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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the outcomes of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with and without prior coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. BACKGROUND: Data on the outcomes of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with vs. without CABG remains limited and with scarce representation from developing regions like Latin America. METHODS: We evaluated patients undergoing CTO PCI in 42 centers participating in the LATAM CTO Registry between 2008 and 2020. Statistical analyses were stratified according to CABG status. The outcomes of interest were technical and procedural success and in-hospital major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). RESULTS: A total of 1,662 patients were included [n=1411 (84.9%) no-CABG and n=251 (15.1%) prior-CABG]. Compared with no-CABG, those with prior-CABG were older (67±11 vs. 64±11 years; p

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of coronary artery bifurcation lesions entails technical challenges and carries a higher risk of adverse events on follow-up, driven by repeat revascularisation and stent thrombosis. While most bifurcations can be tackled with a provisional (single-stent) approach, more complex lesions involving both branches (true bifurcation lesions) require a two-stent approach. In the latter context, several techniques have been proposed. Among them, the crush technique has dramatically evolved in recent years, and its more recent iterations have been shown to provide excellent and durable results, both for left main and non-left main bifurcations. The aim of the present work is to discuss the technical aspects and outcomes of the variants of the crush technique from the first description in the early 2000s to the present day.

Objectives We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of antegrade fenestration and reentry (AFR) for chronic total occlusion (CTO) recanalization in a multicenter registry. Background Adoption of antegrade dissection/reentry (ADR) for CTO recanalization has been limited, and novel ADR techniques are needed. Methods AFR involves the balloon-induced creation of multiple fenestrations between the false and true lumen. A targeted true lumen reentry is subsequently achieved with a low tip-load polymer-jacketed guidewire. Following the initial description and dissemination of AFR, patients undergoing AFR-based CTO recanalization at nine centers were included in the present registry. Study endpoints were AFR success, procedural success, and target-lesion failure (TLF) on follow-up. Results We included 41 patients. Mean J-CTO score was 2.5 ± 1.4. In 80.5% of cases, AFR was performed after failed antegrade wire escalation. Another ADR technique was used before AFR in one-third of cases. AFR achieved distal true lumen reentry in n = 27/41 (65.9%) cases. In n = 14/41 (34.1%) cases with AFR failure, use of alternative techniques led to successful CTO recanalization in eight additional patients. The overall technical and procedural success rates were 85.4% and 82.9%, respectively. No AFR-related complications were observed. One-year TLF rate was 8.3% overall, with no differences between successful and failed AFR. Conclusions We report on AFR feasibility in a multicenter registry of patients undergoing CTO recanalization. We observed a moderate success rate, coupled with the absence of complications. Moreover, even a failed AFR attempt did not preclude the use of alternative techniques to achieve recanalization. Further studies should confirm and extend our findings.

Objectives To report clinical, angiographic characteristics, outcomes, and predictors of unsuccessful procedures in patients who underwent chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in Latin America. Background CTO PCI has been increasingly performed worldwide, but there is a lack of information in this region. Methods An international multicenter registry was developed to collect data on CTO PCI performed in centers in Latin America. Patient, angiographic, procedural and outcome data were evaluated. Predictors of unsuccessful procedures were assessed by multivariable analysis. Results We have included data related to 1,040 CTO PCIs performed in seven countries in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, and Puerto Rico). The mean age was 64 ± 10 years, and CTO PCI was performed mainly for angina control (81%) or treatment of a large ischemic area (30%). Overall technical success rate was 82.5%, and it was achieved with antegrade wire escalation in 81%, antegrade dissection/re-entry in 8% and with retrograde techniques in 11% of the successful procedures. Multivariable analysis identified moderate/severe calcification, a blunt proximal cap and a previous attempt as independent predictors of unsuccessful procedures. In-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) occurred in 3.1% of the cases, death in 1% and cardiac tamponade in 0.9% CONCLUSIONS: CTO PCI in Latin America has been performed mainly for ischemia relief. Procedures were associated with a success rate above 80% and low incidence of MACE. Predictors of unsuccessful procedures were similar to those previously reported in the literature.

Background In BIOACTIVE study, we evaluated vascular responses after the implant of biolimus A9-eluting stent (BES; BioMatrix TM ) and the everolimus-eluting stent (EES; XIENCE V TM ). In this study, we present the optical coherence tomography analysis (OCT) 6 months post-intervention. Methods Patients were randomized to treatment with BES (n = 22) or EES (n = 18). The primary outcome was the frequency of non-covered, poorly positioned struts by OCT. Results OCT was performed in 26 patients (BES: n = 15; EES: n = 11) and 749 tomographic images and 7,725 stent struts were analyzed. BES and EES showed similar luminal and stent areas. Neointimal hyperplasia area, neointimal thickness and the percentage of in-stent obstruction (8.44 ± 5.10% vs. 9.21 ± 6.36%; p = 0.74) were similar. The rates of not covered struts (BES: 2.10 ± 3.60% vs. ESS: 2.46 ± 2.15%, p = 0.77) and poorly positioned struts (BES: 0.48 ± 1.48% vs. EES 0.44 ± 1.05%, p = 0.94) were similarly low. The frequency of frames with signs consistent with peri-strut inflammatory infiltrate was low and similar between BES (15.53 ± 20.77%) and EES (11.70 ± 27.51%; p = 0.68). Conclusions The second-generation drug-eluting stents BES and EES were equally effective at suppressing the neointimal formation after 6 months, with favorable vascular responses. The frequency of frames with peri-strut infiltrate signals per patient was low, and lower than that observed historically with first-generation drug-eluting stents.

Introdução: A incidência de dissecções de borda, após o implante de suportes vasculares biorreabsorvíveis (SVBs), ainda não foi investigada. Esses suportes têm hastes mais espessas e requerem pré-dilatação mais agressiva no implante. Avaliamos a incidência de dissecções de borda após implante de SVBs, seus aspectos morfométricos e o processo de cicatrização, com imagens de tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) seriadas. Métodos: Incluímos pacientes consecutivos, que foram tratados com SVBs polimérico, e que possuíam avaliação com OCT após o procedimento e aos 6 meses de evolução. Dissecções de borda foram definidas como rupturas da superfície luminal nos 5 mm distais ou proximais ao SVB. Resultados: Das 96 bordas de 48 SVB implantados em 48 lesões de 48 pacientes, 91 bordas estavam disponíveis para a análise. Dissecções foram detectadas pela OCT em 28 bordas (30,7%) de 22 lesões (45,8%), com igual distribuição entre as bordas distais e proximais. Todas as dissecções apareceram como flaps e não foram visualizadas pela angiografia. Doença aterosclerótica esteve presente em 96,4% das bordas dissecadas; a maioria era fibrocalcificada (40,8%) e mais de um terço era rica em lipídio. O comprimento médio das dissecções foi 1,80 mm e a área média dos flaps tinha 0,30 mm. A maioria das dissecções (89,3%) era superficial, restrita à camada íntima/ateroma. No seguimento de 6 meses, 92,8% das dissecções cicatrizaram e não houve redução significativa nas dimensões luminais nos segmentos de borda, com apenas um caso de reestenose. Conclusões: Dissecções de borda são frequentes após implante de SVBs poliméricos. As dissecções, apenas detectadas pela OCT, foram curtas, superficiais, sem comprometimento do fluxo coronário e apresentaram evolução clínica favorável.

Optical coherence tomography provides high-resolution tomography imaging of the coronary microstructure, allowing for detailed characterization of atherosclerotic plaque components and morphology, in addition to an accurate determination of vascular dimensions. We report the case of a patient with an intermediate coronary lesion, presenting in the subacute phase of a myocardial infarction, in whom optical coherence tomography was used as an adjunctive diagnostic method to aid in the decision-making process and to guide the inter- ventional procedure. DESCRIPTORS: Arteriosclerosis. Myocardial infarction. Coronary stenosis. Tomography, optical coherence. Percutaneous coronary intervention. Stents.

Treatment with the Double Guiding Catheter Technique for Type III Coronary Perforation Coronary perforation is a rare complication of percutaneous coronary intervention and is potentially catastrophic. Coronary perforation may lead to pericardial effusion with or without cardiac tamponade and if not diagnosed early on and treated properly it is life-threatening. We present a case of percutaneous coronary intervention complicated by coronary perforation, which was quickly treated by the reversal of anticoagulation, prolonged balloon inflation and a covered-stent, using the double guiding catheter technique. DESCRIPTORS: Percutaneous coronary intervention. Stents. Cardiac catheters. PC e concluiu que aqueles com grandes perfuracoes (tipo III) tiveram uma mortalidade de 21,4% vs. ≤ 1% comparada as perfuracoes tipo I ou II. 2O objetivo do relato foi descrever o manejo parti-cular de um caso de PC que ocorreu em paciente submetido a ICP eletiva em servico de cardiologia intervencionista com grande volume de procedimentos, de forma inesperada, apos pre-dilatacao com balao (relacao balao:arteria < 1).

A perfuração coronária é uma complicação rara da intervenção coronária percutânea e potencialmente catastrófica. Pode levar ao derrame pericárdico, com ou sem tamponamento cardíaco, e, se não diagnosticada com precocidade e tratada adequadamente, pode levar ao óbito. Relatamos o caso de uma intervenção coronária percutânea complicada com perfuração coronária, rapidamente tratada com reversão da anticoagulação, insuflação prolongada com balão e implante de stent recoberto pela técnica do duplo cateter-guia. Coronary perforation is a rare complication of percutaneous coronary intervention and is potentially catastrophic. Coronary perforation may lead to pericardial effusion with or without cardiac tamponade and if not diagnosed early on and treated properly it is life-threatening. We present a case of percutaneous coronary intervention complicated by coronary perforation, which was quickly treated by the reversal of anticoagulation, prolonged balloon inflation and a covered-stent, using the double guiding catheter technique.

ResumoIntroduçãoNo estudo BIOACTIVE, avaliamos as respostas vasculares após implante do stent eluidor de biolimus A9 (SEB; BioMatrix®) e o stent eluidor de everolimus (SEE; XIENCE V®). Apresentamos a análise de tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) 6 meses pós‐intervenção.MétodosOs pacientes foram randomizados para tratamento com SEB (n = 22) ou SEE (n = 18). O desfecho primário foi a frequência de hastes não cobertas e mal apostas pela OCT.ResultadosA OCT foi realizada em 26 pacientes (SEB: n = 15; SEE: n = 11) e foram analisadas 749 imagens tomográficas e 7.725 hastes de stent. SEB e SEE apresentaram áreas luminais e dos stents semelhantes. A área de hiperplasia neointimal, a espessura neointimal e o porcentual de obstrução intra‐stent (8,44 ± 5,10% vs. 9,21 ± 6,36%; p = 0,74) foram similares. As taxas de hastes não cobertas (SEB: 2,10 ± 3,60% vs. SEE: 2,46 ± 2,15%; p = 0,77) e mal apostas (SEB: 0,48 ± 1,48% vs. SEE 0,44 ± 1,05%; p = 0,94) foram baixas e semelhantes. A frequência de frames com sinais compatíveis com infiltrado inflamatório peri‐haste foi baixa e similar entre SEB (15,53 ± 20,77%) e SEE (11,70 ± 27,51%; p = 0,68).ConclusõesStents farmacológicos de segunda geração SEB e SEE se mostraram igualmente eficientes em suprimir a formação neointimal aos 6 meses, com respostas vasculares favoráveis. A frequência de frames com sinais de infiltrado peri‐haste por paciente foi baixa, e menor do que a historicamente observada com os stents farmacológicos de primeira geração.AbstractBackgroundIn BIOACTIVE study, we evaluated vascular responses after the implant of biolimus A9‐eluting stent (BES; BioMatrixTM) and the everolimus‐eluting stent (EES; XIENCE VTM). In this study, we present the optical coherence tomography analysis (OCT) 6 months post‐intervention.MethodsPatients were randomized to treatment with BES (n = 22) or EES (n = 18). The primary outcome was the frequency of non‐covered, poorly positioned struts by OCT.ResultsOCT was performed in 26 patients (BES: n = 15; EES: n = 11) and 749 tomographic images and 7,725 stent struts were analyzed. BES and EES showed similar luminal and stent areas. Neointimal hyperplasia area, neointimal thickness and the percentage of in‐stent obstruction (8.44 ± 5.10% vs. 9.21 ± 6.36%; p = 0.74) were similar. The rates of not covered struts (BES: 2.10 ± 3.60% vs. ESS: 2.46 ± 2.15%, p = 0.77) and poorly positioned struts (BES: 0.48 ± 1.48% vs. EES 0.44 ± 1.05%, p = 0.94) were similarly low. The frequency of frames with signs consistent with peri‐strut inflammatory infiltrate was low and similar between BES (15.53 ± 20.77%) and EES (11.70 ± 27.51%; p = 0.68).ConclusionsThe second‐generation drug‐eluting stents BES and EES were equally effective at suppressing the neointimal formation after 6 months, with favorable vascular responses. The frequency of frames with peri‐strut infiltrate signals per patient was low, and lower than that observed historically with first‐generation drug‐eluting stents.