; self-evaluation of the quality of life was carried out according to the classic questionnaire using the MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results. We have established a positive dynamics in the clinical state of patients, the prevalence of statistically reliable indicators of objective researches: t/test — an increase in the tolerance to physical activity by 3.4 МЕТ, an increase in the distance traveled during 6-minute walk test and transition of 33.3 % of patients into the category of persons with a mild functional class of the disease, a decrease in the number of atrial and ventricular extrasystoles in HECGM and, most importantly, the elimination of short paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia. The questioning of patients with regard to the dynamics of the quality of life assessment showed a positive result in the basic criteria of the questionnaire: role functioning conditioned by the physical and emotional state improved by half (before and after — 50 and 100, 33 and 67, respectively). Conclusions. Comprehensive treatment with Armadin and Trizipin preparations (injection, tablet form) is a successful technology of therapy and rehabilitation of patients with IHD and HCR. Further long-term observations with long-term use of the technique in a permanent regimen are worthwhile. The combination of Armadin + Trizi­pin preparations by the domestic manufacturer Microkhim Research and Production Company, Ltd is promising in terms of active study as a part of the comprehensive therapy of IHD patients and introduction into a wide medical practice with the purpose of increasing therapeutic effectiveness.

Purpose: To examine the sleep of rugby league athletes the night before and following an evening match and to investigate the association between caffeine intake and sleep on the night of competition. Methods: On the night prior to, night of, and night after a professional rugby league match, 15 athletes had their sleep monitored using wrist activity monitors. Additionally, saliva samples were collected 60 minutes before and 30 minutes after the competition to assess salivary caffeine concentration. Differences in sleep across the 3 nights were examined using linear mixed models, and changes were assessed using effect size (ES). Pearson correlation (r) assessed the relationship between salivary caffeine levels and sleep indices. Results: On the night of competition, athletes went to bed later than the night before (P = .00002, ES = 1.84) and night after (P = .0003, ES = 1.49) competition. Consequently, their sleep duration was reduced on the night of competition compared with the previous night (P P = .001, ES = 1.53). Postcompetition salivary caffeine concentration was substantially elevated in athletes when compared with precompetition measures (P r = .48, P = .07), increased sleep latency (r = .45, P = .09), decreased sleep duration (r = −.30, P = .28), and reduced sleep efficiency (r = −.34, P = .22). Conclusions: These results demonstrate that evening competition results in sleep disturbance in rugby league athletes, and caffeine supplementation prior to and during competition leads to substantial increases in postcompetition salivary caffeine concentration.

Background Research has demonstrated dietary quality benefits of family meals and meals prepared at home. Less is known about associations between the proportion of family evening meals made at home and key personal, behavioral, and environmental characteristics. Moreover, most studies often measure these data retrospectively. Objective The objective of this study is to describe the proportion of evening meals made at home measured in real time and to assess associations between personal, behavioral, and environmental characteristics that are associated with a higher proportion of evening meals prepared and consumed at home. Design This study is a cross-sectional secondary analysis of baseline data collected during 2017 and 2018 from the New Ulm at Home study, a randomized controlled trial conducted in rural Minnesota to evaluate the effectiveness of a childhood obesity prevention program for school-aged children. Participants/setting The present study analyzes a subset of the New Ulm at Home trial data from families (N = 108) who completed at least four evening meal screeners collected in real time with ecological momentary assessment technology over a 2-week period. Main outcome measure The main outcome measure was the proportion of family evening meals made at home, calculated using two cutpoints (≤50% of evening meals prepared at home vs >50%; ≤70% vs >70%). Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics were used to describe the proportion of evening meals prepared at home. Logistic regression analyses adjusted for parent education were used to assess associations between family characteristics and the two different proportions of meals made at home. Results Most family evening meals were prepared and eaten at home (62%). Logistic regression models indicated meal planning skills (odds ratio=1.19, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.39) and mealtime routines (odds ratio=1.20, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.40) were significantly associated with odds of preparing more than 50% of evening meals at home. Only meal planning skills (odds ratio=1.27, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.51) was significantly associated with odds of preparing more than 70% of evening meals at home. Conclusions Study findings indicated mealtime routines and meal planning skills were associated with preparing more than 50% of evening meals at home, but only meal planning skills were associated with preparing more than 70% of evening meals at home, which may suggest the importance of adapting interventions for families. Future research should build on these findings in randomized controlled trials.

Investigating travellers’ travel-based multitasking behaviour broadens the horizons of transport policies regarding improving transport services and promoting more sustainable travel behaviour. This study is conducted in Singapore that examines travel-based multitasking preferences and quantifies the impacts on travellers’ monetary trade-offs between travel time savings and seat availability. Considering activity types and duration, five groups of in-vehicle activity are classified from a list of 26 self-reported activity library through performing an exploratory factor analysis. The choice of multitasking is modelled by considering impacts from the perspectives of travel modes, trip characteristics and socio-demographics. Differences across trip purposes namely home to work (HW), work back to home (WH) and leisure/recreation trips (LR) are captured. Public transport riders are found more likely to participate in e-activities for leisure purpose. Car drivers are found to be less likely to perform any multitask during commute, except for social activity on LR trips. Travellers’ monetary trade-offs vary across in-vehicle activities. Herein, people with passive or information- and communication-technology (ICT) related activities are found to be less sensitive to changes in travel time during WH and LR trips. Carrying out ICT-related activities is found to reduce individuals’ economic cost on morning commute, but to increase it on evening commute. People with productive activity are found slightly more likely to pay for a seat during morning commute, and less likely to do so during evening commute. In effect, we contend travel-based multitasking has a significant, but largely unaccounted for, impact on transport planning and appraisal process.

This study examined the effect of time of day (TOD) on physical performance, and physiological and perceptual responses to a 10-km cycling time trial (TT

BACKGROUND: There is increasing recognition that a morning or evening preference is associated with time of eating, metabolic health, and morbidity. However, few studies have examined the association of time of eating with mortality. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association of time of first recalled ingestive episode with the prospective risk of all-cause mortality. METHODS: We used mortality-linked data from the NHANES conducted in 1988–1994 and 1999–2014 (n = 34,609; age ≥ 40 years). The exposure was quartiles (Q1–Q4) of clock time of first eating episode self-reported in the baseline 24-hour dietary recall. The outcome was follow-up time from the date of NHANES examination to the date of death or end of the follow-up period (31 December 2015). We used proportional hazards regression methods to determine the independent association of time of first eating episode with relative hazard of all-cause mortality, with adjustments for multiple covariates and the complex survey design. Multiple linear regression methods were used to examine the associations of time of first eating episode with baseline cardiometabolic biomarkers and dietary attributes. RESULTS: In this national cohort, with a median age of ∼55 years (95% CI: 54.6–55.4 years) at baseline and a median follow-up of 8.3 years (IQR, 8.75 years), there were 10,303 deaths. The median times of first eating episodes in Q1–Q4 were 05:45, 07:00, 08:00, and 10:00, respectively. Covariate-adjusted relative hazards of mortality in Q1 to Q3 of the time of the first eating episode were 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81–0.96), 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81–0.95), 0.94 (95% CI: 0.87–1.02), with Q4 as the referent (P = 0.0008). Qualitative dietary attributes were inversely related with the time of the first eating episode; however, BMI and serum concentrations of glycemic biomarkers increased with later times of first eating episode (P ≤ 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Recall of an earlier time of the first eating episode by ≥40-year-old US participants was suggestive of a small relative survival advantage in this observational study.

The prognosis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events for patients suffering from hypertension is considered of a high importance in preventing any further development of cardiac diseases. Despite of the ability of current gold standard techniques in predicting vascular events risks, they still lack the required clinical efficiency. In this vein, the study proposed herein provides an investigation on the feasibility of using heart rate variability (HRV) utilized through a machine learning approach to predict hypertensive patients at higher risk of developing vascular events. Initially, HRV features were extracted from all patient's data using time-domain, frequency-domain, non-linear, and fragmentation metrics. The extraction of features was based on a 24-hour cycle analysis segmented into four time periods; namely late-night, early-morning, afternoon, and evening. Analysis of all features was performed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test on period by period basis. Furthermore, the selection of best features was performed following a Chi-squared test for demographic and HRV features. Then, a model based on decision trees and random under-sampling boosting (RUSBOOST) was trained using demographic features, HRV features, and a combination of both features. The performance of the trained model achieved a maximum accuracy of 97.08% using the combined set of features during the afternoon time period. In addition, the precision and F1-score in predicting high risk patients reached 81.25% and 86.67%, respectively. The overall area under the curve for the model was at 0.98, suggesting a high performance in the sensitivity and specificity measures. This study paves the way towards utilizing machine learning models and heart rate variability for the prognosis of vascular events in hypertensive patient. Furthermore, it assists clinicians in decision making by providing a simple, yet effective, and continuous prediction approach when compared to other available techniques.

Background : World Health Organization reports that over 1.9 billion adults are obese. Studies have found that people who reduce their body weight by 5% experience considerable health benefits. Currently, mobile health (mHealth) applications (apps) show effectiveness in body weight reduction. The present study aimed to explore the effectiveness of a popular mHealth app in 5% body weight reduction and to identify factors that affect 5% body weight reduction in obese adults. We investigated the time it took users to achieve 5% body weight reduction according to usage characteristics and factors influencing this period of time. Methods : This study was a secondary data analysis using data from 23,682 commercial mHealth app users. For analysis, logistic regressions, Kaplan-Meier estimators, log-rank tests, and Cox regressions were used. Results : Variables in user characteristics including age (odds ratio [OR], 0.976; P

Evening gown is one type of party dress that is divided according to the time of use, namely late afternoon or late evening. Evening gowns usually have more prominent characteristics than other types of party dress. Both of the model and decoration/garniture. The application of beads as an evening gown decoration is one way to impress a luxurious impression of evening party dress. Beads or in English called "beads" comes from the Middle English bede which means "prayer" (object of Worship). Because at first the beads were associated with occult things in previous religious ceremonies. Beads are usually made of stone, bone, wood, shell, glass, metal, and so on. The technique of stringing beads is known as beading embroidery. Beading embroidery is usually done by stringing beads on fabric using the help of a needle and thread. One of the techniques in making beading embroidery is the Cabochon technique. The term of Cabochon comes from French which means head, this term is often used for gemstones that have been polished so that it has a smooth round shape. In its development, the cabochon is decorated with small beads strung around a large gemstone which is likened to the head or center of this ornament..The study aims to 1) To apply the knowledge obtained from the course milineris accessories and Houte Couture as the basis in making milineris accessoires and garniture on the evening gown. 2) To introduce beading embroidery especially the cabochon technique as one of the alternative for garniture or ornament on the evening gown,and 3) To improve the student’s creativities in making garniture on the evening gown through making beading embroidery with cabochon technique. This kind of study is experimental study. The method used is the PBL (Project Base Learning) method. Namely learning methods that use projects / activities as a medium by conducting exploration, assessment, interpretation, synthesis, and information to produce various forms of learning outcomes.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 emerged as a serious pandemic in 2019 and billions of people were infected. Various precautionary methods were taken to contain the spread of virus such as social distancing, public lockdown, sanitation, and closure of schools and colleges. Many colleges started online classes to resume their syllabus and to complete the course curriculum. These evening online sessions resulted in late night sleep, long term mobile/computer exposure, and disturbed sleep pattern. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine the impact of COVID-19 online classes on morningness- eveningness personality and to compare it with different age groups, gender, and body mass index. METHODS: The cluster sampling method was used to collect the subjects from the total of 1153 adult college students, 897 subjects were selected based on the selection criteria and instructed to submit an online survey consists of the Morningness-eveningness Questionnaire and demographic and anthropometric data through mail, social media, or through a researcher by direct interview. RESULTS: The mean score for the 897 participants is 56.7, indicating intermediate morningness-eveningness personality type. On comparing the different groups, the youngest group (18–20 years) scored 4.23%(mean = 46.7), female subjects scored 6.13%(mean = 58.1), the underweight 2.67%(mean = 59.2) and overweight groups scored 2.89%(mean = 59.7) indicating definite eveningness. Among the 897 collected samples of the population 8.13%of the subjects experienced definite eveningness, 14.93%has moderate eveningness, 17.38%are under intermediate category, 22.4%have moderate morningness, and 37.11%have definite morningness. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with eveningness personality have high risk of developing mental illness, thus it’s important to determine the eveningness personality among student population to avoid serious complications in later age.

There is no clear evidence for the best time of day for physical activity in benefitting health among individuals with type 2 diabetes. This study was aimed to examine whether there is an optimal time of day for physical activity to increase longevity. In this cohort study of 904 patients with type 2 diabetes, we fitted a Cox model with restricted cubic spline to examine the association of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and time of day with all-cause mortality. Compositional data analysis was used to examine the association of time spent in sedentary behaviour (SB), light-intensity physical activity (LIPA), morning MVPA, and evening MVPA with all-cause mortality. MVPA was inversely associated with all-cause mortality in a curvilinear manner (P-value for nonlinearity

Background Recent studies have suggested that neuropathic pain exhibits a daily diurnal pattern, with peak levels usually occurring in the late afternoon to evening and the trough in the morning hours, although literature on this topic has been sparse. This scoping review examines current evidence on the chronobiology of neuropathic pain both in animal models and in humans with neuropathic pain. Methods A literature search was conducted in major medical databases for relevant articles on the chronobiology of neuropathic pain both in animal models and in humans with neuropathic pain. Data extracted included details of specific animal models or specific neuropathic pain conditions in humans, methods and timing of assessing pain severity, and specific findings of diurnal variation in pain intensity or its surrogate markers. Results Thirteen animal and eight human studies published between 1976 and 2020 were included in the analysis. Seven of the 13 animal studies reported specific diurnal variation in pain intensity, with five of the seven studies reporting a trend toward increased sensitivity to mechanical allodynia or thermal hyperalgesia in the late light to dark phase. All eight studies in human subjects reported a diurnal variation in the intensity of neuropathic pain, where there was an increase in pain intensity through the day with peaks in the late evening and early night hours. Conclusions Studies included in this review demonstrated a diurnal variation in the pattern of neuropathic pain that is distinct from the pattern for nociceptive pain. These findings have implications for potential therapeutic strategies for neuropathic pain.

Background/Objective Morning consumption of a single dose of high-energy oral nutritional supplement (ONS) in females with a lower BMI displaces some of the food eaten at breakfast but increases overall daily energy intake. This study investigated the effectiveness of ONS intake in the late afternoon and for longer duration. Subjects/Methods Twenty-one healthy females (mean ± SD, age 25 ± 5 years; BMI 18.7 ± 1.2 kg/m2) participated in a randomised, crossover study with two experimental trials. In the afternoon of days 1–5, participants consumed either ONS (2.510 MJ) or low-energy PLACEBO drink (0.377 MJ) and recorded food eaten at home. On day six, energy intake was measured during buffet meals, and energy expenditure, appetite measurements and blood samples were collected throughout the day. Result Over the 5-day period, in the ONS trial energy intake from evening meals was lower (ONS, 2.7 ± 0.25 MJ; Placebo, 3.6 ± 0.25 MJ, P = 0.01) but averaged total daily energy intake was higher (ONS, 9.2 ± 0.3 MJ; PLACEBO, 8.2 ± 0.4 MJ, P = 0.03). On day six, energy intake, appetite scores, plasma GLP-1 and PYY, and energy expenditure were not significantly different between the two trials but fasting insulin concentration and HOMAIR, were higher (P P Conclusion Late afternoon consumption of ONS for five consecutive days by females with a lower BMI has only a partial and short-lived energy intake suppression and thus increases daily energy intake but reduces insulin sensitivity.

The month of Ramadan will intersect with many football leagues’ schedules over the next decade. Understanding the effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) on physical performance is necessary to guide considerations for football players. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of RIF on physical factors in football players, and secondarily to consider the impact this may have on domestic club football leagues. We conducted a systematic review using PRISMA guidelines. The online literature search utilized CINAHL (EBSCO), Cochrane Library, Embase.com, PubMed, and Scopus databases, and grey literature (all from database inception to May 2020). Inclusion criteria consisted of studies of football (soccer) players, data collected during and/or around Ramadan, with injury and/or performance data provided. The search yielded 11,226 studies. Twenty-two studies were included following a review of titles, abstracts, and full texts. Studies included some iteration of before-Ramadan, during-Ramadan, and after-Ramadan data. Common measures observed included ratings of perceived exertion (n = 8), sprinting (n = 7), sleep (n = 7), peak heart rate (n = 6), jumping (n = 5), Yo-Yo intermittent recovery tests (n = 4), Wingate anaerobic test (n = 3), field-specific tests (n = 3), and injury rates (n = 2). Decreased physical performance was commonly observed during late afternoon/evening testing (before breaking the fast) and with high-intensity exercise. There appears to be a performance deficit related to RIF in Muslim football players. Studies should explore the effects of RIF on actual match demands. Due to the month of Ramadan emerging into league calendars, considerations should be made to accommodate Muslim football players who are intermittently fasting.

OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown an association between diet quality and sleep quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between modified Nordic diet with sleep quality and circadian rhythm in overweight and obese woman. METHODS We enrolled 399 overweight and obese women (body mass index (BMI): 25-40 kg/m2), aged 18-48 years, in this cross-sectional study. For each participant, anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, and food intake were evaluated. Sleep quality and circadian rhythm was measured by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and morning-evening questionnaire (MEQ) questionnaire. Modified Nordic diet score was measured using a validated 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). RESULTS Overall, 51.7% of the subjects were good sleepers (the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)

The paper describes a family school for learning how to live with schizophrenia, which was founded in 1986 in Vienna, Austria, and is still running today. It was established in cooperation between professionals and the Austrian self-help association HPE of the relatives of persons with mental disorders. It addresses the needs of 10 families at a time, in cases where a son or a daughter was diagnosed with schizophrenia and had already experienced one or several episodes of the illness. The course lasts one and a half years and is organized according to the model of a weekly boarding school, where 10 children, the residents, stay in the school overnight from Sunday evening to Friday and take part in a structured program on cognitive, social and practical life skills. Ambulatory psychiatric treatment is taking place concurrently outside the school through local routine services. On weekends residents stay with their parents since the school is closed. Parents visit the school regularly to take part in joint activities with the residents. They also undertake night shifts in the school and attend a weekly parents group. In the regular encounters during everyday activities in the school, learning by doing occurs parents get to know the daughters and sons of other families and can learn to distinguish between disease-related and personality-related behavior. Residents can have similar learning experiences in relation to the parents of other residents. The main aim of the school is that parents learn to provide protected autonomy for the daughters or sons in question, in order to assist them after the end of the course in leading a life characterized by as much autonomy as possible after the end of the school.

A study of a previously uncommented upon window reference of Vergil, Eclogues 1.55 through Aeneid 2.8-9 in Ovid, Fasti 2.635. The paper argues that the allusion to Ecl. 1.55 enriches our understanding of these lines on several levels. First, Ovid demonstrates his own appreciation of Vergilian intratextuality. Second, the allusion suggests a continuity between Tityrus’ pastoral locus amoenus, which Octavian was purported to have renewed, and the family cena that closes with a toast to Augustus as the pater of the Roman state. Lastly, the double reference to A. 2 and Ecl. 1 intertextually reinforces the calendrical turning away from the past and its dead to the living present initiated by the Caristia.

Recent research highlights a variety of negative outcomes associated with intraindividual variability in positive affect (PA) and in sleep. Thus, this study examined the associations of variability in multiple dimensions of sleep (quality, duration, wake after sleep onset, bedtime, rise-time) with mean and variability in PA. For 7 days, morning and evening surveys were collected online from two separate samples: community-based adults (N = 911) and university students (N = 322). Regression analyses revealed that across both samples, people with more variable sleep quality exhibited greater fluctuations in PA throughout the week and, surprisingly, higher levels of PA on average. In the community sample only, individuals with more variable sleep duration had lower and more variable PA. Findings suggest that fluctuations in sleep quality and duration are linked with daily PA outcomes, which is important to consider as technological advances and modern demands make inadequate and irregular sleep increasingly common. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-021-00082-6.

Resistance to care is among the most common behaviors exhibited by persons with dementia (PwD). Resistance to care is a barrier to safety and comfort of PwD and caregivers. Nonpharmacological interventions are recommended as first-line management. In the current study, 13 long-term care (LTC) residents aged 74 to 100 years with a history of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) were randomized to intervention ( n = 7) and control ( n = 6) groups. On Days 1 to 3, the intervention group received usual care plus exposure to MindfulGarden (MG), a novel digital calming device during morning and evening care, activities widely recognized as problematic for PwD and staff; the control group received usual care only. On Day 4, both groups were exposed to MG with verbal prompting. Trends in the data suggest that MG reduced BPSD and duration of care in the morning and may be a useful tool in management of resistance to routine care in PwD in LTC settings. [ Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 47 (11), 15–21.]

Aims and Objectives: To evaluate salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) levels for determining stress variations in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia for infra-umbilical surgery. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty subjects (age 18–65 years) planned for infra-umbilical surgery under spinal anesthesia were included and allocated to Groups A and B ensuring age and sex matching. In both groups, sAA levels (S1 to S4) were assessed sequentially at different times (E1 to E4). S1 and S2 were collected on the evening before surgery (E1) and in the preoperative room on the day of surgery (E2), respectively. Thereafter, in Group A, S3 and S4 were collected before (E3) and 15 min after spinal anesthesia (E4), following which intravenous Midazolam was given. In Group B, intravenous Midazolam was administered first, S3 was collected 5 min later (E3), spinal anesthesia was administered and S4 was collected after15 min (E4). Results: In both groups, sAA levels showed a mild increase from E1 to E2 (not significant). Thereafter from E2 to E3 and E3 to E4, a significant sharp rise in sAA levels in Group A and a significantly acute decline in Group B was noted. Mean sAA levels in Group A were higher as compared to group B (P < 0.005) in E3 and E4. Conclusion: Sequential documentation of increase in sAA levels in our study, starting with the baseline levels, presents a comprehensive report of the stress that the patients experience during preoperative period and reinforces the need of anxiolytic before spinal anesthesia.

Background This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of time of feeding on the performance of WAD goats during pregnancy, and to assess how the time of feeding of the dam affect the growth of their kids’ postpartum. Twelve (12) pregnant does were used in the pre-partum and in the postpartum, the same 12 lactating does and their 12 kids (1 kid per doe) were used. The dams were randomly distributed into three treatments and were fed once daily either in the morning, noon, or evening at 0600 h, 12:00 h and 18:00 h respectively under the natural light–dark cycle. Result Serum creatinine in noon-fed does was higher (P = 0.005) than in morning and evening-fed does. In addition, low density lipoprotein in morning-fed gravid does was the high (P = 0.007) compared to noon-fed does while the evening-fed does had the lowest. During postpartum, morning and noon-fed dams consumed more feed (forage, concentrate, and total daily feed intake) than evening-fed dams (P ≤ 0.006). Kid weight of morning-fed does was numerically higher than noon-fed does, which was higher than kids of evening-fed does. Conclusion This study shows that time of feeding did not affect the performance of pregnant WAD goats. However, it has the potential to influence the serum parameters of pregnant animals. It also showed that time of feeding influences maternal feed intake postpartum and can influence the growth of the kids.

The most widely used entomological method of determining the time since death (minimum postmortem interval, mPMI) has been calculating the developmental time of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) on the deceased body. However, because blow flies are known to be diurnal, nocturnal oviposition has been excluded from standard mPMI calculations. This has been challenged by recent studies demonstrating nocturnal oviposition due to an unknown reason. Therefore, this study investigated the role of chronobiology. We recorded the locomotion amount and pattern of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) under different chronobiological conditions and examined whether Ch. megacephala can oviposit under nighttime conditions in field and laboratory settings. Subjects were found to have a daily activity pattern under normal darkness conditions (12:12 L:D) and under continuous darkness (DD), but they exhibited no pattern under continuous light (LL). Free-running period was approximately 1,341 min/d (22.35 h/d). In the field, no flies were observed during nighttime. Oviposition occurred in the laboratory setting during daytime with no lights and during nighttime with artificial lights. Free-running subjects oviposited in both active and resting periods, with more eggs laid during active than resting periods. The result of this study indicates it is possible to induce oviposition behavior during evening hours on Ch. megacephala. However, this was only observed in the laboratory setting and could only happen during the flies’ subjective day.

The distinctive features of the noise protection legislation at the level of 85 subjects of the Russian Federation are considered. The comparative characteristics of the time parameters “day”, “night” for working days and holidays are given. It is compared with similar indicators of other countries. 46% of subjects considered 7 am as the beginning of the “day” period; 61% considered 22 pm as the beginning of the "night" period. For the first time Russia developed the following time periods separately: “day rest”, “evening”, “weekends and holidays”. The penalty system for violation of the noise legislation is analysed. Irkutsk region has the “smallest” fines in Russia and Novosibirsk and Belgorod regions have the “biggest” fines.

Thiamidol® was the most potent inhibitor of human tyrosinase out of 50 000 screened substances. In vivo, it was well tolerated and improved melasma significantly. This was the first 24-week, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, cosmetic clinical study to assess the efficacy and tolerability of thiamidol in moderate-to-severe melasma of phototype III-V subjects with subsequent regression phase. Females allocated to verum (n = 23), applied daily Dual Serum followed either by Day Care SPF30 in the morning or by Night Care in the evening, all containing Thiamidol. The vehicle group (25 females) followed the same skin care routine using the corresponding vehicle formulations. Subjects came back for a follow-up visit 13-20 weeks after treatment (regression phase). Assessments included clinical photography, Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI), skin lightness, quality of life, and tolerability. Baseline demographics and hyperpigmentation were well balanced across the treatment groups. Clinical photography and MASI improved with Thiamidol significantly versus baseline (p

In the early evening of Friday, March 13, 2020, school district superintendents across the country aired recorded messages such as this:Good evening, parents, students, and staff. Due to the corona...

O presente estudo visa analisar qual é a compreensão dos acadêmicos e das acadêmicas da 4ª série (matutina e noturna) do curso de Licenciatura em História de uma universidade estadual acerca de como o professor age na atualidade e qual é o seu papel, bem como a recepção que a sociedade tem às atribuições destes profissionais. Para tanto, os alunos e as alunas responderam à questão: “Para você qual é o papel que o professor (a) desempenha na sociedade atual?”, que integra o questionário da pesquisa isolada (PqI) da docente Maria Paula Costa. O cenário da educação no Brasil tem sofrido bruscas mudanças nos últimos anos com a ascensão das políticas neoliberais e com a desvalorização do docente, esta identificada por Taffarel e Neves (2019). Portanto, ao reconhecer que existem novos obstáculos para a educação – e consequentemente para o ensino de história – é imprescindível uma análise cuidadosa acerca dos anseios e das aflições dos formandos e das formandas dos cursos de Licenciatura em História.

Despite the negative impacts of urbanization on bats, green spaces in urban environments, such as parks, cemeteries, and golf courses, have the potential to provide resources necessary for these animals. Water resources in these areas include natural or semi-natural ponds, streams, and drainage ditches. Such water resources, however, are frequently ephemeral when subject to prolonged periods of high temperatures and low precipitation. We hypothesized that home ranges of evening bats (Nycticeius humeralis) would increase in size or shift from urban green spaces into surrounding neighborhoods to access alternative resources, such as residential swimming pools, when water resources in green spaces are scarce. To explore whether seasonal variations in bat home ranges occurred, we radio-tracked resident evening bats in a local park system during their summer activity period 2017–2019 in Fort Worth, Texas, USA. We used Local Convex Hulls created by associating point locations with their nearest neighbor to estimate home range size, location, and the percentage area that fell within the surrounding neighborhood. We compared these variables to temperature and precipitation using various regression models. We successfully tracked 30 bats over the 3-year period and found a positive correlation between home range size and temperature. Home range sizes increased 6-fold when temperatures exceeded 30°C. Our study indicates the importance of urban neighborhoods surrounding green spaces in providing alternative resources, such as water, for bats. If managed appropriately, these urban areas have the potential to act as oases for bat populations.