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With the increase of exploration resources of crude oil worldwide, how to decompose by recombination or long chain compounds to convert high viscosity heavy and inferior crude oil into high quality low viscosity oil and chemical raw materials has become the focus of the refining industry. Several types of oil were treated to reduce viscosity with a self-built heavy oil viscosity reduction device based on jet cavitation. Meanwhile, the viscosity-decreasing condition of different operating parameters was analyzed by CFD numerical simulation method. The results showed that the viscosity reduction of Saudi heavy oil is the best at 4 MPa, the viscosity reduction rate reaches 46.97%. The numerical simulation and analysis of different kinds of oil products were carried out, and the pressure, gas holdup, velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, mass transfer rate and cavitation number were used as evaluation criteria. Through the numerical simulation and experimental verification, the application of jet cavitation in viscosity reduction of heavy oil is deeply studied, and an innovative evaluation method for viscosity reduction of jet cavitation which integrated various factors is proposed, which provides theoretical guidance and data support for the oil treatment effect and device selection of jet cavitation in industrial application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Keel bone damage (KBD) in laying hens represents a significant issue with profound implications for both the welfare and productivity of these birds. This review systematically investigates the etiological factors, consequences, and assessment modalities of KBD, and further proposes corresponding management strategies. The occurrence of KBD can be ascribed to multiple factors, including insufficient calcium supply, genetic determinants, and physical stressors, which may give rise to alterations in egg production, stress responses, and inflammatory states. Assessment methods encompass palpation and imaging techniques. Management strategies comprise nutritional optimization, genetic selection, and environmental adaptation. Comprehending and addressing KBD is of substantial importance for the sustainable development of the poultry industry and the safeguarding of laying hen welfare. Keel bone damage (KBD) is a prominent concern within the realm of the egg-laying industry, exerting substantial impacts on the welfare and productivity of laying hens. This comprehensive review undertakes a detailed exploration of the diverse factors contributing to KBD, such as inadequate calcium sources in the medullary bone, genetic factors, nutritional deficiencies, and physical stressors. The consequences of KBD on production performance, stress and inflammation levels, and the physical and chemical properties of the keel are meticulously examined. Additionally, the review evaluates the existing methods for assessing KBD, including keel curvature scoring, imaging techniques, palpation, biomechanical testing, behavioral observations, and biochemical markers. Finally, management strategies, including nutritional adjustments, genetic selection, and environmental modifications, are proposed to potentially mitigate the prevalence and severity of KBD, thereby aiming to enhance the welfare and productivity of laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating track irregularities is crucial for ensuring the safe operation of trains since they serve as the primary source of excitation for vehicle systems and track structures. In China's high-speed railway networks, bridges are frequently employed as alternatives to traditional track foundations. Operational experience has revealed that bridge segments frequently display track irregularities closely linked to their structural characteristics. Nonetheless, there is presently limited research on track irregularities, particularly on bridges. This paper systematically investigates the factors that influence the vibration response of the vehicle-track-bridge coupled system, with a specific focus on track irregularities on bridges. We study the influence of various critical parameters on the vibration response of the vehicle-track-bridge coupled system, utilizing finite element analysis software and multibody dynamics software analysis models and incorporating structural design data. Furthermore, we analyze the spectral characteristics of track irregularities on bridges, revealing the patterns of variation in dynamic vertical and lateral irregularities influenced by both bridge and track structures. Lastly, leveraging the correlation between track irregularities on bridges and the dynamic response of the coupled system, we introduce an assessment methodology and corresponding indicators for track irregularities on bridges. This methodology can establish a theoretical basis for the scientific assessment and maintenance management guidance of track irregularities on high-speed railway bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately estimating the blastability of rock mass is crucial for precise blasting design, enhancing blasting efficiency, and minimizing unnecessary damage to the rock mass. Despite the development of various methods for blastability evaluation, none has gained wide acceptance due to the complexity of rock masses. This paper aims to systematically review the development of blastability evaluation research to enhance understanding in this area. Firstly, factors affecting the blastability of rock mass were summarized and classified. Based on this, blastability evaluation indexes were categorized into four classes: characteristic parameters of rock, structural parameters of rock mass, blasting parameters, and external factors. The selection principles of blastability evaluation indexes were discussed. Secondly, the methods of blastability evaluation including single index empirical criterion method, multiple indexes aggregation method, comprehensive evaluation method, and machine learning method, were summarized. The applicability and advantages of each evaluation method were introduced. Finally, trends in blastability evaluation of rock mass were proposed, including the intelligent acquisition of rock mass parameters, three-dimensional blastability evaluation, broadening the scope of evaluation, and widespread application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science and technology innovation has become the core driving force of urban development, and innovation spaces as the carriers of innovation activities have evolved continuously, forming the emerging model of innovation districts in recent years. However, the evaluation standard of innovation spaces has not changed with the evolution of the model, and the evaluation method that focuses on economic benefits still dominates the mainstream. As a result, the construction of innovation spaces around these indicators and guidelines lags behind the advanced level. In this paper, we have systematically sorted out the relevant research progress of innovation districts, established a set of cases with global typicality, combined the dual attributes of "innovation characteristics + urban characteristics," constructed a research framework for the spatial quality of innovation districts based on the dual perspectives of "innovation space," and summarized the spatial quality evaluation model through analysis. We do an empirical study on Haidian District to find out how well innovation districts work in terms of space, find typical clusters, and come up with the most important aspects of their space quality. In order to observe the applicability of this method, it is also applied to the urban health check-up in Chaoyang District, Beijing. Through the expert seminar, the evaluation and analysis method of spatial quality of innovative urban areas is further verified and discussed. The results show that the integration of innovative urban areas and urban structures, and the collaborative development of innovative industries and high-quality spaces are the keys to promote the common development of innovative economy and cities. The new evaluation method can effectively measure the quality of innovation spaces, and has certain transferability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase of China's railway freight share, the load of railway logistics centers also rises annually. Given the current gaps in China's green railway evaluation system for freight stations and operational stages, it is essential to develop an evaluation index system and method tailored to China's railway logistics centers to promote green operations and support the goal of building near-zero-carbon freight stations. First, the study clarified the concept of green railways and the operational characteristics of logistics centers. Based on the principles of rationality, comprehensiveness, and operability, a three-level green operation evaluation index system was established, with energy conservation and consumption reduction, environmental pollution control, ecological environment and resource utilization and management, and operation management as four objective layers, decomposed into eight criterion layers and further refined into 23 scheme layer indicators. Then, the extension analytic hierarchy process (EAHP) was used to obtain more objective weights for each indicator at all levels, and the grey clustering method was selected for evaluation based on the grey characteristics of the indicators, such as diverse characteristics and information scarcity, to construct a comprehensive evaluation model based on grey clustering weighted by EAHP. Finally, a case study was conducted at a logistics center in Northwest China, where results showed that the center's highest membership value was 0.369 4, classifying its green operation level as "good" and its green operation degree as moderately high. Analysis indicated consistency with actual conditions, verifying the feasibility of the established index system and model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review systematically summarizes research progress in the evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of the transdermal absorption of cosmetics, focusing on the classification, applicability, and relevant regulations of different evaluation methods. Transdermal absorption refers to the process in which active ingredients enter the epidermis, dermis, and other parts of the skin through the skin barrier and exert their effects. The article first classifies the in vitro and in vivo evaluation methods of transdermal absorption. It also provides a detailed overview of the regulations and standards for in vitro transdermal absorption, compares the standards of different institutions, and highlights the diffusion cell method, developed by scientists at Procter & Gamble, which is the mainstream method for in vitro testing. In addition, the paper summarizes the utilization of modern testing techniques such as high-throughput screening technology, mass spectrometry imaging, Raman spectroscopy, and confocal microscopy in the study of transdermal absorption and introduces the working principles of various instruments and their specific application cases in transdermal absorption studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science and technology innovation has become the core driving force of urban development, and innovation spaces as the carriers of innovation activities have evolved continuously, forming the emerging model of innovation districts in recent years. However, the evaluation standard of innovation spaces has not changed with the evolution of the model, and the evaluation method that focuses on economic benefits still dominates the mainstream. As a result, the construction of innovation spaces around these indicators and guidelines lags behind the advanced level.In this paper, we have systematically sorted out the relevant research progress of innovation districts, established a set of cases with global typicality, combined the dual attributes of “innovation characteristics + urban characteristics,” constructed a research framework for the spatial quality of innovation districts based on the dual perspectives of “innovation space,” and summarized the spatial quality evaluation model through analysis. We do an empirical study on Haidian District to find out how well innovation districts work in terms of space, find typical clusters, and come up with the most important aspects of their space quality. In order to observe the applicability of this method, it is also applied to the urban health check-up in Chaoyang District, Beijing. Through the expert seminar, the evaluation and analysis method of spatial quality of innovative urban areas is further verified and discussed. The results show that the integration of innovative urban areas and urban structures, and the collaborative development of innovative industries and high-quality spaces are the keys to promote the common development of innovative economy and cities. The new evaluation method can effectively measure the quality of innovation spaces, and has certain transferability.

A new method for assessment of product aesthetics („Assessment of adequacy of product appearance attributes to the design objective and to values of market segment”, Adequacy Method, in short) was developed by the author. The method is based on the need to assess product aesthetics against the design objective and the human values / goals of the target market segment. In a pre-test, eight products (from four classes) with the most different design were chosen for testing the method. Then, in an experimental study, the products were assessed using the proposed method by students from a technical university. After statistically analysing the assessment results, it was found that the method criteria and the method itself proved to be reliable, efficient, and clear. The proposed method was also tested by comparison with a complex method (FTESE – Functional, Technical, Ergonomic, Significance and Esthetic Analysis). The same products used in the paper presenting the FTESE method were assessed using the proposed method and lead to the same ordering of products according to their aesthetics. But the comparison also indicated that the proposed method allows for a superior refinement.

The superimposition analysis of imaging data on the structure of craniomaxillofacial tissue at different time points of the same object is an important method for studying craniomaxillofacial growth and development, evaluating the efficacy of orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery. While overcoming the common shortcomings of traditional 2D imaging, 3D image superimposition provides more comprehensive craniomaxillofacial information and more accurate dental and bone data. Therefore, more and more scholars are validating and exploring the reliability and accuracy of 3D superimposition technology for clinical applications. This article reviews the 3D image data sources, superimposition methods, and clinical applications, to provide scientific research and clinical guidance for 3D image superimposition technology in orthodontics.

Soil crust is of high concern in soybean cultivation due to its adverse impact on seedling emergence. Despite the necessity of soybean varieties with stable seedling emergence against soil surface crust, genotypic variation of this trait has not been well understood because there have been no general protocols widely applicable to a set of accessions. The major constraint in conducting such experiments is the difficulty in reproducing soil crust with uniform hardness for each set of experiments. In this study, a simple method that can evaluate the seedling emergence under the conditions of uniform hardness of soil crust using gypsum mixed soil was developed and tested for 82 soybean accessions. Among the tested accessions, five genotypes with high seedling emergence under soil crust conditions were identified.

Abstract Water is a fundamental natural resource that affects human and social development, and also plays an important role in modern agricultural production and food security. In China, agricultural water consumption accounts for the majority of the total water consumption. For a long time, China has not fully implemented water pricing and payment for agricultural water, and the lower agricultural water cost have led to the waste of water resource and the rapid conversion of agricultural water to other industries. In order to avoid agricultural water waste and achieve the goal of agricultural sustainable development, the Chinese government has launched a comprehensive reform of agricultural water prices nationwide since 2016. According to the plan, nowadays, the reform will faces overall evaluation and acceptance in 2024 and 2025. However, there is a lack of a relatively unified and flexible nationwide evaluation index system and acceptance measures. In this study, a comparative research of the evaluation system for comprehensive reform of agricultural water prices was developed. Based on existing evaluation and acceptance measures issued by four typical provincial regions, this study compared and analyzed the compliance and similarities and differences of these acceptance measures with national reform policies and requirements. From the aspects of evaluation procedure and index system, a systematic comparative analysis was conducted on the integrity and differences in the four regions. At the same time, suggestions were given for policy-making of national evaluation process and standard. The comparative analysis results showed that the evaluation indices in the four provincial regions have met all the key points of national reform policies and have a complete system, but there were significant differences in the structure of the evaluation index system in different provincial regions. It is recommended to establish a simple, relatively unified and practical national evaluation and acceptance system as soon as possible. In addition, evaluation criteria for individual specific indices should be determined by region based on the differences in economic capacity and agricultural water conservancy facilities conditions.

High-strength aluminum alloys have been widely used in aviation， aerospace and other industries because of their high specific strength and good machining property. Corrosion is an important factor affecting the safety and stability of high-strength aluminum alloys in service. Based on the preparation process of high-strength aluminum alloys， this paper focuses on the effect of structural evolution caused by heat treatment on the corrosion property of high-strength aluminum alloys. The corresponding relationship between the microstructure and corrosion behavior of high-strength aluminum alloys is analyzed. Research directions for improving the corrosion property of high-strength aluminum alloys are proposed. The segregation of elements and phases in high-strength aluminum alloys can easily lead to electrochemical inhomogeneity of microstructure， causing corrosion of substrate. Therefore， based on the optimization of composition， the melt casting process， deformation process and heat treatment process of high-strength aluminum alloys should be regulated to prepare the microstructure with uniform distribution of elements and second phases， and uniform electrochemical property， which is crucial for improving the corrosion property of high-strength aluminum alloys. In addition， the corrosion sensitivity of alloys is affected by the width of the precipitate free zone and the distance and distribution of the grain boundary precipitation phases of alloy. Thoroughly studying and clarifying the effect of various structures such as precipitate free zone on the corrosion behavior of alloys is the prerequisite for the preparation of high-strength aluminum alloys with high corrosion property. To balance the mechanical property and corrosion property of high-strength aluminum alloys， heat treatment methods such as aging and thermomechanical treatment should be optimized， and new composite heat treatment methods should be developed. Meanwhile， the test methods and evaluation methods for the corrosion property of high-strength aluminum alloys are discussed. In order to more efficiently and accurately evaluate the corrosion property and service safety of high-strength aluminum alloys， further research work should be carried out in the combined use of traditional evaluation methods with modern data processing technologies such as digital twin， virtual simulation and machine learning.

[Introduction] Facing the advancement of the national "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" strategy, energy in various regions of China will develop towards low-carbon utilization based on its unique resource endowment. In order to understand the development level of low-carbon energy, it is necessary to conduct evaluation research on low-carbon energy utilization. [Method] This paper first analyzed the evaluation objects of energy low-carbon utilization; then classified and organized the evaluation indicators of energy low-carbon utilization. This paper sorted out and introduced the characteristics of each evaluation method and model, and explained the role of energy low-carbon utilization evaluation research. [Result] The evaluation objects of energy low-carbon utilization can be divided into energy system evaluation and regional energy evaluation. The evaluation indicators are summarized from three aspects: energy low-carbon indicators, energy utilization indicators and energy security indicators, and the subjective and objective weighting evaluation methods are rationally used. It is possible to more comprehensively and accurately assess and understand the situation of low-carbon energy utilization. [Conclusion] The current energy low-carbon utilization evaluation is usually only reflected as a part of the evaluation index system. With the development of low-carbon energy and the increase in the proportion of clean energy, the evaluation of low-carbon energy utilization will become more and more important.

Taking Jinjiang River in Tongren City as an example, the physicochemical indicators of the water body were collected and analyzed. Three methods, Carlson's trophic state index (TSI), modified trophic state index (TSIM) and trophic level index (TLI), were used to evaluate the nutrient enrichment level in Jinjiang River water. Mathematical statistical analysis was used to examine differences between the different evaluation methods and the influence of environmental factors on them. The results showed that different evaluation methods lead to different results in eutrophication assessment of water bodies. According to TSI, TSIM and TLI evaluation methods, the results of Jinjiang River water body were assessed as having oligotrophic, eutrophic and mesotrophic conditions, respectively. Single-factor analysis of variance showed that a significant difference between TSIM and TSI/TLI (P<0.05), while no significant difference was observed between TSI and TLI (P>0.05). Correlation analysis showed Chl-a was significantly positively correlated with TSI and TSIM (P<0.05), while TN and TP were significantly positively correlated with TLI (P<0.05). TSI and TSIM mainly characterized the growth status of algae, while TLI focused more on nitrogen and phosphorus levels. Overall, compared to TSI and TSIM methods, TLI adopted a weighted approach of multiple environmental factors, which could more scientifically reflect the eutrophication status of water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flushing efficiency of a cementing ahead fluid is one of the key factors affecting the job quality of well cementing. A reasonable method for evaluating the flushing efficiency of an ahead fluid and a reasonable experimental object are key factors for selecting ahead fluid formulation and volume. The evaluation results obtained with the methods presently in use for evaluating the flushing efficiency of ahead fluids cannot objectively and truthfully reflect the flushing effect of an ahead fluid. To solve this problem, cores made with pores of different depths are used as the experimental object to simulate the actual rough borehole walls, and a magnetic agitator is used to simulate the whole process of flushing action of the ahead fluid on the borehole wall. The cores with pores and the magnetic agitator composed of the new evaluation method and the feasibility of this method is verified. The experimental results obtained show that this new method can simulate the real situation of the uneven borehole walls and takes into account the effects of several factors, such as the detention and adsorption of the barite particles in the drilling fluid and the spacers in the pores and on the surface of the borehole walls. The evaluation results are regarded as being more objective and are able to truthfully reflect the flushing effect of an ahead fluid, and they can be used as the technical reference and the bases for optimization of ahead fluid formulation and for volume design of an ahead fluid. Using this method, the flushing efficiencies of several ahead fluids of different densities and contact time lengths are evaluated. The evaluation test gives results that are repeatable, and objectively and truthfully reflect the performance of the flushing additives. With this method, the composition and volume of an ahead fluid for cementing a well drilled in a gas field in East China Sea is optimized and modified. The flushing efficiency of the ahead fluid after optimization is 97%, and the job quality of the well cementing operation is improved by 10.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The education and training of electrical substations play an essential role for college students and engineers majoring in electrical engineering. However, to ensure the substation's safety production and equipment operation, it is difficult for personnel from external units to enter the site for learning. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a virtual interactive training technology method to author an interactive virtual maintenance education system (VMES) for electrical substations. The system aims to build a visual training and education platform for virtual substations to help learners master the station's equipment, operation, maintenance, evaluation, and other processes. Firstly, the system establishes a component‐level virtual interaction element to encapsulate an electrical substation virtual maintenance model that dynamically responds to user operations. The equipment structure and system environment are visually modeled using engineering modeling software. Secondly, a virtual interactive training system is created with the functions of 3D disassembly training, fault tree reliability evaluation, and AHP‐FCE maintenance assessment. Finally, through four operating systems, we evaluate the compatibility of the VMES, and we recruit learners to evaluate and discuss emerging and common educational models. The practical application results prove that the system can significantly improve students' learning efficiency and interest. Meanwhile, due to the increased number of interactive operations in VMES, participants can proficiently master the composition and working principles of equipment in substations, and cognitive load can be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several effective methods to precisely evaluate the comfort of hygroscopic cooling fabrics transitioning from a wet to dry state were previously lacking. This study employed the heated plate method to mimic bare skin. We integrated a refitted YG606 II Thermal Resistance Tester with a heating control unit to simulate the human body's thermoregulation following light activity at a basal metabolic rate. This apparatus recorded the heating curves of hygroscopic cooling fabrics in their wet state to monitor temperature variations during drying. We introduced five objective evaluation parameters (Area, FWHM, K1, K2, WCI) based on the temperature differences between the heated plate and wetted fabric samples to differentiate levels of wet comfort among various fabrics. Twelve types of hygroscopic cooling fabrics, varying in material, structure, and hygroscopic properties, were selected from the market to assess the reliability of these parameters. The findings confirmed that these parameters effectively discern variations in wet comfort across the fabric samples. The parameters for cooling capacity (Area) and cooling rate (K1, K2) are critical in evaluating the role of liquid water in fabric on wet comfort, while cooling duration assesses the impact of the fabric's drying process on human comfort. Furthermore, the wet comfort index (WCI) correlated significantly with perceptions of dampness and coldness; a higher WCI value indicated a sharp, transient discomfort due to dampness and coldness, whereas a lower value suggested a mild, sustained sensation of wetness and coldness. The preference for these contrasting sensations varies by context. This research could facilitate the development of predictive models for wet comfort by evaluating the cooling capacity and wet comfort index of textiles in their wet state, thereby aiding fabric researchers and manufacturers in enhancing the thermal–wet comfort of hygroscopic cooling fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automotive Engineer (1674-6546) is the property of Auto Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To enhance the teaching quality (TQ) of English translation (ET) courses, multivariate evaluation methods have garnered significant attention for their ability to identify deficiencies in the teaching process and subsequently improve instructional standards. Traditional evaluation techniques have shown limited effectiveness. Therefore, this paper proposes an ET in multiple teaching quality (MTQ) evaluation method with improved deep learning in internet of things (IoT). First, the paper establishes evaluation indicators for ET in MTQ, which mainly encompass ET teaching effectiveness, pedagogic competency in ET, teaching methods, content, as well as attitudes towards ET teaching. It then utilizes IoT technology to preliminarily collect data on these indicators, and using clustering algorithm based on weighted attributes and density (CABWAD) algorithm to mine data on English teaching MTQ evaluation indicators for ET. The extracted evaluation indicator data is then denoised using a probabilistic undirected graph model. Ultimately, the multilayer perceptron in deep learning is improved through Wolfe line search optimization, and this enhanced multilayer perceptron is employed to construct an ET in MTQ evaluation model. The denoised indicator data is inputted into the model, which then outputs precise MTQ evaluation results. The results show that the absolute value of the average Pearson correlation coefficient of this method is the highest, the Spearman correlation coefficient is the lowest, the mean average precision value is 0.965, and the positive category imbalance degree and the negative category imbalance degree are the lowest, indicating that the proposed method has outstanding performance in all aspects, and has certain application value in the field of TQ evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat seedling line detection is critical for precision agriculture and automatic guidance in early wheat field operation. Aiming at the complex wheat field environment, a method of detecting wheat seedling lines based on deep learning was proposed in this study. Firstly, a rotated bounding box was created to improve the YOLOv3 model to predict the approximate position of the wheat seedling line; Then, according to the rotated bounding region obtained by the model, the wheat seedling line was detected by fitting the extracted center points. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation method combining angle error and distance error was proposed to evaluate the accuracy of the extracted crop line. By testing images of wheat seedlings in different environments, the results showed that the mean angle error and distance error respectively reached 0.75° and 10.84 pixels while the mean running time was 63.83 ms for a 1920x1080 pixels image. And compared to the original model the improved algorithm model improved the mAP value by 13.2%. The angle error and the distance error of the improved algorithm model were reduced by 51.4% and 39.7%, respectively. The method proposed in this study can accurately detect the wheat seedling lines at different stages and it is also suitable for the environments with weeds, shadow, bright light, and dark light. At the same time, it has a certain adaptability to wheat seedling images with a yaw angle in the shooting process. The research results could provide a reference for the automatic guidance of early wheat field machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ensaio: Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação is the property of Ensaio: Avaliacao e Politicas Publicas em Educacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soil crust is of high concern in soybean cultivation due to its adverse impact on seedling emergence. Despite the necessity of soybean varieties with stable seedling emergence against soil surface crust, genotypic variation of this trait has not been well understood because there have been no general protocols widely applicable to a set of accessions. The major constraint in conducting such experiments is the difficulty in reproducing soil crust with uniform hardness for each set of experiments. In this study, a simple method that can evaluate the seedling emergence under the conditions of uniform hardness of soil crust using gypsum mixed soil was developed and tested for 82 soybean accessions. Among the tested accessions, five genotypes with high seedling emergence under soil crust conditions were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1970s, comprehensive control measures on soil erosion in the headwater region of the Loess Plateau have been carried out. Quantitative evaluation of the benefits of soil and water conservation measures during extreme rainstorms is of great significance for the comprehensive management of the catchments. In this study, a systematic modeling methodology for evaluating the effects of soil and water conservation measures on sediment reduction was developed based on a distributed soil erosion model (DSEM). Taking the Chabagou basin in the Loess Plateau as the study area, the tested DSEM was used to simulate soil erosion and sediment yield during an extreme rainstorm under two scenarios, the uncontrolled condition and the controlled condition with soil and water conservation measures implemented. The results showed that DSEM could successfully simulate soil and water losses and evaluate the effects of soil and water conservation measures during extreme storm events. The evaluated results showed that each soil and water conservation measure had the specific function of sediment reduction. And under rainstorm conditions, the effect of engineering measures on sediment reduction was greater than that of forest and grass measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The quality of tobacco leaves is the basis of cigar production. In order to win the favor of consumers and improve the competitiveness of cigar brands, all producing areas are committed to providing uniform quality tobacco leaves. In order to achieve the goal of homogenizing production of fresh cigar tobacco leaves, this thesis collected and summarized the research and application of homogenizing production of cigar tobacco leaves in agriculture in recent years. It includes the feasible methods to achieve the homogenization production of fresh cigar tobacco leaves from planting stage to harvest stage, drying stage and subsequent tobacco field management, and compares the evaluation methods of cigar tobacco leaf homogenization production, it provides reference for homogenizing production of cigar industry in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toppling deformation can be classified into deep toppling (DT) and shallow toppling (ST) based on deformation mechanisms and development depth of rock mass under different soft and hard rock conditions. Currently, the toppling zoning indicators and quantitative criteria are not uniform, and human factors have a significant influence on the toppling zoning indicators. Summerizing and analyzing the existing toppling cases and toppling zoning researches, this study selects rock layer toppled angle, maximum tension within layer, unit tension within layer, and longitudinal wave velocity as indicators for toppling zoning. Considering the differences in the characteristics of deep toppling (DT) and shallow toppling (ST), the quantitative criteria for the deep and shallow toppling zoning indicators are determined respectively. This study employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to establish toppling zoning evaluation models. The deep toppling dam site slope at Miaowei hydropower station and the shallow toppling bank slope of Xingguang Π formation at Xiluodu Hydropower Station were tested, respectively. These results are compared with toppling zoning of field surveys to verify the rationality and applicability of the models. This achievement holds significant reference value for the toppling zoning of rock masses in engineering slopes, especially in the construction, development, and engineering management of toppling slopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Southern Energy Construction is the property of Southern Energy Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Calculating the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) between crude oil and carbon dioxide (CO2) is critical for optimizing injection parameters, designing schemes, and predicting production capacity in CO2 injection projects for enhancing oil recovery. However, an accurate approach for obtaining this parameter is not yet established. In order to tackle this issue, a novel approach is suggested, based on the original cell-to-cell model, to determine the MMP and the 97% oil recovery rate as the standard. Using the volume-transformed Peng-Robinson equation of state enhances the precision of fluid volume estimation, as it mainly relies on predicting fluid volume within each cell. Furthermore, to ensure a precise estimation of the ultimate oil recovery rate, it is imperative to employ a total cell count of 500 in all simulations to avoid the problem of numerical dispersion. Finally, a second-order polynomial equation more accurately predicts the infinite-cell oil recovery factor. The accuracy of the modified model is verified by comparing MMP values from five oil and gas systems in the literature. The computational results of the modified multiple-mixing-cell (MMC) approach exhibit a higher level of concordance with the MMPs in the literature. The average relative error is less than 3.96%. The improved MMC algorithm can quickly determine the miscibility mechanism and visually represent the dynamic miscibility process involving multiple oil-gas contacts in a slim tube. This study provides a theoretical and practical basis for addressing the critical scientific issues of CO2-safe storage technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People spend most of their time indoors, and the visual characteristics of indoor building materials affect not only the quality of the indoor environment, but also the well-being of individuals. Ceramic tiles are widely used in interior decoration of buildings due to their aesthetic appeal and ease of maintenance. However, there is currently a lack of a comprehensive framework for assessing the visual comfort of ceramic tile design. This study established an evaluation system using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Delphi method to collect perceptual words, extract evaluation indices, and calculate weights. A visual comfort scale for ceramic tiles, comprising three dimensions and twelve indices, was developed. A total of 342 questionnaires were analyzed using six types of tiles, and the multidimensional visual comfort scores of the various ceramic tile samples were statistically examined. An analysis of variance was conducted to investigate the effects of tile brightness, texture, and participant gender on visual comfort. The findings indicate that tile brightness and texture significantly affect the overall visual comfort score (p < 0.001; p < 0.001), with light-toned, non-textured tiles providing higher visual comfort (3.949). Although gender did not significantly affect the overall visual comfort scores, it did influence the evaluation scores in certain dimensions. Men rated the aesthetic comfort of tiles lower than women (p = 0.035), but they rated the emotional comfort of medium-toned and non-textured tiles higher (p = 0.003; p = 0.017). In terms of theoretical significance, the establishment of this evaluation model can expand the research content and methods of ceramic tiles, which are crucial architectural decoration materials. In terms of practical significance, this study provides an evaluation method and partial evaluation information for designers, enabling them to assess and enhance the visual experience of tiles based on the specific needs of interior spaces and the characteristics of the visual subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Standard Design is the property of Railway Standard Design Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Railway Science & Engineering is the property of Journal of Railway Science & Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lunar habitat construction is crucial for successful lunar exploration missions. Due to the limitations of transportation conditions, extensive global research has been conducted on lunar in situ material processing techniques in recent years. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review, precise classification, and quantitative evaluation of these approaches, focusing specifically on four main approaches: reaction solidification (RS), sintering/melting (SM), bonding solidification (BS), and confinement formation (CF). Eight key indicators have been identified for the construction of low-cost and high-performance systems to assess the feasibility of these methods: in situ material ratio, curing temperature, curing time, implementation conditions, compressive strength, tensile strength, curing dimensions, and environmental adaptability. The scoring thresholds are determined by comparing the construction requirements with the actual capabilities. Among the evaluated methods, regolith bagging has emerged as a promising option due to its high in situ material ratio, low time requirement, lack of high-temperature requirements, and minimal shortcomings, with only the compressive strength falling below the neutral score. The compressive strength still maintains a value of 2–3 MPa. The proposed construction scheme utilizing regolith bags offers numerous advantages, including rapid and large-scale construction, ensured tensile strength, and reduced reliance on equipment and energy. In this study, guidelines for evaluating regolith solidification techniques are provided, and directions for improvement are offered. The proposed lunar habitat design based on regolith bags is a practical reference for future research.

Strengthening research on the evaluation of scientific and technological talents helps to play the role of "baton" and "vane" of "evaluation" , stimulate the vitality of innovation and creativity of scientific and technological talents, and provide strong talent support for developing new quality productive forces, realizing national self-reliance in high-level science and technology, and building a world scientific and technological power. The research status of scientific and technological talents evaluation objects was summarized. The evaluation methods of scientific and technological talents were reviewed, with emphasis on analytic hierarchy process method, factor analysis method, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and Delphi method. The common index system of scientific and technological talents evaluation was summarized. Finally, the development trend of the evaluation of scientific and technological talents was put forward, namely based on the current situation and policies, the future research focus should include the study of the value conduction of the evaluation index of scientific and technological talents and the deepening application of digital technology in the evaluation of scientific and technological talents.

ObjectivesUnder the background of the “double-carbon” target, thermal power is facing great pressure to reduce emissions. Thermal power carbon footprint evaluation can directly show the greenhouse gas emissions of thermal power and help tap the potential of carbon reduction. Therefore, the research status of thermal power carbon footprint assessment was reviewed.MethodsThis paper introduced the main standards and methods for thermal power footprint evaluation, and summarized the thermal power footprint evaluation process. The differences in the evaluation process were reviewed and some suggestions were given. The life cycle is divided into upstream, core and downstream. According to the high concentration of carbon emissions in the core links, the carbon footprint of the construction, decommissioning and power transmission of coal-fired power plants can be ignored in some cases.ConclusionsThe life cycle of different types of thermal power generation is similar, but the carbon footprint of waste incineration power generation does not include the acquisition process of domestic waste. Regardless of the form of thermal power, in the absence of measured emission factors, it is recommended that the emission factors select the default values of the published standards, literature and databases at home and abroad.

Abstract Background Dispensed drugs stored by patients are often in single-dose packages (SDPs) or are crushed and mixed after being removed from a press-through package (PTP) sheet. Information on their stability is extremely limited. To address this, we explored using chemiluminescence (CL) measurements to detect oxidative degradation. Methods Eight amlodipine, 14 telmisartan, and two warfarin preparations were used as specimens. These preparations were stored at room temperature under various conditions, after which CL was measured. Cellopoly packaging paper was used for SDP. Three light conditions were used (Condition A: darkness, Condition B: indoor diffused light (approximately 400 lx), and Condition C: exposure to 4,000 lx). CL cumulative light output was measured every minute under nitrogen gas conduction and with a sample chamber temperature of 150 °C, for a maximum of 10 min. Luminescence images were obtained simultaneously with the CL measurements. Results CL was observed on light-exposed tablet surfaces. For each preparation, an increase in the CL value was observed with the duration of light exposure. In the same preparation with the same exposure time, CL tended to be higher in the order of Condition A

Abstract Calculating the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) between crude oil and carbon dioxide (CO2) is critical for optimizing injection parameters, designing schemes, and predicting production capacity in CO2 injection projects for enhancing oil recovery. However, an accurate approach for obtaining this parameter is not yet established. In order to tackle this issue, a novel approach is suggested, based on the original cell-to-cell model, to determine the MMP and the 97% oil recovery rate as the standard. Using the volume-transformed Peng-Robinson equation of state enhances the precision of fluid volume estimation, as it mainly relies on predicting fluid volume within each cell. Furthermore, to ensure a precise estimation of the ultimate oil recovery rate, it is imperative to employ a total cell count of 500 in all simulations to avoid the problem of numerical dispersion. Finally, a second-order polynomial equation more accurately predicts the infinite-cell oil recovery factor. The accuracy of the modified model is verified by comparing MMP values from five oil and gas systems in the literature. The computational results of the modified multiple-mixing-cell (MMC) approach exhibit a higher level of concordance with the MMPs in the literature. The average relative error is less than 3.96%. The improved MMC algorithm can quickly determine the miscibility mechanism and visually represent the dynamic miscibility process involving multiple oil-gas contacts in a slim tube. This study provides a theoretical and practical basis for addressing the critical scientific issues of CO2-safe storage technology.

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Demand-responsive transport (DRT) could be an alternative for extending the accessibility of high-speed rail (HSR) servicing cities in rural environments, where fixed public transport does not provide efficient services. This paper proposes a method to analyse the factors that influence the implementation of DRT systems for inter-urban mobility, connecting and integrating towns in rural areas. Methodologically, a vehicle routing problem analysis in a GIS-based environment is applied to a theoretical case study to evaluate the factors that influence DRT efficiency in different scenarios, considering the specific singularities of this kind of inter-urban long-distance mobility. The results suggest the optimal DRT solutions in these rural contexts to be those that, after adjusting the fleet to specific demands, use low-capacity vehicles, which are much better adapted to the geography of sparsely populated areas. Moreover, in adapting DRT systems to HSR travellers' needs, windows catering to these needs should incorporate the option of setting the pickup or arrival times. This paper demonstrates that DRT systems could reach significant levels of service in rural areas compared with fixed lines and even private vehicles, especially when evaluating key aspects of the system's efficiency for its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The balanced score card (BSC) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) were combined to develop a new and universally applicable budget performance assessment (BPA) method for agricultural scientific institutions (ASI), further improving the level of budget performance evaluation management.【Method】The evaluation index system of budget performance for ASI was constructed from four dimensions: finance, internal operation, output efficiency, learning and growth, based on BSC. Then AHP was used to score the importance of the performance evaluation index and the judgment matrix was constructed to determine the corresponding weight, and finally the comprehensive score was calculated.【Result】Through the calculation and analysis of the historic data from the research object A (a representative ASI), it was found that the two dimensions of financial and output benefits of research object A accounted for a large proportion, which were 47.63% and 38.51% respectively, while the two dimensions of internal operation, learning and growth accounted for a low proportion, which were 19.15% and 13.47% respectively. The weight distribution showed that the more attention was paid to scientific research funds and output in research object A in the last four years. Additionally, the results revealed that the development of research object A in 2023 was better, whereas it was necessary to strengthen the budget execution rate, construction of scientific research and innovation platform, patent application, scientific and technological services, and new variety cultivation in order to better realize the efficiency and quality of science and technology investment.【Conclusion】Compared with the traditional performance evaluation methods, the BPA method of ASI established in the present paper based on BSC and AHP method not only included the financial and non-financial index dimension, but also combined the quantitative and qualitative index dimensions. Therefore, the method developed here can carry out BPA more scientifically on the target research object from multiple perspectives and all-round personalization, and further improve the efficiency of science and technology investment and the level of fund management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]