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La memoria prospectiva (MP) consiste en la capacidad de recordar realizar acciones previstas en el futuro o de evocar intenciones demoradas. En la región latinoamericana, existen escasas medidas objetivas para su evaluación, siendo su investigación realizada principalmente mediante tareas de laboratorio y cuestionarios subjetivos autorreferenciales. El objetivo de este estudio es describir aquellas pruebas objetivas que han sido desarrolladas para la evaluación de la MP en la clínica. Para ello, se analizarán 5 dimensiones: cantidad y tipo de ítems contenidos en los instrumentos (basadas en tiempo y evento), tipos de tareas concurrentes empleadas, poblaciones en la que se han aplicado, análisis psicométricos reportados y países que disponen de normas de ejecución. Se realizó una revisión sistemática con dos revisores independientes. Al final se discute acerca del estado actual de la medición de la memoria prospectiva en la clínica.

Resumen Introduccion La observacion de movimientos realizada por otros ha probado mejorar la ejecucion de los movimientos. La memoria prospectiva (MP) es la capacidad de recordar intenciones demoradas. Objetivo Analizar el efecto de la observacion de una accion motora durante la codificacion de una intencion demorada sobre el recuerdo prospectivo de esta, en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer de grado leve y deterioro cognitivo leve. Material y metodo Para este estudio piloto, se reclutaron 30 pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer, 30 con deterioro cognitivo leve y 30 controles. La evaluacion de la MP consistio en pasar una ficha de una caja a otra al escuchar un sonido, la tarea concurrente era copiar figuras de complejidad creciente. Los participantes fueron asignados a una de 3 condiciones previos a realizar la tarea: 1) veian un video donde una persona realizaba la tarea concurrente, 2) veian un video donde una persona realizaba la tarea concurrente y la de MP, 3) veian el mismo video de la condicion 2 pero debian realizar movimientos repetitivos con los dedos. Resultados La variable diagnostico presento un efecto significativo sobre la variable MP ya que el rendimiento del grupo control fue mejor que en los pacientes. En cambio, la variable condicion no resulto significativa en relacion a la variable MP, es decir, el rendimiento en la tarea experimental de MP no difirio significativamente entre las condiciones en ningun grupo diagnostico. Conclusion En este estudio piloto se evidenciaron dificultades metodologicas que requieren ajustes en investigaciones futuras para poder comprobar el efecto esperado.

prospective memory is the ability to remember to perform actions in the future. Currently there is no consensus about the relationship between prospective memory and emotional processing.The aim of this work is to determine the influence of the emotional valence of prospective memory signals on prospective recall in patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.37 patients with multiple sclerosis and 32 healthy volunteers were recruited. An experimental test was made where the concurrent task consisted in a 2-back working memory activity and the prospective component consisted of remembering to press a key on the computer when an image of positive, negative or neutral emotional content appears on the screen.An intra-group comparison was made between the memory of emotional and neutral stimuli, and it was obtained that the differences are significant in both groups in favor of the recall of stimuli with neutral valence (Z = -3.39, p = .001 for the control group and Z = -2.63, p = .008 for multiple sclerosis).The results indicate that emotionally neutral target stimuli benefits prospective memory in normal people and in multiple sclerosis patients. The limitations of the implemented method are discussed.

The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is an information processing speed test. The aim of this study was to compare the SDMT across three samples: the USA, Mexico, and Argentina. The hypothesis is that performance will vary based on native language and cultural differences between these countries. The SDMT was administered to 129 healthy volunteers. Participants from the USA performed better than participants from Argentina and Mexico (

The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) is one of the most used neuropsychological tests to assess information processing speed and working memory in brain injured patients. This study was carried out with the purpose of obtaining normative data for the PASAT-3″ in a healthy Argentinean population, which would result in a reference control population. The PASAT-3″ was administered in a sample of 296 healthy voluntary subjects, born and living in Argentina. The age range went from 20 to 70 years-old. The level of education was 0 to 13 or more years of schooling. The sample obtained a mean of 44.60 (SD = 10.72) in the PASAT-3″. It was found that the score obtained in the PASAT-3″ was related to the age and the level of instruction of the participants. Their performance diminished as age increased and, conversely, it increased as the level of instruction was higher. Normative data was obtained for a Latin American population from Argentina. Percentile distributions obtained by decades of age and different levels of education should be considered as useful reference values for clinicians and investigators when applying the PASAT-3″ to assess cognitive function in different pathologies.

The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) has been proposed to replace the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test-3 (PASAT-3) in the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite because it has the same validity but easy and shorter administration. However, among the two tests, the one that is most affected by culture is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of Argentinian and North American populations on the SDMT and PASAT-3. The SDMT and PASAT-3 were administered to 137 healthy volunteers from Buffalo, NY, and 137 healthy participants from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Participants were matched by gender, age (±2), and education (±1). Significant differences were found on the SDMT but not on the PASAT-3. Significant and low correlations were found between the tests and years of education. The SDMT is more affected by culture than is the PASAT-3. Possible interpretations of this result are presented. Fil: Cores, Evangelina Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Vanotti, Sandra. Instituto de Neurociencias Buenos Aires S. A.; Argentina Fil: Eizaguirre, María Bárbara. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Fiorentini, Leticia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Garcea, Orlando. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Benedict, Ralph. State University of New York; Estados Unidos Fil: Caseres, Feraando. Instituto de Neurociencias Buenos Aires S. A.; Argentina

The PASAT is probably the most used neuropsychological tool in the clinical practice with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients. This study intends t...

Resumen Introduccion La capacidad de recordar realizar una accion en el futuro o de evocar intenciones demoradas, tambien llamada memoria prospectiva (MP), ha sido objeto de estudio de numerosas investigaciones dentro del marco de la neuropsicologia en los ultimos anos debido a la importancia de la indemnidad de esta habilidad para desarrollar una vida independiente. Estas investigaciones han dado el resultado de un gran avance en el conocimiento del rendimiento de MP de los pacientes con distintas enfermedades neurologicas: traumatismo craneoencefalico, enfermedad de Parkinson, demencia de tipo Alzheimer, esclerosis multiple, epilepsia, sindrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, sindrome de Korsakoff, encefalitis herpetica y accidente cerebrovascular. A su vez, estos estudios realizan sus aportes al desarrollo de modelos teoricos de MP. Objetivos En este articulo se revisan estudios neuropsicologicos en MP de los ultimos diez anos y su implicancia sobre los modelos teoricos de MP, asi como la utilidad de los descubrimientos en el desarrollo de estrategias terapeuticas de neurorrehabilitacion cognitiva. Desarrollo Se describen las investigaciones dentro de cada patologia, resaltando el aspecto de la MP analizado y tratando de integrar los distintos desarrollos. Conclusiones Se sacan conclusiones acerca del estado de avance en este campo, se exponen las limitaciones de un estudio de revision en esta area y se sugieren direcciones futuras de la investigacion.

The aim of this study was to standardize the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT)-Oral version in a healthy population living in Argentina and to analyze the influence that age, gender, and education have on the SDMT. Secondarily, it is intended to analyze the performance of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) on this test. Two hundred ninety-seven healthy participants were evaluated; they had an average age of 39.28 years and 13.87 years of schooling; 77.8% were women. The sample was segmented according to age in three groups: younger than 35 years old, 36 to 50 years old, and 51 to 70 years old. The sample was also segmented according to years of schooling in three groups: 11 years or less, 12 to 16 years, and more than 16 years. All participants were evaluated with the oral version of the SDMT. A clinical sample of 111 patients with MS was also assessed. The mean on the SDMT for the total sample was 51.34 (SD¼12.76). The differences were significant between all groups, p

INTRODUCCIÓN: La esclerosis múltiple es una enfermedad neurológica desmielinizante que suele provocar trastornos motrices, perceptivos, afectivos y cognitivos a quienes la padecen. Estos síntomas pueden llevar a la persona a perder su empleo, y disminuir la calidad de vida del paciente y sus familiares. OBJETIVO: Revisar estudios sobre variables demográficas, clínicas, cognitivas, psiquiátricas, laborales y sociales asociadas con la situación laboral. DESARROLLO: Estudios transversales y longitudinales han detectado variables relacionadas con el desempleo. Las investigaciones empíricas muestran una influencia clara de la discapacidad física, la fatiga y el curso de la enfermedad sobre la situación laboral. Sin embargo, el género, la depresión, la edad, la duración de la enfermedad y las variables cognitivas no poseen el mismo grado de evidencia. Características de la ocupación, como discriminación laboral, actitud del empleador, leyes laborales, actitud de los compañeros de trabajo y dificultades en el transporte han sido variables poco consideradas. CONCLUSIONES: Muchos de los factores que determinan la pérdida de empleo en un paciente con esclerosis múltiple pueden identificarse a tiempo para poder modificarlos o compensarlos. Los conocimientos aportados por los estudios reseñados permiten detectar a aquellos pacientes que se encuentran en riesgo de perder su empleo para realizar intervenciones posibles con el objetivo de prevenir esta situación. En particular, el perfil de vulnerabilidad incluye alta discapacidad física y fatiga, curso progresivo de la enfermedad y presencia de deterioro cognitivo, entre otros. INTRODUCTION: Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating neurological disease that usually gives rise to motor, perceptive, affective and cognitive disorders in patients. These symptoms can lead the person to lose his or her job and lower the quality of life of both patients and their relatives. AIM: To review the literature on demographic, clinical, cognitive, psychiatric, occupational and social variables associated with the work situation. DEVELOPMENT. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have detected variables related with unemployment. Empirical research has shown how physical disability, fatigue and the progression of the disease exert a clear influence on the patient’s work situation. Yet, the same degree of evidence is not true for gender, depression, age, duration of the disease and cognitive variables. Little attention has been given to work characteristics such as job discrimination, employer’s attitude, labour laws, colleagues’ attitudes and transport problems. CONCLUSIONS: Many of the factors that determine job loss in a patient with multiple sclerosis can be identified in time to allow them to be modified or offset. The knowledge provided by the studies mentioned above makes it possible to detect patients who are at risk of losing their job so that interventions can be carried out with the aim of preventing such a situation from occurring. More particularly, the vulnerability profile includes high physical disability and fatigue, progressive development of the disease and the presence of cognitive impairment, among others. Fil: Cores, Evangelina Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Interzonal de Agudos ; Argentina Fil: Vanotti, Sandra Inés. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos ; Argentina Fil: Burin, Debora Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Politis, Daniel Gustavo. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Interzonal de Agudos ; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Villa, Andrés. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos ; Argentina

The aim of the present research was to investigate cognitive pattern of patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and to compare it with multiple sclerosis (MS) patients' performance. Methods: Fourteen NMO, 14 relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), and 14 healthy control patients participated in the investigation. Neuropsychological functions were evaluated with the Brief Repeatable Neuropsychological Battery for MS; Symbol Digit Modalities Test; Digit Span; and Semantic Fluency. Results: Fifty-seven percent of NMO patients and 42.85% of the MS ones had abnormal performance in at least two cognitive tests. The NMO Group showed abnormal performance in verbal fluency, verbal and visual memories, with greater attention deficits. NMO patients outperformed healthy control in the paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT). However, no difference was found between NMO and RRMS patients. Conclusions: The NMO Group showed more dysfunction in attention and verbal fluencies than in verbal and visual memories. When compared with the MS patients, a similar dysfunction pattern was found. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi investigar o padrao cognitivo de pacientes com neuromielite optica (NMO) e compara-lo com o desempenho de pacientes com esclerose multipla (EM). Metodos: Quatorze pacientes com NMO, 14 com esclerose multipla recorrente remitente (EMRR) e 14 participantes do Controle saudaveis participaram da presente investigacao. As funcoes neuropsicologicas foram avaliadas com a Bateria Breve de Testes Neuropsicologicos de Rao, Teste Simbolo Digit e a Fluencia Semântica. Resultados: Cinquenta e sete por cento dos pacientes com NMO e 42,85% daqueles com EM apresentaram desempenho anormal em pelo menos dois testes cognitivos. O Grupo NMO apresentarou desempenho anormal na fluencia verbal e nas memorias visual e verbal, com maiores deficits de atencao. Pacientes com NMO superaram os controles saudaveis em PASAT. No entanto, nao foi encontrada diferenca entre os pacientes com NMO e aqueles com EMRR. Conclusoes: O Grupo NMO mostrou mais disfuncao nas fluencias de atencao e verbais do que nas memorias verbal e visual. Quando comparados com os pacientes com EM, um padrao de disfuncao semelhante foi encontrado.