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7. Role of trace metal co-limitation in cyanobacterial blooms of Maumee Bay (Lake Erie) and Green Bay (Lake Michigan).

Author

Larson, James H., Loftin, Keith A., Stelzer, Erin A., Costello, David M., Bailey, Sean W., Evans, Mary Anne, Givens, Carrie E., and Fogarty, Lisa R.

Subjects
CYANOBACTERIAL blooms, ALGAL blooms, LAKES, MICROCYSTIS, DETECTION limit, PHYTOPLANKTON, TRACE metals, CYANOBACTERIAL toxins, NITROGEN
Abstract

The open waters of large lakes can sometimes become so depleted in important metals that phytoplankton communities become either growth limited or limited in some metabolic function. Metals such as Fe, Ni, Mo, and Zn are used as co-factors for enzymes by phytoplankton in core metabolic functions, as well as metabolic pathways that allow phytoplankton to use less preferred forms of N and P (e.g. nitrates, urea, and organic phosphorus). In the Laurentian Great Lakes, metal limitation has been observed primarily in waters that are isolated from tributary inputs and sediment exchange. These are situations where the supply of metals is very low relative to demand. We hypothesized that another situation where metal limitation could occur is within algal blooms, where the demand for metals is high because preferred forms of N and P are often low or absent and the phytoplankton biomass is extremely high. As a preliminary test of this hypothesis, we performed seven laboratory incubation experiments on naturally occurring phytoplankton communities from two nearshore habitats that frequently experience blooms (Green Bay in Lake Michigan and Maumee Bay in Lake Erie). Metals and labile nutrients (inorganic N and P) were often present at low concentrations or below the method detection limit. Amendments of inorganic N (5 experiments) and P (1 one experiment) resulted in increased chlorophyll in laboratory incubations, but metal amendments alone never appeared to stimulate growth. Although we attempted to sample during conditions when we hypothesized metal limitation would be most likely, we cannot rule out the possibility that metal limitation is occurring at other times in these eutrophic nearshore areas. Further, metal availability could affect other aspects of the phytoplankton community, such as the production of cyanotoxins or the interactions between different phytoplankton taxa. Although harmful algal blooms are more likely to develop when external nutrient loads are high, while a bloom is occurring, the concentrations of key nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) can be very low. When key nutrients are in low abundance or absent, algae require additional metals to take advantage of poorer quality versions of these key nutrients. We hypothesized that metals might become growth-limiting in blooms, which might in turn have implications for predicting bloom toxicity. Seven experiments on phytoplankton from nearshore Great Lakes areas experiencing algal blooms did not show evidence for growth-limitation of algae, although the spatial and temporal extent of these experiments is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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8. Internal loading of phosphorus in western Lake Erie

Author

Matisoff, Gerald, Kaltenberg, Eliza M., Steely, Rebecca L., Hummel, Stephanie K., Seo, Jinyu, Gibbons, Kenneth J., Bridgeman, Thomas B., Seo, Youngwoo, Behbahani, Mohsen, James, William F., Johnson, Laura T., Doan, Phuong, Dittrich, Maria, Evans, Mary Anne, and Chaffin, Justin D.

Published
2016
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12. Corrigendum: Associations between cyanobacteria and indices of secondary production in the western basin of Lake Erie

Author

Larson, James H., primary, Evans, Mary Anne, additional, Kennedy, Robert J., additional, Bailey, Sean W., additional, Loftin, Keith A., additional, Laughrey, Zachary R., additional, Femmer, Robin A., additional, Schaeffer, Jeff S., additional, Richardson, William B., additional, Wynne, Timothy T., additional, Nelson, J. C., additional, and Duris, Joseph W., additional

Published
2022
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14. Assessing and addressing the re-eutrophication of Lake Erie: Central basin hypoxia

Author

Scavia, Donald, David Allan, J., Arend, Kristin K., Bartell, Steven, Beletsky, Dmitry, Bosch, Nate S., Brandt, Stephen B., Briland, Ruth D., Daloğlu, Irem, DePinto, Joseph V., Dolan, David M., Evans, Mary Anne, Farmer, Troy M., Goto, Daisuke, Han, Haejin, Höök, Tomas O., Knight, Roger, Ludsin, Stuart A., Mason, Doran, Michalak, Anna M., Peter Richards, R., Roberts, James J., Rucinski, Daniel K., Rutherford, Edward, Schwab, David J., Sesterhenn, Timothy M., Zhang, Hongyan, and Zhou, Yuntao

Published
2014
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15. Record-setting algal bloom in Lake Erie caused by agricultural and meteorological trends consistent with expected future conditions

Author

Michalak, Anna M., Anderson, Eric J., Beletsky, Dmitry, Boland, Steven, Bosch, Nathan S., Bridgeman, Thomas B., Chaffin, Justin D., Cho, Kyunghwa, Confesor, Rem, Daloğlu, Irem, DePinto, Joseph V., Evans, Mary Anne, Fahnenstiel, Gary L., He, Lingli, Ho, Jeff C., Jenkins, Liza, Johengen, Thomas H., Kuo, Kevin C., LaPorte, Elizabeth, Liu, Xiaojian, McWilliams, Michael R., Moore, Michael R., Posselt, Derek J., Richards, R. Peter, Scavia, Donald, Steiner, Allison L., Verhamme, Ed, Wright, David M., and Zagorski, Melissa A.

Published
2013

19. The Response of Lakes Near the Arctic LTER to Environmental Change

Author

Luecke, Chris, primary, Giblin, Anne E., additional, Bettez, Neil D., additional, Burkart, Greta A., additional, Crump, Byron C., additional, Evans, Mary Anne, additional, Gettel, Gretchen, additional, MacIntyre, Sally, additional, O Brien, W. John, additional, Rublee, Parke A., additional, and Kling, George W., additional

Published
2014
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21. Direct and indirect effects of fish on pelagic nitrogen and phosphorus availability in oligotrophic Arctic Alaskan lakes

Author

Johnson, Cody R., Luecke, Chris, Whalen, Stephen C., and Evans, Mary Anne

Subjects
Fishes -- Environmental aspects -- Research, Earth sciences
Abstract

The importance of fish nutrient recycling for lake primary production increases with lake productivity. However, fish in low-productivity lakes may have substantial indirect effects on nutrient recycling from lower trophic levels. We measured nutrient excretion rates from fish and zooplankton in oligotrophic Arctic lakes and investigated direct and indirect fish effects on consumer nutrient recycling. Fish nutrient excretion rates were small relative to phytoplankton nutrient demand. Zooplankton excretion, however, supplied 19%-130% and 37%-200% of phytoplankton nitrogen and phosphorus demand, respectively. Fish had a significant effect on zooplankton biomass; in lakes with fish, this was approximately 80% lower than in lakes without fish. The difference in zooplankton biomass was due primarily to a decrease in zooplankton density; no significant difference in average zooplankton size was observed between fish and fishless lakes. Fish also impacted zooplankton community composition; communities in lakes with fish were dominated by copepods compared with cladoceran dominance in lakes without fish. Because of lower zooplankton biomass, lakes with fish showed lower rates of zooplankton nitrogen and phosphorus excretion relative to lakes without fish. Thus, our results support the hypothesis that fish have major indirect effects on lake nutrient cycles, even when direct excretion from fish is minimal. Resume: L'importance du recyclage des nutriments provenant des poissons pour la productivite primaire lacustre augmente en fonction de la productivite du lac. Cependant, les poissons dans les lacs de faible productivite peuvent avoir des effets significatifs indirects sur le recyclage des nutriments a partir des niveaux trophiques inferieurs. Nous avons mesure les taux d'excretion de nutriments des poissons et du zooplancton dans des lacs arctiques oligotrophes et etudie les effets directs et indirects des poissons sur le recyclage des nutriments des consommateurs. Les taux d'excretion des nutriments par les poissons sont faibles par rapport aux besoins en nutriments du phytoplancton. L'excretion du zooplancton, cependant, fournit respectivement 19-130 % et 37-200 % de la demande du phytoplancton en azote et en phosphore. Les poissons ont un effet significatif sur la biomasse du zooplancton qui est environ 80 % plus basse dans les lacs avec poissons que dans les lacs sans poissons. La difference de biomasse du zooplancton est due principalement a une diminution de la densite du zooplancton, car on n'observe aucune difference significative de la taille moyenne du zooplancton entre les lacs avec et sans poissons. Les poissons affectent la composition de la communaute de zooplancton: les communautes des lacs avec poissons sont dominees par les copepodes, alors que les cladoceres predominent dans les lacs sans poissons. A cause de leur biomasse reduite de zooplancton, les lacs avec poissons ont des taux plus bas d'excretion d'azote et de phosphore par le zooplancton que les lacs sans poissons. Nos resultats appuient ainsi l'hypothese selon laquelle les poissons ont des effets indirects significatifs sur le recyclage des nutriments dans les lacs, meme lorsque l'excretion directe des poissons est tres faible. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction In many lakes autogenic recycling of nutrients is the dominant source of inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for algal and bacterial production (Hudson et al. 1999; Vanni et [...]

Published
2010
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25. Evidence for interactions among environmental stressors in the Laurentian Great Lakes

Author

Smith, Sigrid D.P., primary, Bunnell, David B., additional, Burton, G.A., additional, Ciborowski, Jan J.H., additional, Davidson, Alisha D., additional, Dickinson, Caitlin E., additional, Eaton, Lauren A., additional, Esselman, Peter C., additional, Evans, Mary Anne, additional, Kashian, Donna R., additional, Manning, Nathan F., additional, McIntyre, Peter B., additional, Nalepa, Thomas F., additional, Pérez-Fuentetaja, Alicia, additional, Steinman, Alan D., additional, Uzarski, Donald G., additional, and Allan, J. David, additional

Published
2019
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27. HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS AND HYPOXIA IN THE GREAT LAKES RESEARCH PLAN AND ACTION STRATEGY: AN INTERAGENCY REPORT

Author

Wackler, Ted, Deerin Babb-Brott, Matthews, Lisa, Burke, Tom, Friedman, Benjamin, Lee, Jennifer, McGrath, Jessica, Cisco WernerJeanette Davis, Murray, Richard W., Thur, Steven, Gould, Caitlin, Southerland, Elizabeth, Novitski, Linda, D'Anglada, Lesley, Lee, Deborah, DeGrasse, Stacey, Melnick, Rachel, Davis, Timothy, Anderson, Eric, Duriancik, Lisa, Evans, Mary Anne, Fogarty, Lisa, Friona, Tony, Grannemann, Norman, Malloy, Elizabeth Hinchey, Mari-Vaughn Johnson, King, Kevin, Kreis, Russell, Makuch, Joe, Nettesheim, Todd, Rohring, Elizabeth, Rothlisberger, John, Ruberg, Steve, Backer, Lorraine, Bontempi, Paula, Clyde, Tony, Davidson, Megan Butterworth, Emery, Erich, Estabrooks, Wayne, Garrison, Dave, Handy, Sara, Haynes, John, Myers, Donna, Rowles, Teri, Tyson, Fred, Loeffler, Christopher R., Lorenzoni, Laura, Bricker, Suzanne, Quay Dortch, Lewitus, Alan, Litaker, Wayne, Magien, Rob, Ramsdell, John, Meckley, Trevor, Ziegler, Tracy, and Deliman, Patrick

Published
2017
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29. Associations between cyanobacteria and indices of secondary production in the western basin of Lake Erie

Author

Larson, James H., primary, Evans, Mary Anne, additional, Kennedy, Robert J., additional, Bailey, Sean W., additional, Loftin, Keith A., additional, Laughrey, Zachary R., additional, Femmer, Robin A., additional, Schaeffer, Jeff S., additional, Richardson, William B., additional, Wynne, Timothy T., additional, Nelson, J. C., additional, and Duris, Joseph W., additional

Published
2017
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31. A comparison of underwater images and diver-based methods to assess percent cover of submerged aquatic vegetation.

Author

Wardell, Jennifer, Moradi, Shadi, Evans, Mary Anne, and Esselman, Peter C.

Subjects
ALGAE, ECOSYSTEMS
Abstract

The status, drivers, and control of benthic algae have become important research topics in the Great Lakes region as managers seek strategies to control algal impacts on ecosystems. Cladophora is a major component of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the Great Lakes along with several other genera of benthic macroalgae. Traditional methods for benthic algae assessment include collection by SCUBA divers and are inherently limited in their spatial coverage. In contrast, underwater remotely operated and autonomous camera systems hold promise for the assessment of algae extent and drivers of growth. This research utilizes diver estimates of percent SAV coverage and estimates from photographs taken by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). We explore the correlation between quadrat and mesoscale summaries of SAV abundance and the implications of these methods for adequate sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023

32. Nuisance algae growth conditions in Lakes Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario.

Author

Evans, Mary Anne, Przybyla-Kelly, Katarzyna, Lewan, Megan, Eagan, Shelby, and Giordano, Madeleine

Subjects
ALGAE
Abstract

The benthic green algae Cladophora sp. and an associated community of benthic and epiphytic algae can create nuisance conditions through prolific growth, oxygen depletion, shoreline washup, and promotion of bacterial growth. In support of binational management efforts, we are assessing benthic algal growth and potential growth limiting factors at sentinel sites in Lakes Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Recent efforts have focused on the past 5 years of nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) concentration data around benthic algal beds. Assessments of vertical nutrient distributions show patterns indicative of benthic nutrient sources or accumulation at sample sites in all four lakes. As expected, the benthic accumulation of nutrients is more common during quiescent conditions and is not seen when indicators or forcers of water mixing (near bottom water speed, wave height) exceed critical values. In contrast, less bioactive constituents (e.g., chloride) concentrations were only rarely elevated in bottom waters relative to near the surface. Results since 2018 are consistent with the growing scientific consensus that dreissenid mussels have altered the nearshore Great Lakes ecosystem in ways that promote benthic algal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023

40. Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia: Exploring Increasing Sensitivity to Nitrogen Loads.

Author

YONG LIU, EVANS, MARY ANNE, and SCAVIA, DONALD

Subjects
*HYPOXIA (Water), *DISSOLVED oxygen in water, *NITROGEN compounds & the environment, *ENVIRONMENTAL chemistry, *DENITRIFICATION, *ECOLOGICAL models
Abstract

Hypoxia is a critical issue in the Gulf of Mexico that has challenged management efforts in recent years by an increase in hypoxia sensitivity to nitrogen loads. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the recent increase in sensitivity. Two commonly cited mechanisms are bottom-water reducing conditions preventing nitrification and thus denitrification, leading to more N recycling and production of oxygen-consuming organic matter, and carryover of organic matter from previous years increasing oxygen demand, making the system more sensitive. We use models informed by these mechanisms and fit with Bayesian inference to explore changes in Gulf of Mexico hypoxia sensitivity. We show that a model including an annually fit parameter representing variation in the fraction of nutrient loading and recycling contributing to bottom water oxygen demand provides a good fit to observations and is not improved by explicit inclusion of organic matter carryover to subsequent years. Both models support two stepwise increases in system sensitivity during the period of record. This change in sensitivity has greatly increased the nutrient reduction needed to achieve the established hypoxia goal. If the Gulf remains at the current state of sensitivity, our analysis suggests a roughly 70% reduction of spring TN loads from the 1988-1996 average of 6083 ton/day may be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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41. A taste of the British Isles.

Author

Evans, Mary Anne and Althaus, Catherine

Subjects
*COOKING
Abstract

Presents information on various types of British cuisine. Discussion on the Continental flavorings of British cuisine; Ambiance of British restaurants; Information on various British fish meals. INSETS: Wales.;Ireland.;Scotland.;London.

Published
1997

42. London journal.

Author

Evans, Mary Anne

Subjects
RETAIL stores
Abstract

Focuses on the specialty shops of London which are catering to specific interests. James Smith & Sons; James Lock & Co.; The Thimble Society of London; Janet Coles Bead Emporium; Penfriend; The Singing Tree; The Guards Toy Soldier Centre; Buckingham Palace Garden Shop; More. INSET: Shops and stops..

Published
1995

43. A perfect cup of tea.

Author

Evans, Mary Anne

Subjects
AFTERNOON teas
Abstract

Discusses the Brits' love affair with tea. Childhood memories of afternoon tea at The Ritz; Historical background; Places where to buy tea in Great Britain; Tea in contemporary English life; Afternoon teas in hotels.

Published
1993

44. An Investigation into papers for digital printing

Author

Evans, Mary Anne, LeMaire, Bernice, Evans, Mary Anne, and LeMaire, Bernice

Abstract

This study is designed to identify constraints and potential solutions for improved performance and quality of digitally printed papers. The targeted market segment is high-end digital production in the U.S. In the first phase a survey of print providers has been conducted, the sample drawn from the network of printing companies currently engaged with Printing Industry Center (CIAS) research activities. The second phase will be to follow up observations from the survey with a case study approach, working with both print providers and with digital press manufacturers. In order to understand the characteristics of this digital printing market segment, a demographic study of the respondent group was conducted as part of the survey. This was followed by an exploration of the considerations and paper characteristics that are involved in the paper grade selection decision. The role that paper characteristics and press requirements play in production efficiency and document quality was investigated. The change in paper costs to printers over the last few years was also explored.Specific research objectives included: identifying the paper grades commonly used for the market segment of production digital printing, identifying the number of brands used and the nature of printing companies’ relationships to suppliers, determining the factors that affect brand and purchase decisions, discovering the relative importance of different paper properties and characteristics, assessing the deficiencies in currently-available paper grades, and determining what improvements are required by digital printers, and what limitations are currently imposed by press design. The leading digital paper grades used in digital printing production were found to be coated gloss, premium uncoated, uncoated calendered, coated matte, uncoated uncalendered, and premium bond. The median number of paper brands used by this sample is five, with a wide range indicating varied practices. When making the paper

45. A Comparative study of the environmental aspects of lithographic and digital printing processes

Author

Kadam, Sachin, Evans, Mary Anne, Rothenberg, Sandra, Kadam, Sachin, Evans, Mary Anne, and Rothenberg, Sandra

Abstract

The printing industry has been changing dramatically for over 20 years. While the majority of print volume is generated by offset lithography, many print operations are bringing in digital technologies as a complement or even replacement for some offset market segments. Amongst the advantages of these new digital technologies are the ability to produce variable data printing and economically viable short-run jobs. At the same time, societal, consumer, and regulatory pressures are driving all areas of industry to examine closely the effects of their operations on the environment. With the advancement and proliferation of digital technologies, the printing industry is looking forward to digital printing as a panacea for some significant technical and environmental problems that are currently associated with traditional printing methods. The two digital technologies showing the most growth potential are inkjet and electrophotography (Romano, 2003). Both technologies are developing the capability to approach offset lithography in image quality. High-end electrophotographic production presses are able to produce output at a rate which makes accessible some short-run offset market segments and there is significant development activity in this area from press manufacturers, software developers and consumables providers (The Print Extension, Inc., 2004) Volumes from conventional printing technologies will probably grow more slowly than those from digital technologies. Electrophotography is predicted to grow at about 2.8% and inkjet at about 8.3% for the period 2003-2008, compared with an increase in only 0.7% over this period for offset lithography (Business Development Advisory, Inc., 2003). However, issues of environment and workplace health and safety do not disappear merely because a facility is utilizing electrophotographic digital technologies rather than traditional printing processes. Moreover, digital technology has its own demerits that restrict its use for certai

46. A Comparative study of the environmental aspects of lithographic and digital printing processes

Author

Kadam, Sachin, Evans, Mary Anne, Rothenberg, Sandra, Kadam, Sachin, Evans, Mary Anne, and Rothenberg, Sandra

Abstract

The printing industry has been changing dramatically for over 20 years. While the majority of print volume is generated by offset lithography, many print operations are bringing in digital technologies as a complement or even replacement for some offset market segments. Amongst the advantages of these new digital technologies are the ability to produce variable data printing and economically viable short-run jobs. At the same time, societal, consumer, and regulatory pressures are driving all areas of industry to examine closely the effects of their operations on the environment. With the advancement and proliferation of digital technologies, the printing industry is looking forward to digital printing as a panacea for some significant technical and environmental problems that are currently associated with traditional printing methods. The two digital technologies showing the most growth potential are inkjet and electrophotography (Romano, 2003). Both technologies are developing the capability to approach offset lithography in image quality. High-end electrophotographic production presses are able to produce output at a rate which makes accessible some short-run offset market segments and there is significant development activity in this area from press manufacturers, software developers and consumables providers (The Print Extension, Inc., 2004) Volumes from conventional printing technologies will probably grow more slowly than those from digital technologies. Electrophotography is predicted to grow at about 2.8% and inkjet at about 8.3% for the period 2003-2008, compared with an increase in only 0.7% over this period for offset lithography (Business Development Advisory, Inc., 2003). However, issues of environment and workplace health and safety do not disappear merely because a facility is utilizing electrophotographic digital technologies rather than traditional printing processes. Moreover, digital technology has its own demerits that restrict its use for certai

47. An Investigation into papers for digital printing

Author

Evans, Mary Anne, LeMaire, Bernice, Evans, Mary Anne, and LeMaire, Bernice

Abstract

This study is designed to identify constraints and potential solutions for improved performance and quality of digitally printed papers. The targeted market segment is high-end digital production in the U.S. In the first phase a survey of print providers has been conducted, the sample drawn from the network of printing companies currently engaged with Printing Industry Center (CIAS) research activities. The second phase will be to follow up observations from the survey with a case study approach, working with both print providers and with digital press manufacturers. In order to understand the characteristics of this digital printing market segment, a demographic study of the respondent group was conducted as part of the survey. This was followed by an exploration of the considerations and paper characteristics that are involved in the paper grade selection decision. The role that paper characteristics and press requirements play in production efficiency and document quality was investigated. The change in paper costs to printers over the last few years was also explored.Specific research objectives included: identifying the paper grades commonly used for the market segment of production digital printing, identifying the number of brands used and the nature of printing companies’ relationships to suppliers, determining the factors that affect brand and purchase decisions, discovering the relative importance of different paper properties and characteristics, assessing the deficiencies in currently-available paper grades, and determining what improvements are required by digital printers, and what limitations are currently imposed by press design. The leading digital paper grades used in digital printing production were found to be coated gloss, premium uncoated, uncoated calendered, coated matte, uncoated uncalendered, and premium bond. The median number of paper brands used by this sample is five, with a wide range indicating varied practices. When making the paper

48. Phytoplankton ecology of arctic lakes.

Author

Evans, Mary Anne

Subjects
Arctic Lakes, Ecology, Photosynthesis, Phytoplankton
Abstract

The amount of light and nutrients available to a phytoplankton cell ultimately control photosynthesis. Light and nutrients, in turn, are controlled by sporadic physical events that bring new nutrients into lakes and redistribute nutrients and phytoplankton to areas with more or less light. Much of the enhancement from these events is unaccounted for in current estimates of pelagic photosynthesis; this dissertation contributes to understanding of these controls. This work also contributes to the ecological understanding of sporadic events and ecosystem response to climate change. Internal waves have been predicted to enhance photosynthesis by moving phytoplankton through non-linear light fields. Field experiments and mathematical models show that, in situations where photosynthesis is light limited, phytoplankton circulated at depths mimicking internal waves had photosynthetic rates up to two-fold higher than in static incubations and the effects of surface light variation due to cloud cover interact strongly with those of internal waves. Internal waves in a wide variety of aquatic systems show a strong potential for wave-induced enhancement of photosynthesis. The effects of storm-induced inflow and mixing events were investigated. Inflow events are shown to cause a sustained enhancement of photosynthesis when mixed into the upper water-column, but little impact if isolated from the overlying water. The exploration of storm impacts on photosynthesis was expanded to include the direct and interactive effects of storm events, lake fertilization, lake depth, and seasonality. Results indicate that even low-level fertilization increases lake photosynthesis, causes a change in seasonal distribution of photosynthesis, and causes a change in the depth distribution of phytoplankton response to mixing events. Lake depth, but not fertilization level, was found to affect event-driven changes in water column photosynthesis. These results have implications for lake dynamics during the long ice-covered season. A combined analysis of these various factors (inflow, mixing, internal waves, fertilization, and temperature) and the stochastic timing of storm events showed that the frequency of storm events has a saturating positive effect on seasonal photosynthesis, and increasing temperature decreases the frequency of lake mixing but increases seasonal photosynthesis. Moderate climate changes could result in large impacts on seasonal photosynthesis in arctic lakes.

Published
2007

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