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La presente investigación pretende establecer la importancia que juegan los diferentes indicadores de naturaleza metodológico-analítica incluidos en los informes de investigación presentados en los artículos científicos. Así pues, nuestro interés se centra en determinar cuáles de dichos indicadores son los mejores predictores para establecer un perfil de artículo científico con un mayor o menor grado de concreción. Para este fin, seleccionamos todos los artículos científicos publicados en las siete revistas españolas del ámbito de la investigación educativa indexadas en la base de datos Journal Citation Report (JCR) durante el año 2016. Exactamente seleccionamos un total de 479 trabajos publicados durante el trienio 2014-2016. Cada una de las revistas obtuvo una puntuación general dependiendo de la presencia vs ausencia de dichos indicadores metodológicos. Tras la implementación de la técnica de Árboles de Decisión, donde se ha tomado como variable criterio dicha variable transformada en una nueva variable ficticia agrupada en tres niveles y como predictores los diez indicadores metodológico-analíticos hemos comprobado que, efectivamente, algunos de estos indicadores juegan un papel más importante que otros en la concreción de los diseños de investigación planteados en los trabajos objeto de investigación. De esta forma, apreciamos como son los indicadores relativos a los criterios de rigor metodológico (CA1); tipo de muestreo-s considerado-s (MU3); y la metodología de abordaje del estudio (ME) los que han resultado determinantes para el establecimiento de diseños metodológico-analítico más completos., This research aims to establish the importance of the different indicators of a methodologicalanalytical nature included in the research reports presented in scientific articles. Thus, our interest is focused on determining which of these indicators are the best predictors for establishing a scientific article profile with a higher or lower degree of concreteness. For this purpose, we selected all the scientific articles published in the seven Spanish journals within the field of educational research indexed in the Journal Citation Report (JCR) database during 2016. More precisely, we selected a total of 479 papers published during the three-year period 2014-2016. Each journal obtained an overall score depending on the presence vs absence of such methodological indicators. Following the implementation of the Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection technique, where this variable, transformed into a new fictitious variable grouped into three levels, has been taken as a variable criterion, and, as predictors, the ten methodological-analytical indicators, it has been found that, in fact, some methodological-analytical indicators play a more important role than others in the concreteness of the research designs raised in the research work. In this way, we are able to determine how these indicators related to the quality criteria are (QUC); the type of sampling-s considered (ST3); and the study methodology (ME), which have been decisive for the establishment of more complete methodological-analytical designs.

Spain is one of the countries with the greatest number of unaccompanied foreign minors (UFM) whose educational and social inclusion is a challenge and a priority. The present research considers the use of tools and strategies as fundamental for the inclusion of minors and improvement of their personal learning environment (PLE): self-concept of the learning process, planning and management of this process, and communication and social interaction. Thus, a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study is presented that seeks to answer the question: What perception do unaccompanied foreign minors have of their personal learning environment and what sociodemographic variables influence these perceptions? The sample was formed by a total of 592 UFM aged between 11 and 17 years old. The main finding was that this group perceived their personal learning environment to be characterised by acceptable levels of the four main pertinent dimensions: (1) self-concept of the learning process (x = 3.97); (2) planning and management of learning (x = 3.72); (3) use of resources and tools (x = 3.31); (4) communication and social interaction (x = 3.71) (all considered on a 5-point scale). Personal learning environment was significantly determined by variables including the use of applications, age and language. As a main conclusion, there remains a lot of work to be done by institutions in order to improve the dimensions linked to PLE’s and promote the educational and social integration of minors.

Purpose: This study sought to validate the Skills for Future Work Scale for its use with professional/vocational training (PT) and baccalaureate students. Methods: A total of 1,159 students were recruited. Structural equation analysis was performed using IBM Amos Graphics®. Results: Excellent fit indices were obtained, forming a final scale composed of nine indicators and two factors. The first dimension was associated with cognitive skills and adaptability, grouping together the skills of finding meaning, adaptable thinking, and understanding management. The second dimension comprises collaborative skills, as social intelligence and virtual collaboration. Discussion: Collaboration skills were more developed within those undertaking PT, while baccalaureate students had more strongly developed mastery over new media. This scale allows to know effectively the development of the work skills set by the European Union in the 2030 horizon. These findings contribute interesting data regarding the development of training strategies to support insertion into the job market.

The present study seeks to develop an explanatory model of existing relationships between future work skills and academic self-efficacy of a sample of Unaccompanied foreign minors (UFM) (n = 340) i...

The present research analyses the construction of the personal learning environment of unaccompanied foreign minors in relation to their educational level with the aim of improving learning flexibility. A sample of 600 unaccompanied foreign minors from the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, responded to a questionnaire comprised of 40 questions about their personal learning environments. Results suggest that younger minors make less use of their personal learning environment, which happens for all dimensions of the questionnaire, which are self-concept of the learning process, planning and learning management, use of resources and tools, and communication and social interaction. Teachers and educators have the important role of supporting minors and teaching them to manage their personal learning environment in order to make optimal use of it. These results are discussed in terms of recommendations for the Spanish educational system or any other context with similar characteristics.

Despite gender is a salient feature in face recognition, the question of whether stereotyping modulates face processing remains unexplored. Event-related potentials from 40 participants (20 female) was recorded as male and female faces matched or mismatched previous gender-stereotyped statements and were compared with those elicited by faces preceded by gender-unbiased statements. We conducted linear mixed-effects models to account for possible random effects from both participants and the strength of the gender bias. The amplitude of the N170 to faces was larger following stereotyped relative to gender-unbiased statements in both male and female participants, although the effect was larger for males. This result reveals that stereotyping exerts an early effect in face processing and that the impact is higher in men. In later time windows, male faces after female-stereotyped statements elicited large late positivity potential (LPP) responses in both men and women, indicating that the violation of male stereotypes induces a post-perceptual reevaluation of a salient or conflicting event. Besides, the largest LPP amplitude in women was elicited when they encountered a female face after a female-stereotyped statement. The later result is discussed from the perspective of recent claims on the evolution of women self-identification with traditionally held female roles.

espanolEste estudio tiene como finalidad general mejorar la comprension y descripcion del campo de la orientacion, tutoria y accion tutorial mediante un analisis cienciometrico. Se recurre a una metodologia de registro y analisis mixto (SPSSStatistics y Nvivo ) de la produccion de 1054 articulos de investigacion registrados en las bases de datos SCOPUS, ISOC, ProQuest y Redinet. Los resultados muestran patrones no esperados de crecimiento de la productividad y autoria personal e institucional. Se muestran limitaciones referidas al acceso y recuperacion de documentos para su examen y registro adecuado que se superan con el uso de diversas bases de datos y una muestra amplia. Se puede concluir que la investigacion en esta disciplina emergente posee madurez productiva y una adecuacion a los nuevos y actuales topicos educativos como atencion a la diversidad o desarrollo personal. Aunque requiere de estudios de revision que permitan obtener una vision del campo de conocimiento. EnglishThis study aims to understand and describe the field of guidance, tutoring, and tutorial action by performing a scientometric analysis of 1054 research articles. The articles were retrieved from four databases (SCOPUS, ISOC, ProQuest and Redinet) and were examined to record and analyze (SPSSStatistics and Nvivo) the production of academic research articles. The results showed an unexpected pattern of productivity in personal and institutional authorship. There were also limitations related to access and retrieval of the research articles for their examination and proper registration. But, these limitations were overcomed by using multiple databases and a large sample size. It can be concluded that research on guidance, mentoring, and tutorial action has achieved research production maturity and has adaptated succesfully to new and current educational topics such as attention to diversity and personal development. However, the field still requires review studies that allow obtaining a vision of its field of knowledge

In our target article (Hinojosa et al., 2019. Affective neurolinguistics: Towards a framework for reconciling language and emotion. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.10...

Human sociality and prosociality rely on social and moral feelings of empathy, compassion, envy, schadenfreude, as well as on the preference for prosocial over antisocial others. We examined the neural underpinnings of the processing of lexical input designed to tap into these type of social feelings. Brainwave responses from 20 participants were measured as they read sentences comprising a randomly delivered ending outcome (fortunate or unfortunate) to social agents previously profiled as prosocial or antisocial individuals. Fortunate outcomes delivered to prosocial and antisocial agents aimed to tap into empathy and envy/annoying feelings, respectively, whereas unfortunate ones into compassion for prosocial agents and schadenfreude for antisocial ones. ERP modulations in early attention-capture (100-200 ms), semantic fit (400 ms), and late reanalysis processes (600 ms) were analyzed. According to the functional interpretation of each of these event-related electrophysiological effects, we conclude that: 1) a higher capture of attention is initially obtained in response to any type of outcome delivered to a prosocial versus an antisocial agent (frontal P2); 2) a facilitated semantic processing occurs for unfortunate outcomes delivered to antisocial agents (N400); and 3) regardless of the protagonist's social profile, an increased later reevaluation for overall unfortunate versus fortunate outcomes takes place (Late Positive Potential). Thus, neural online measures capture a stepwise unfolding impact of social factors during language comprehension, which include a facilitated processing of misfortunes when they happen to occur to antisocial peers (i.e., schadenfreude).

The present study which is descriptive and cross-sectional in nature, pursues the objective of developing a structural equation model which integrates basic psychological needs, emotional regulatio...

The purpose of the current investigation is the construction and validation of the Self-Efficacy Scale (ACAES) through a deliberate sample of 1101 Chilean school students. The methodological procedure was carried out from the classic approach perspective of the theory of the test, complementing the exploratory factor analysis with the models of the structural equation modeling (SEM). The exploratory factor analysis of the 18 statements of the scale showed a structure of 3 factors, namely: confidence in the task; effort made in performing the task and comprehension of the task. The statistics associated to the instrument show a 57.037% of explained variance and a Cronbach alpha of the total scale of 0.917. At confirmatory level (SEM), the model obtained a goodness degree of global adjustment (Chi Square /gl) equal to 2.87, a RMSEA equal to 0.049, as well as, adequate adjustment index, namely, CFI=0.963; IFI=0.963 and RMSR (standardised)=0.0359. The psychometric properties account for a valid and reliable instrument for measurement of academic self-efficacy in school context, as well as, to facilitate cognitive and metacognitive processes as self-regulatory learning strategy.

Esta investigación presenta un análisis cualitativo de las entrevistas realizadas a cinco de los mayores expertos en el área de Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales en España, con el objetivo de delimitar epistemológicamente el área, y conocer el estado de la cuestión, como marco para futuras investigaciones cienciométricas de las tesis doctorales del área. Para ello, se analizaron las entrevistas empleando Atlas.ti, y se realizó un sistema de categorías validado por expertos. Los resultados permitieron delimitar el área a las disciplinas que conforman el currículo tradicionalmente en nuestro país dentro de esta área: Historia, Historia del Arte y Geografía. Los expertos resaltaron el buen recorrido que ha tenido la disciplina desde su creación, y su preocupación del futuro de la investigación en el área.

Standard neurocognitive models of language processing have tended to obviate the need for incorporating emotion processes, while affective neuroscience theories have typically been concerned with t...

Several behavioral studies have reported a detrimental effect of emotion on reasoning tasks, either when the content of the reasoning and/or the mood state of the individual are emotionally loaded. However, the neural mechanisms involved in this phenomena remain largely unexplored. In an event-related potentials (ERPs) study, we examined the consequences of an induced mood over the electrophysiological signals obtained while processing logical and illogical categorical conclusions. Prior to performing a syllogism reading task, we aimed to induce, by using short film clips, high arousal negative and positive moods and neutral affective states to participants in three separate recording sessions. Our mood induction procedure was only successful at inducing a highly arousing negative state. Behaviorally, participants committed more errors overall while judging the invalidity versus the validity of illogical and logical conclusions, respectively, but no influences from mood state emerged at this logical validity task. Electrophysiologically and overall a negative going N400 deflection was larger for illogical relative to logical conclusions in a parietal region between 300 and 420 ms. However, further analysis revealed that the logical conclusions were only more expected (smaller N400 amplitudes) in the negative relative to the neutral and the positive sessions, providing support to theoretical views that posit that a more analytic reasoning style might be implemented under a negative mood state. These results provide further electrophysiological evidence of the influence of mood on other cognitive processes, particularly on the anticipation and processing of logical conclusions during online reasoning tasks.

Italian Dyslexia Association (Messina section); Orientation and Placement Centre -University of Messina (Italy), Although the number of students with dyslexia enrolled in Italian universities is constantly growing, their presence remains relatively limited. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the choices made by students with dyslexia in relation to university studies, and the underlying reasons for their choices. This study also compares these choices for students with and without dyslexia. In all, 440 high school students and their families agreed to take part in this project. Socio-demographic data was collected for the 47 students with dyslexia and 47 class-matched students without dyslexia, along with information on their current schools and their future educational plans. A specially developed questionnaire was used for the students, in combination with structured interviews with their families. The results show significant differences between these groups regarding both choices for university studies and the underlying motivations for these choices. Furthermore, certain psychological and emotional factors are implicated here in the decisions of the students with dyslexia regarding both university studies and their underlying reasons. Future research is needed to further investigate these factors in the educational choices of students with dyslexia., Italian Dyslexia Association (Messina section), Orientation and Placement Centre - University of Messina (Italy)

The main aim of the present study is to adapt the academic motivation scale (AMS) for use within basic vocational training and university students. Another aim was to analyze the characteristics of the different dimensions of motivation, whilst also examining existing significant differences between the two studied educational stages. For this, we conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, alongside descriptive and inferential analysis of student responses. One of the main findings was that a reduced version of the AMS, made up of five dimensions and 21 items, demonstrated good internal consistency and fit. Further, we observed that intrinsic motivation is higher in university students, whilst extrinsic motivation is higher during the basic vocational training stage. In addition, we uncovered significant differences between both educational stages with regards to the pleasure felt by students when they better themselves, learn new things and attend the educational center. Differences also emerged in relation to the importance attributed by students to achieving a good and well-paid job. With regards to amotivation, significant differences only exist in relation to the motives students have for attending classes and decision making about whether to continue studying the course they are enrolled on. Finally, we have analyzed how the variables sex, age, prior work experience and volunteering experience, and average grade influence the motivation of students undertaking basic vocational training and university students., R+D+I Project EDU2017-88641-R: Hybrid learning models in contexts at risk of social exclusion. Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport of the Spanish Government, R+D+I Research Project B-SEJ-192-UGR18, funded using the FEDER fund of the Board of Andalusia (Spain), Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport of the Spanish Government—University Teacher Training, FPU. Reference: FPU17/03339

(1) Background: New migratory flows taking place in Europe and the USA are categorised by a huge arrival of unaccompanied foreign minors (UFM), requiring appropriate attention to schooling in order to guarantee their integration. In facing this situation, the various political and educational administrations of the European Union (EU) have promoted an action plan for schools. Despite this, it has been shown that schooling does not totally guarantee social integration, encouraging the development of a new social model to generate new ways of understanding the learning process. (2) Methods: The aim of the present study is to adapt and validate Bandura’s academic self-efficacy scale (2006) within a sample of UFM. This scale is composed of 18 items distributed according to three underlying constructs. (3) Results: The validation analysis consisted of an exploratory factorial analysis using principal component analysis with varimax rotation, followed by confirmatory factorial analysis using structural equations (root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.052; normalised fit index (NFI) = 0.90; incremental fit index (IFI) = 0.91; confirmatory fit index (CFI) = 0.91). Reliability and internal consistency of the instrument was also tested with values being higher than 0.7 for all dimensions. (4) Conclusions: The final instrument was reduced to 12 items which were grouped into three dimensions (effort, self-confidence and understanding). Finally, the conducted multi-group analysis showed a stronger relationship between understanding, self-confidence and effort within UFM who had resided in Spain for a longer time. This could be linked to the more prolonged schooling process received., National research project: "Modelos de aprendizaje para la intervencion educativa con MENAS. Herramientas eficaces para la integracion escolar y social" [Learning models for educational intervention with MENAS. Effective tools for school and social integra EDU2017-88641-R, "Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades. Gobierno de Espana" [Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. Spanish Government], "Unidad de Excelencia de la Universidad de Granada (UGR): Desigualdad, Derechos Humanos y Sostenibilidad (DEHUSO)" [Unit of Excellence of the University of Granada (UGR): Inequality, Human Rights and Sustainability]

The objective of this study is to analyse individual differences in quality of higher education through the pursuit of satisfaction with a focus on sustainability, whilst considering variables pertaining to groups (family, teachers and pupils) and satisfaction in a sample of 1091 Italians: 510 pupils (45.8%), 121 teachers (11.1%) and 469 relatives (42.9%). Once the quality parameters of the instrument (quality of higher education through the pursuit of satisfaction with a focus on the sustainability (QHES) questionnaire) were determined, reliability was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modelling methodology, and data collection was initiated. Results from the multi-level study (ANOVA) showed significant differences between groups. From this, it can be concluded from the study that the role performed by a quality education oriented towards sustainability equally includes teachers, students and relatives. This role focuses on the battle to incorporate effective participatory methods into the teaching process, motivating members of the educational community and social future in the search for knowledge, skills, attitudes and necessary values. This will forge a sustainable future given that it does not only depend on the characteristics and experiences of individuals but also their training, both within the centre and their families. This factor is of vital importance, as demonstrated and concluded in the present study., This research received external funding by Project HUM-983 (ITACA): “Research through transforming learning and contexts.”.

Up to date the study of the relationship between language and emotion has received little attention from researchers. In the current work we will summarize evidence coming from the fields of developmental psychology and affective neurolinguistics. The results from different studies indicate that learning emotional language has its own idiosyncrasy. Also, the emotional content of words, sentences and texts modulates several levels of language processing, including phonological, lexico-semantic and morpho-syntactic aspects of language comprehension and production. Finally, the interactions between language and emotion involve the activation of several brain regions linked to distinct affective and linguistics processes, like parts of frontal and temporal cortices or subcortical structures such as the amygdala. Overall, the results of these studies clearly show that emotional content determines certain aspects of how we acquire and process language.

Inference generation is a crucial skill in language comprehension. Recent research suggests that readers use both the contents from prior written text and their background knowledge, stored in long-term memory, to generate predictive inferences about what will come up next in a sentence. We recorded Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) to examine the reader's ability to make online inferences even in the presence of pseudowords (orthographically legal, but meaningless letter strings), that is, in the presence of referents with no a priori match to vocabulary stored knowledge. As expected, a large and sustained negativity (250-900ms) was elicited by the target word 'fly' when preceded by the pseudoword 'Sias' in the sentence 'Sias fly.' relative to when preceded by 'Birds' in the sentence 'Birds fly'. However, when readers were provided with an initial statement inviting to make an inference: 'Sias have wings', the word 'fly' in 'Sias fly' only elicited a negative voltage deflection over 100ms period (250-350), rapidly falling down to baseline. This result indicates that participants rapidly generated online inferences even with a hindered access to a referent's meaning (i.e. not knowing what 'Sias' are). Remarkably, brainwave traces to the access to a word's meaning in long-term memory (access to a well-known fact such as 'Birds fly') only diverged from ERPs for an inferred-from-reading knowledge ('Sias fly') for 100ms. We conclude that a fundamental search for across sentence coherence drives fast inference making processes in reading tasks. This pattern of brain response is critical to understand the rapid acquisition of new vocabulary when learning first and second languages.

Reasoning is a fundamental human ability, vulnerable to error. According to behavioural measures, we are biased to consider valid the conclusion of an argument based on the veracity of the conclusion itself rather than on the formal logic of the argument. Nowadays, brain imaging techniques can be used to explore peoplés responses as they reason with linguistic materials. Using the Event-Related Potential technique in a categorical syllogism reading task, an N400 enhancement was found for the processing of invalid conclusions preceded by true premises (e.g. All men are mortal). By contrast, when initial premises consisted of socially prejudiced statements previously rated as false (e.g. All blond girls are dumb), valid rather than invalid conclusions enhanced the N400 response. Considering what the modulation of N400 indexes (i.e. word anticipation processes), our data suggests that people cannot follow the logic of an argument to anticipate upcoming words if they clash with veracity.

This research was carried out within the project: Hybrid Learning Models for Educational Intervention with Unaccompanied Foreign Minors (UFMs). Effective Tools for School and Social Integration were subsidized by the excellence projects and state research agency, Call 2017, the autonomous governments of Melilla City and Ceuta City., Spain is one of the countries with the greatest influx of immigrants and, specifically, of unaccompanied foreign minors (UFMs). The educational and social inclusion of unaccompanied foreign minors poses both a challenge and a threat to current policy. Nonetheless, studies linking educational aspects to the phenomenon of the integration of these children are scarce and do not specify the most influential educational tools and strategies. In this sense, a descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional research study is presented. The aim of this study is to examine whether variables such as age and the use of applications and social networks determine the personal learning environments (PLE) of unaccompanied foreign minors. The sample of the present study was formed by 624 individuals (♂ = 92.1% (n = 575); ♀ = 7.9% (n = 49)) aged between 8 and 17 years old. The majority came from Morocco and resided in the cities of Ceuta and Melilla. The “PLE and Social Integration of UFMs” questionnaire was used as the study instrument. Amongst the main findings, significant differences are highlighted in the personal learning environments as a function of age-related psychosocial factors as they pertain to unaccompanied foreign minors. Four factors were seen to exist in relation to the personal learning environments of unaccompanied foreign minors: self-concept of the learning process, planning and management of learning, use of resources and tools, and communication and social interaction. The same trend was observed in the four factors, with older age groups reporting better scores. On the other hand, results show that the use of applications and social networks have a significant and favourable impact on personal learning environment construction., R + D + R National Project: Hybrid Learning Models for Educational Intervention, Unaccompanied Foreign Minors (UFMs), Effective Tools for School and Social Integration EDU2017 88641-R

The aim of the present study was to predict the variables that facilitate integration of unaccompanied foreign minors (UFM) and to develop personal learning environment (PLE) questionnaire dimensions with respect to social integration of UFM. Methods: A social study that was descriptive in nature was conducted with a quantitative empirical-analytical focus. Results: Results from discriminant function analysis indicate that 86% of group membership was correctly classified from gender alone, with female learning environments leading to greater future success. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the predictive results possess methodological coherence. Thus, from them we can propose possible development strategies, particularly targeting males, in order to improve learning and promote social integration. According to the results obtained, improvement of learning strategies and strengthening of the very learning environments, demands new policies to be established which promote emotional improvement and better futures for UFM, especially males., Research Project Competitive EDU2017-88641-R

Globalization, digitalization, and the permanent alteration of information have led to important changes in the world of work. This demands a realignment of essential skills in order to access job positions in the coming years. In order to face up to the digitalization process, education is one of the ambits that has most come to a tipping point. This adds an urgency to the need to bring skills in line with the new demands of the job market and the challenges posed in the 21st Century. The methodology was based on a systematic review of the most commonly-used databases. It analyzed and synthesized the existing information on the skills required for the future job market and educational proposals to facilitate their acquisition. At the beginning of the search, 2045 records were selected. However, following the application of the exclusion criteria, a total of 63 records were included. From this in-depth analysis, it was uncovered that the most in-demand skill for the job market relates to the management of technology. Different proposals were located which targeted these skills in educational settings. The majority of these pertained to innovative projects emanating from digital and technological phenomena., FEDER-UE-Junta de Andalucía B-SEJ-192-UGR18

This study uses an explanatory model of the dimensions of leadership and emotional intelligence according to the methods used in particular teaching environments (universities and other educational institutions). The effect of different kinds of leadership on emotional intelligence dimensions is also established using an explanatory model. A total of 954 teachers participated in this cross-sectional study, teaching in 137 different schools/universities. The instruments used for the data collection were the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5) and the Trait Meta Mood Scale (TMMS-24). Data analysis was performed with the software IBM AMOS 23.0. (International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) using multi-group analysis and structural equations. Results showed that the structural equation model had a good fit. Transformational leadership depends mainly on intellectual stimulation in university teachers, whereas intrinsic motivation is more relevant at the lower educational levels. In relation to transactional leadership, contingency reward has a greater regression weight in non-university education, whereas passive leadership is governed more by passive exception in university teachers. There was a positive and direct relationship between levels of emotional intelligence and transformational leadership in non-university teachers, which reveals the need for effective understanding and management of both one&rsquo, s own and students&rsquo, emotions in order to act effectively as a leader. Transactional leadership was negatively related to some emotional intelligence dimensions, given the relevance of obtaining power in this dimension.

(1) Background: Several research works have shown the relationship between physical activity (PA), adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and health. Nevertheless, there are few studies that demonstrate the relationship of these habits with academic performance, and specifically with academic stress. (2) Methods: This descriptive, non-experimental, and cross-sectional study aims to analyse the associations between these variables in a sample composed of 515 university students, using as main instruments the KIDMED, PAQ-A and the Scale of Academic Stress. (3) Results: The university students analysed showed higher levels of academic stress for women, and especially in the academic obligations and communication of own ideas. In addition, it was shown that those university students that had a body mass index (BMI) associated with being overweight or under-weight were the respondents with higher levels of stress. Finally, the students with a low adherence to MD had higher scores for stress associated with the communication of their own ideas, while PA was not related to academic stress. When sex and BMI variables were controlled in the regression model, no associations were obtained between stress and diet quality. (4) Conclusions: This study shows interesting implications in the treatment of academic stress. Although stress was not associated with diet and physical activity, it was linked to a worse state of health associated with states of being overweight, being of special interest the treatment of stress in women.

Many factors are involved in the learning of a language, and homework is one such example to be taken into account. The main objective of this descriptive and correlational study is to study and analyze variables that can be related to homework and the learning of English in Primary Education, to ascertain and analyze the situation and offer proposals for improvement. The study sample was composed of 747 students, 679 families and 57 teachers of 4th, 5th and 6th grade of Primary Education and the respondents answered three ad-hoc questionnaires. The perceived difficulty of homework, the need for help, the frequency, marks and the effort spent on homework, can be found among the analyzed variables. The main results show that students spent more time doing English homework, but that homework for this subject was also the most difficult and required more effort and help. These findings correlate with the difficulty that families have in helping their children and, in line with other studies, suggests that further guidance on homework from teachers is necessary to minimize difficulties. After having analyzed the results, the authors’ general conclusion is that careful homework design is crucial for its optimal autonomous development., En el aprendizaje de un idioma intervienen muchos factores y los deberes para casa son una herramienta a tener en cuenta. Esta investigación de carácter descriptivo y correlacional tiene como objetivo estudiar y analizar variables que pueden tener relación entre los deberes y el aprendizaje del Inglés en Educación Primaria, para conocer y analizar la situación y ofrecer propuestas de mejora. La muestra de estudio ha estado compuesta por 747 alumnos, 679 familias y 57 docentes de 4º, 5º y 6º de Educación Primaria. Los informantes han respondido a tres cuestionarios construidos ad hoc. Entre las variables analizadas están la dificultad percibida de los deberes, si hay necesidad de ayuda, la frecuencia, las calificaciones y el esfuerzo empleado en los deberes. Entre los principales resultados se ha obtenido que a los deberes de Inglés se les dedica más tiempo y son los más difíciles para los alumnos, concluyéndose que requieren de más esfuerzo y ayuda. Esto se correlaciona con la dificultad que encuentran las familias para ayudar, haciéndose necesarias orientaciones sobre los deberes por parte de los docentes para reducir esta situación de dificultad y en consonancia con otros estudios. Se concluye que es crucial cómo los deberes estén diseñados para su óptimo desarrollo de forma autónoma.

Resilience is a psychological characteristic that encourages positive adaptation in the face of adversity (Connor & Davidson, 2003; Grotberg, 2001; Wagnild & Young, 1990). It has seldom been studied within the field of sports but, in the last years the studies began to be more common (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012; Galli & Vealey, 2012; García- Secades et al., 2015). This work has as purposes, to adapt the resilience scale (CD-RISC) for the sport field, to confirm its psychometrics properties and to analyses, validation its internal consistency in a population of elite athletes in different sports. The scale was administered to a sample of 287 athletes, 76.7% male and 23.3% female, determined by four levels of competition; 21.5% professionals, 21.3% semi-professionals, 43.9% amateur and 9.8% enthusiastic. It was an analysis based on structural equations modelling (SEM) encompassed within confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and its internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha). The results verified that the modelling of structural equation, the model for measuring the questionnaire and the covariant structure of the responses obtained have a good fit. Thus, the CD-RISC scale has shown itself to be a reliable and valid tool for measuring the resilience of elite athletes and it can also be used to measure psychological parameters related to the field of sports.Resumen. La resiliencia es una característica psicológica que permite una adaptación positiva ante la adversidad (Connor & Davidson, 2003; Grotberg, 2001; Wagnild & Young, 1990). Sus estudios en el campo deportivo no han sido muy numerosos, aunque en los últimos años esta tomando fuerza en esta area (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012; Galli & Vealey, 2012; García- Secades et al., 2015). El trabajo que se presenta tiene como objetivos adaptar al campo deportivo la escala de resiliencia (CD-RISC), confirmar sus propiedades psicométricas, analizar y validar su consistencia interna en una población de atletas de élite en diferentes deportes. La escala fue aplicada a una muestra de 287 atletas, 76,7% hombres y 23,3% mujeres diferenciados por cuatro niveles de competición; 21,5% profesionales, 21,3% semi-profesionales, 43,9% amateur y 9,8% aficionados. Se utilizó un análisis basado en un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) circunscritos a un análisis de confirmación de los factores (CFA) y su consistencia interna (Alfa de Cronbach). Los resultados verificaron que el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, la mediación del cuestionario y la estructura covariante de las respuestas obtenidas tienen un buen ajuste. Por tanto, la escala CD-RISC ha demostrado ser una herramienta confiable y válida para medir la capacidad de resiliencia de los deportista de élite pudiendo ser utilizada para medir los parámetros psicológicos relacionados con el campo deportivo.

The integration of young immigrants in the societies that host them highlights the need for the intervention of social workers to facilitate their adaptation and inclusion from an individualized diagnosis of their needs. The development of social skills in the immigrants is one of the main ways to make that integration happen, and therefore its diagnosis is fundamental. However, at present, there are no valid and reliable instruments that take into account the sociocultural factors that surround young immigrants for the evaluation of their social skills. It is for this reason that the purpose of this study was to adapt and validate a current and useful instrument for the diagnosis of such social skills to young immigrants welcomed in Spain. To do this, it was started on the choice and adaptation of The Social Skills Scale (Escala de Habilidades Sociales). Subsequently, the questionnaire was submitted to concurrent, predictive, and nomological validation processes. The construct validity was carried out by factor analysis first and second order to confirm the hierarchical structure of the scale. After validation with Exploratory Factor Analysis (n = 330), the structure was checked, and the model was later adjusted with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (n = 568) by means of structural equations. The reliability and internal consistency of the instrument was also tested with values in all dimensions above 0.8. It is concluded that this new instrument has 29 items and 6 dimensions, has acceptable validity and reliability, and can be used for the diagnosis of Social Skills in Young Immigrants., Research Project Competitive EDU2017-88641-R

The objective of this research is to adapt and validate a useful instrument to diagnose cyberbullying, provoked by intolerance towards cultural and religious diversity, identifying the profile of the aggressor and the victim. The study was carried out using the Delphi technique, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The selected sample was composed of 1478 adolescents, all students from Compulsory Secondary Education of Spain. The instrument items were extracted from relevant scales on the topic. The initial questionnaire was composed of 52 items and three underlying constructs. After validation with EFA (n = 723), the structure was checked, and the model was later corroborated with CFA (n = 755) through structural equations (RMSEA = 0.05, CFI = 0.826, TLI = 0.805). The reliability and internal consistency of the instrument were also tested, with values for all dimensions being higher than 0.8. It is concluded that this new questionnaire has 38 items and three dimensions. It has an acceptable validity and reliability, and can be used to diagnose cyberbullying caused by the non-acceptance of cultural and religious diversity in Compulsory Secondary Education students., Part of this work has been funded by the Research Project Competitive “Values for intercultural coexistence in the students of the Autonomous City of Melilla. An intervention proposal”.

(1) Background: Several researches have shown the relationship between healthy habits and physical and mental health. Thus, it is essential to study how some psychosocial factors can promote positive behaviours in university students, specifically in those who will be teachers of Physical Education. (2) Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional research was conducted on 775 university students of Physical Education from Spain. This study aims to develop an explanatory model for the relationships between motivational climate, healthy habits (Mediterranean Diet (MD), Physical Activity (PA) and substance consumption) and some indicators of physical health (oxygen consumption (VO2MAX)) and mental health (self-concept) according to gender, using structural equations analysis. (3) Results: The motivational climate was positively associated with PA, showing a stronger relationship for ego-oriented climate in women. The adherence to MD showed a positive association with PA and self-concept, while it is negative for the consumption of tobacco in men. Likewise, PA was directly related to VO2MAX with a higher regression weight for women. The ego-oriented motivational climate was negatively related to tobacco consumption in women. (4) Conclusions: Task-oriented goals are related to more positive and healthy behaviours such as PA, although it was no association was found with MD. Therefore, we can conclude the importance of promoting task-oriented goals in educational contexts linked to Physical Education in order to avoid negative behaviours., This research was funded by Precompetitive Research Projects for Young Researchers 2017—Modality B under de Grant PPJI_B-05. University of Granada

Background: Several studies have shown that following a healthy diet and practicing regular physical activity (PA) are related with multiple health benefits. However, the cognitive and academic implications of these behaviors within adolescents requires further study. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a simple of 1059 adolescents from Spain. The main instruments employed were the Adherence to Mediterranean Diet Test (KIDMED), the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) and the Motivation and Learning Strategies Short Form (MSLQ-SF). Results: Practicing PA for more than three hours per week was related to better dietary habits (p &lt, 0.001) such as increased consumption of vegetables (0.75 &plusmn, 0.43 vs. 0.62 &plusmn, 0.48), fish (0.67 &plusmn, 0.47 vs. 0.58 &plusmn, 0.49), cereals (0.85 &plusmn, 0.35 vs. 0.77 &plusmn, 0.41) and nuts (0.44 &plusmn, 0.49 vs. 0.35 &plusmn, 0.47). High adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MD) was positively related to elaboration strategies (r = 0.116), organizational strategies (r = 0.109), critical thinking (r = 0.116), self-regulation (r = 0.159), time and study habits (r = 0.160), self-regulation of effort (r = 0.118), and intrinsically orientated goals (r = 0.090) (p &lt, 0.01 for all variables). Practicing PA every week was also related to improvements in several of the measured variables and in addition was related to lower levels of anxiety within the academic environment (r = &minus, 0.070, p &lt, 0.05). Conclusions: Given the benefits of eating habits and the practice of PA in the cognitive processes involved in adolescent learning, intervention programs within the educational context are recommended to improve healthy habits.

This study reports an event-related potential (ERP) experiment examining whether valuation (i.e., one's own values) is integrated incrementally and whether it affects L2 speakers' online interpretation of the sentence. We presented Spanish native speakers and French–Spanish mid-proficiency late L2 speakers with visual sentences containing value-consistent and value-inconsistent statements (e.g., ‘Nowadays, paedophilia should be prohibited/tolerated across the world.’). Participants' brain activity was recorded as they were reading the sentences and indicating whether they agreed with the statements or not. Behaviourally, the two groups revealed identical valuation. The ERP analyses showed both a semantic (N400) and an affect-related response (LPP) to value-inconsistent statements in the native group, but only an LPP in the non-native group. These results suggest that valuation is integrated online (presence of LPP) during L2 sentence comprehension but that it does not interfere with semantic processing (absence of N400). This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Government (PSI2011-23033, CONSOLIDER-INGENIO2010 CSD2007-00048, ECO2011-25295, and ECO2010-09555-E), from the Catalan Government (SGR 2009-1521) and from the 7th Framework Programme (AThEME 613465). Clara Martin is supported by the Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE) and the BCBL institution.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación Título, resumen y palabras clave también en español e inglés Disponible la versión en inglés Se tiene el objetivo de poner en valor el potencial del uso de redes neuronales del tipo mapas auto-organizados (SOM) como herramienta clarificadora en el tratamiento, análisis y visualización de datos cienciométricos, concretamente, en el caso del análisis de las tesis doctorales españolas en Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales, indexadas en la base nacional española de tesis doctorales TESEO, defendidas entre 1976 y 2014. Se ha recuperado un censo de 301 tesis doctorales, clasificadas según las variables: comunidades autónomas (Andalucía y Cataluña), quinquenios de producción, categorías temáticas y etapas educativas. En Andalucía la producción es más alta en los quinquenios 1986-1990 y 2001-2005. En Cataluña, los quinquenios más productivos fueron 1991-1995, 1996-2000, 2001-2005 y 2006-2010. Como conclusión general se infiere que los SOM resultantes permiten actualizar la comprensión sobre el estado de la cuestión en la disciplina, en base a las diversas variables consideradas, que como “metáforas visuales” ayudan a revelar patrones ocultos en los datos. La potencialidad de los SOM como aproximación exploratoria de datos multivariados se hace manifiesta. ESP

European living environments are well placed as an essential means through which cities become functional, modern, and liveable places, and are the ideal setting for the innovation and implementation of businesses and ideas. In addition, they are a place in which existing gaps in labour market inclusion are easily widened amongst those who, for various reasons, have not received adequate training, such as immigrants (including unaccompanied foreign minors) and young people without qualifications that have several difficulties in the access to higher education. Further, as is noted in the Phoenix report entitled Future Work Skills 2020, our educational system suffers from a lack of training with regards to the employment skills that need to be integrated into current society, as these have a crucial role for achieving success in the workplace. The aim of this study is to analyse the key skills for the inclusion of Unaccompanied Foreign Minors (UFM) in the workplace, developing a scale for the assessment of ten basic skills for the work of the future. These individuals are mostly young people without qualifications trying to make it in the new environments of current Smart Cities. This study employs an empirical and experimental methodology with two comparison groups of UFM adolescents. The UFM population is contextualised by the migratory flow from North Africa to Europe. Multistage sampling was used to select 345 participants. An approximation scale of the level of Future Work Skills was created as a data collection instrument through simulations of Horizon 2020 (EA-HFL-SH2020). Multivariate analysis was performed which revealed significant differences between school variables, work experience and educational level. The results are aligned with the evaluation of skill acquisition level for the working future of UFM and with the proposed training model of work skills that facilitate their inclusion in the world of the European workforce, as a function of the significant differences found. In addition, the emphasis is placed on the interest of identifying this type of skills in this group in order to develop appropriate training programs in higher education for employment success., This research was funded by the national research project EDU2017-88641-R: “Modelos de aprendizaje para la intervención educativa con UFMS. Herramientas eficaces para la integración escolar y social” [Learning models for educational intervention with UFMS. Effective tools for school and social integration]. “Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades. Gobierno de España” [Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. Spanish Government].

Background: The aim of the present study was to validate and develop the dimensions of the Personal Learning Environments (PLE) questionnaire with regards to the social integration of unaccompanied foreign minors (MENA), in addition to analyzing its psychometric properties. Methods: This study was conducted using an expert panel and exploratory techniques in a population of unaccompanied foreign minors (referred to hereon as MENA). The sample used for the validation was formed of 250 MENA aged between 13 and 17 years, with 206 (83.6%) being male and 41 (16.4%) being female. An expert panel was formed including 10 scholars of Education Sciences. The panel identified four dimensions, which were confirmed through exploratory factorial analysis conducted using the program called FACTOR Analysis (Lorenzo-Seva and Ferrando, 2006). Results: The results indicate that the PLE questionnaire provides reliable dimensions at the level &alpha, = 0.902. Examination of Pearson correlations identified significant values (p &lt, 0.01) for almost all dimensions, with the highest value being produced for the association between the dimensions of communication and social interaction (CIS) and planning and management of learning (r = 0.641). Conclusions: From this study, it is concluded that the results of the study and the validation of the PLE in MENA populations through the four identified dimensions are valid and reliable for enabling multi-dimensional analyses to be carried out.

Los nuevos avances tecnológicos y el uso de nuevas aplicaciones móviles permiten acceder a múltiples posibilidades en las Smart Cities. Sin embargo, el uso de la tecnología no resuelve por sí misma problemas de inclusión de ciudadanos que, por sus condiciones sociales o personales, no pueden utilizarlas adecuadamente. También, estas personas quedan incapacitadas, aún más, para participar como ciudadanos activos en su ciudad. Creando nuevas barreras no arquitectónicas, sino tecnológicas, que son más difíciles de comprender. Este estudio emplea la observación directa de personas con baja visión o ceguera, para comprobar las dificultades y necesidades que presentan en el uso de distintas aplicaciones en los sistemas Android e iOS. Y como resultados se comprueba que todos ellos necesitan aplicaciones complementarias, que en muchos casos no son compatibles con las diseñadas para el resto de personas. Y que, por tanto, no pueden acceder a todos los recursos de la Smart City. Para solucionarlo se propone la creación de un Entorno de Accesibilidad Personal (PAE), a través del cual se le permite el acceso al conjunto de todos los contenidos necesarios para interactuar con el entorno en el que se encuentra. New technological advances and use of new mobile applications facilitate a easy access to multiple possibilities in smart cities. However, the use of technology does not solve inclusion problems of citizens who, due to their social or personal conditions, cannot use them adequately. Also, these people are incapacitated, even more, to participate as active citizens in their city. Creating a new nonarchitectural barriers, but technological ones, which are more difficult to understand. This study employs the direct observation of people with low vision or blindness, to check the difficulties and needs they present in the use of different applications from Android and iOS systems. And as results, it is verified that all of them need complementary applications, which in many cases are not compatible with those designed for other people. And therefore, they cannot access to all the resources in the smart city. To solve it is proposed the creation of a Personal Accessibility Environment (PAE) to allow an access to a set of all necessary contents to interact with the environment in their locations.

Why is it more difficult to comprehend a 2nd (L2) than a 1st language (L1)? In the present article we investigate whether difficulties during L2 sentence comprehension come from differences in the way L1 and L2 speakers anticipate upcoming words. We recorded the brain activity (event-related potentials) of Spanish monolinguals, French-Spanish late bilinguals, and Spanish-Catalan early bilinguals while reading sentences in Spanish. We manipulated the ending of highly constrained sentences so that the critical noun was either expected or not. The expected and unexpected nouns were of different gender so that we could observe potential anticipation effects already on the article. In line with previous studies, a modulation of the N400 effect was observed on the article and the noun, followed by an anterior positivity on the noun. Importantly, this pattern was found in all 3 groups, suggesting that, at least when their 2 languages are closely related, bilinguals are able to anticipate upcoming words in a similar manner as monolinguals.