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Lycium cooperi (Solanaceae) is a woody shrub found along the eastern, northern, and western edges of the Mojave Desert in Arizona, Nevada, and California and along the western edge of the Sonoran Desert in California and Mexico. The plant produces funnel-shaped flowers during spring with stamens and a pistil that extend to near the top of a greenish-white corolla. I investigated the pollination of L. cooperi in southern Nevada during 30 March–21 April 2019 by aspirating insects from flowers, determining where they carried pollen on their bodies, and estimating the proportions of conspecific pollen in their pollen loads. Flowers were mostly visited at night by 8 species of moths (Lepidoptera) in Noctuidae and Geometridae and less frequently during the day by 3 species of flies (Diptera) in Syrphidae. The most frequent visitor to flowers was Euxoa serricornis (Noctuidae), followed by Digrammia colorata (Geometridae) and Peridroma saucia (Noctuidae), a widespread agricultural pest. Most flies at flowers were 2 large species of Copestylum. Flowers were also visited by the migratory butterfly Vanessa cardui (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Pollen was carried mainly on the proboscis of moths and butterflies and on the anterior thorax of flies. Lycium cooperi pollen grains in brightfield microscopy are trilobed in polar view, elliptic in equatorial view, and grainy in appearance. A higher mean proportion of L. cooperi pollen was carried by moths and butterflies (0.50) compared with flies (0.21), and moths in Noctuidae carried a higher proportion of conspecific pollen (0.59) compared with moths in Geometridae (0.25). Insects pollinated only 19.8% of the profuse flowers produced by shrubs. Pollination of L. cooperi primarily by moths corresponds with the shrub's partially white and tubular flowers. Similar flowers on most other Lycium species in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts indicate a likelihood of similar pollination by moths.

The chapter provides a taxonomic overview of moths (Lepidoptera) of Jammu and Kashmir State. Based on the critical review of scientific literature, museum collections, and data generated from the field surveys since 2002, moth diversity of the State is represented by 461 species belonging to 23 families classified under 12 superfamilies. Noctuoidea (with 283 species) is the most diverse superfamily followed by Tortricoidea (74 spp.), Bombycoidea (50 spp.), and Geometroidea (29 spp.). Erebidae (with 152 species) is the most diverse family followed by Noctuidae (109 spp.), Tortricidae (74 spp.), Sphingidae (38 spp.), and Geometridae (29 spp.). The most diverse genera include Cyana (16 species), Mythimna (7 spp.), and Callopistria, Choristoneura, Euxoa, and Lyclene (6 spp. each). Jammu is the most moth speciose region with 392 species followed by Kashmir (332 spp.) and Ladakh region (136 spp.). Some of the species are reported to act as pests, causing considerable damage to major crops. The present study will provide baseline data and facilitate further research on this important group of insects in this Himalayan region.

Euxoa tritici-nigrofusca-eruta- Komplex Im neuen Beobachtungszeitraum liegen seit 2014 aus dem Gebiet>17 Datens��tze ��ber Falterfunde aus diesem schwierigen Artenkomplex vor. Eine Artzuordnung ist problematisch: Nach Meinung von SEGERER & HAUSMANN (2011) ��� ��� erlauben weder ��ussere noch genitalmorphologische Merkmale die zweifelsfreie Unterscheidung der Taxa ��� Auch vorl��ufige Ergebnisse des ���DNA-Barcoding��� sprechen nicht f��r Unterschiede auf Artniveau ��� ��� (S. 92���93). Bei den j��hrlichen Treffen m��rkischer Entomologen in Dannenreich, die auch der Bestimmung schwieriger Arten dienten, wurden drei der vorgelegten Falter dem Habitus nach den Taxa nigrofusca bzw. eruta durch J. Gelbrecht und A. Steiner zugeordnet. Die Daten dieser Funde werden nachfolgend aufgef��hrt (keine Genitalpr��paration)., Published as part of Richert, Arnold, 2018, Die Grossschmetterlinge (Macrolepidoptera) der Diluviallandschaften um Eberswalde. Vierter Nachtrag, Erg��nzungen zur Verbreitung, Biologie und Ph��nologie seit 2013, pp. 177-346 in Beitr��ge Zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 68 (2) on page 279, DOI: 10.21248/contrib.entomol.68.2.177-346, http://zenodo.org/record/5744209, {"references":["SEGERER, H. & HAUSMANN, A. 2011: Die Grossschmetterlinge Deutschlands. - Heterocera Press, Budapest: 308 S."]}

Euxoa (Pleonectopoda) culminicola (Staudinger, 1870) (Figs 35, 36, 49, 51) Agrotis culminicola Staudinger, 1870, Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift 1870: 107. Type-locality "Monte Rosa." Syntypes: MNHU, Berlin. References: Warren 1909–1914: 30, Pl. 6 row e (Euxoa); Hampson 1903: 241, (Euxoa); Bang-Haas 1922: 36, Pl. 9: 12 (Euxoa); Corti & Draudt 1931 –1938: 28, (Euxoa); Fibiger 1990: 64, Pl. 6: 32, 33, (Euxoa, Pleonectopoda); Fibiger 1997: 67, fig. 43 (Euxoa, Euxoa) Fibiger et al. 2011: 42 (Euxoa, Euxoa). Note. The species was placed by Fibiger (1993) in the subgenus Pleonectopoda, but later it was moved to the subgenus Euxoa (s. str.) (Fibiger 1997) where it was maintained in the last checklist of European Noctuoidea (Fibiger et al. 2011). Here we restore its placement in Pleonectopoda on the basis of the vesica's being twisted subbasally and wing pattern features enumerated in the description. The species is similar to the Nearctic westermanni species group (Lafontaine 1987). In the course of present study, we examined an extensive material on E. culminicola from European Alps. Genitalia slides GB, 0 440, 8449 males, 8448, 8449, 8450 females, coll. GB/ ZSM. Distribution. Europe: Germany (South Bavaria); Austria (Vorarlberg, North- and East Tyrol, Alps, Salzburg); Andorra; South France (Mid Pyrenees, Provence, Alps de Haute Provence: Central Italy Apennines, Abruzzens); Switzerland (Graubünden, Wallis). The moths collected at the elevation over 2000 m. Note. The records from Central Italy (Montagna Grande, 1,800 m in ZSM) were most likely based on spuriously labeled material by F. Dannehl to increase the selling price (A. Zilli, pers. comm.) and require confirmation., Published as part of Kononenko, V. S., Behounek, G. & Gyulai, P., 2018, Descriptions of two new species of Euxoa Hübner, [1821], subgenus Pleonectopoda Grote, 1873, from Siberia (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), pp. 258-270 in Zootaxa 4483 (2) on page 268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1437657, {"references":["Staudinger, O. (1870) Beschreibung neuer Lepidopteren des europaischen faunengebiets. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 14, 97 - 132.","Hampson, G. F. (1903) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum. Fol. 4. Taylor and Francis, London, 689 pp.","Bang-Haas, O. (1922) Die Typen der Gattung Agrotis der Coll. Staudinger und Coll. Bang - Haas in Dresden - Blasewitz. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, 36, 31 - 39.","Corti, A. & Draudt, M. (1931 - 1938) In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die palaearktischen Eulenartigen Nachtfalter. Supplement. Band 3. Alfred Kernen-Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 332 + pls. 1 - 26.","Fibiger, M. (1990) Noctuidae Europaeae. Fol. 1. Noctuinae 1. Entomological Press, Soro, 208 pp.","Fibiger, M. (1997) Noctuidae Europaeae. Fol. 3. Noctuinae 3. Entomological Press, Soro, 418 pp.","Fibiger, M., Yela, J. L., Zilli, A., Varga, Z., Ronkay, G. & Ronkay, L. (2011) Check list of the quadrifid Noctuoidea of Europe. In: witt, T. & Ronkay, L. (Eds.), Lymantriidae and Arctiidae including phylogeny and check list of the quadrifid Noctuoidea of Europe. Noctuidae Europaeae. Fol. 11. Entomological press, Soro, pp. 23 - 44.","Fibiger, M. (1993) Noctuidae Europaeae. Fol. 2. Noctuinae 2. Entomological Press, Soro, 230 pp. [in \" Note \" on page 6 of teXt]","Lafontaine, J. D. (1987) Noctuoidea: Noctuidae (part): Noctuinae (Part-EuXoa). In: Dominick R. B. (Eds.), The Moths of America North of Mexico. Fascicle 27. 2. The wedge Entomological Research Foundation, washington, pp. 1 - 237."]}

Euxoa (Pleonectopoda) steideli sp. n. (Figs 1���6, 10���12, 21���28, 42���44) Type material. Holotype: male, labeled (in German): ���NE Russia W Buryatia, Sayangeb. 400 km W Baikal-See, 24 km nr. Sagan-Shuluta a. Irkuta. 51��(53���55) 36���N, 100��43���46���E 9-14.vii.2012 /NN 1850���1950 m, leg. A. Steidel, u. Gruppe ��� [Russia, west of Buryatia Autonomic Respublic, Tunkinsky reg., 24 km from Sagan-Shuluta village, East Sayan Range, 1850���1950 m], slide GB 8446, coll. GB/ ZSM. Paratypes: 2 males, same data, slide GB 8237, coll. GB/ ZSM; 8 males 14.vii.2012, same locality and collectors (coll. HSW). The holotype and one paratype mentioned above are preserve in the collection of Gottfried Behounek (Grafing, near Munich, Germany), later to be deposited in ZSM. 1 male, Russia, Tuva, Naryn river 50��08���N, 96��00���E, 1450 m, NN, 6.vii.1996, leg. J.Kr��ger, coll. PG, slide PG 730. 1 male (with red brown forewing), labeled as ���Russland-Sibirien, Mondy [Russia, Siberia, Buryatia, Mondy] 1887 m, 54��.36.8��� N, 100��45.41,5���E, 6���14. 0 7. 2012, Klaus Metz ���, coll. PG, slide PG 3347. 1 male, South Siberia, Chita reg. Kuka vill., 25.v.���10.vi.1999, leg. Chech collector., coll. PG, genitalia slide PG 3424. The series of the paratypes preserve in the collection of Peter Gyulai (Miskolc, Hungary). 1 male, Russia, South Siberia, Tuva, Naryn River / Arzhan, 50��13���N, 96��15���E, 1900 m, 24���26.vi.1996, leg. J. Kr��ger; 1 male same locality, 50��08���N 96��00���E, 1450 m, 6.vii.1996, leg. J.Kr��ger; 1 male, same locality, 50�� 08���N 96�� 00���E, 1450 m, 6.vii.1996, leg. A.Saldaitis (Coll. ZFMK). Diagnosis. The new species externally looks very similar to Euxoa muldersi Lafontaine & Troubridge, 2010 (Figs 16, 17), recently described from Canada. It differs from the latter in its larger size (forewing length 19���20 mm vs 13���15 mm in E. muldersi), sharper and less blackish forewing pattern, usually with ash-grey background and very light-brown shading, paler basally, with the terminal band more expressed on the hindwing, and normally developed eyes (reduced in E. muldersi). The male genitalia of E. steideli (Figs 42���44) differ from those of E. muldersi in the shape of the valva, which is less narrow basally, and with a longer and somewhat narrower saccular extension, nearly equal to the harpe (sensu Forbes 1954) in length, and a larger sub-basal diverticulum. Among the Palaearctic species, E. steideli is most similar to E. hyperborea Lafontaine (Fig. 20, 41, 49), from which it differs by more variable wing pattern and coloration and by the structure of the male genitalia, particularly the shape of the valva, which is constricted basally and somewhat extended distally, the narrower harpe-saccular extension complex, and the less well developed medial extension of the vesica. Description. Adult (Figs 1���6, 10���12, 21���28). Wingspan 39���43 mm, length of forewing 19���20 mm. Frons with elongate, conical, slightly rojecting dorsally tubercle; eyes round; male antenna shortly biserrate, with segments about 1.3�� as wide as shaft, with bristle on each segment; first segment of antennae with ring of white scales. Head and thorax covered with white, grey and black hair-like and strap-like scales, usually covering the frontal tubercle. Thorax dorsally covered with yellowish���grey hair-like scale; abdomen covered with pale grey or reddish-grey scales. Tibiae armed with one row of spines on each leg, typical for Euxoa. Forewing narrow, elongate; ground colour in most cases pale ash grey with a mixture of brown and black scales; darker greyish brown, olive brown or reddish brown in medial, subterminal and terminal areas. Wing pattern ground plan typical for Euxoa, formed by basal, antemedial, postmedial and subterminal lines, a basal dash, orbicular, reniform and claviform stigmata. Basal and subbasal fields in most cases ash grey, the basal line prounounced in the costal area; basal streak distinct, or diffuse; antemedial line dentate, greyish, outlined with black; medial field darker than ante- and postmedial fields, greyish brown, olive brown or reddish brown, bearing pale scales, outlined by blackish scales and sometimes darker in the centre of the orbicular, reniform and claviform stigmata; postmedial line dentate along veins; postmedial field paler than medial field, with pale-grey suffusion along veins and blackish or greyish dashes between veins; subterminal line pale, thin, diffuse; terminal field dark grey or yellowish grey, pale along veins; terminal line as a row or blackish vertical streaks, interrupted opposite veins; fringe yellowish-grey with black scales. Hindwing pale, yellowish-grey, with distinct discal spot, dark-grey veins and broad greyish with pale yellowish scales on terminal band; fringe pale yellowish grey. Underside forewing pale grey, with distinct reniform, broad diffused postmedial band and marked subterminal band; hindwing pale yellowish grey shadowed with grey along costal margin, with distinct discal spot, wide blackish postmedial band and darker yellowish-grey terminal band; fringe yellowish. Variability. E. steideli is rather variable by wing coloration and pattern. Most specimens collected in the upper Irkut valley (Sagan-Shuluta) have ash-grey wings and body (Figs 1���3, 21���24), similar to E. muldersi. Beside these typical ash-grey specimens with differentiated wing pattern elements, one examined male specimen has reddishbrown ground forewing colouration with the subcostal area and veins suffused with grey scales, a dark-brown subbasal field, and the main wing pattern elements brown (Figs 3, 24). The specimens from Tuva populations have dull-grey or reddish-grey wing colouration with non-contrast the main elements visible as or thin borders (Figs 4���6, 25���28) (ante- and post medial lines, orbicular and reniform stigmata represented by thin, sometimes indistinct lines or by pale, dentate borders). Male genitalia. (Figs 42, 43). Similar to those of E. muldersi (Fig. 40) in most details, but valva somewhat broader; saccular extensions thinner and longer, left extension is almost equal to harpe in length and slightly thinner; the angle between harpe and saccular extension broader; subbasal diverticulum in vesica larger, medial diverticulum smaller. Compared with E. hyperborea, it differs by the shape of valva more constricted basally and markedly extended distally, rounded cucullus and narrower harpe ��� saccular extension complex and less developed medial extension of vesica in the aedeagus. Female unknown. Etymology. The species is named for German geologist and insect collector Axel Steidel who collected the species in the Sayan Mts. (upper reach of Irkut River) in South Siberia and brought it to the attention of authors. Distribution and bionomics (Fig. 39). The species is known only from mountains of South Siberia: Russia, Tuva, Naryn River valley; southwest of Buryatia, Tunkinsky region, East Sayan Range, upper reach of Irkut River, near Sagan-Shuluta village; Mondy village; south Transbaikalia, Kuka village. Specimens were collected by light in the montane steppe, and river banks at elevation 1850���1950 m. Larva and larval biology unknown., Published as part of Kononenko, V. S., Behounek, G. & Gyulai, P., 2018, Descriptions of two new species of Euxoa H��bner, [1821], subgenus Pleonectopoda Grote, 1873, from Siberia (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), pp. 258-270 in Zootaxa 4483 (2) on pages 260-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1437657, {"references":["Lafontaine, J. D. & Troubridge, J. T. (2010) Two new species of the Euxoa westermannia species-group from Canada (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae). ZooKeys, 39, 255 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 39.436","Forbes, w. T. M. (1954) The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. Part 3. Noctuidae. Cornell University, Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir, 329, 1 - 433."]}

Euxoa (Pleonectopoda) churchillensis (Mcdunnough, 1932) (Figs 18, 19) Agrotiphila churchillensis Mcdunnough, 1932, Canadian entomologist 64: 105. Type-locality: Manitoba, Churchill. Holotype: CNC, Ottawa. References: Hardwick 1970: 107, fig. 293 (Euxoa, Pleonectopoda); Kononenko, Lafontaine & Mikkola 1996: 92 (Euxoa); Lafontaine & Troubridge 2010: 258, figs. 5���7 (Euxoa, Pleonectopoda). Note. Euxoa churchillensis has been reported for Russia from Taimyr (Kononenko et al. 1996). The species is reported here for Northeast Siberia (Chukotka) for the first time on the basis of single female specimen from ZISP, labeled [Russia], ��� Chukotka, Z.[zaliv] Geka, 18.vii. [19]33. Portenko ��� ��� [Chukotka, Gek Bay in mouth of Anadyr Rives. 18.vii.1933, leg. Portenko]. Distribution. Russian and Canadian Arctic (Beringian) and western United States. Russia, Krasnoyarsk terr., Taimyr peninsula, Chukotka, mouth of Anadyr River; North America: Canada, Hudson Bay, Nunavut, Isl. Austin, North West Territories, Prov. Manitoba, Prov. Ontario [extreme northern Ontario]; USA, Pennsylvania Mountain, Colorado; New Mexico [alpine habitats]., Published as part of Kononenko, V. S., Behounek, G. & Gyulai, P., 2018, Descriptions of two new species of Euxoa H��bner, [1821], subgenus Pleonectopoda Grote, 1873, from Siberia (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), pp. 258-270 in Zootaxa 4483 (2) on page 268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1437657, {"references":["Mcdunnough, J. H. (1932) Notes on Agrotid genera with descriptions of new species (Lepid.). The Canadian Entomologist, 64, 104 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 64104 - 5","Hardwick, D. F. (1970) The genus Euxoa in North America, I. Subgenera: Orosagrotis, Longivescia, Chorizagrotis, Pleonctopoda and Crassivescia. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 67, 1 - 175.","Kononenko, V. S., Lafontaine, J. D. & Mikkola, K. (1996) TaXonomy and zoogeography of some arctic Noctuidae (Lepidoptera), with description of three new species and one new subspecies. Annales Entomologica Fennica, 200, 83 - 94.","Lafontaine, J. D. & Troubridge, J. T. (2010) Two new species of the Euxoa westermannia species-group from Canada (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae). ZooKeys, 39, 255 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 39.436"]}

Two new species of the the genus Euxoa Hübner, [1821] (subgenus Pleonectopoda Grote, 1873), Euxoa steideli sp. n. and Euxoa kodara sp. n. are described from the mountains of South and East Siberia. The new species belong to the Holarctic Euxoa westermanii species-group, which is represented in both the New and Old World mainly by alpine and subarctic species. The Palaearctic species of the Euxoa westermanii species-group are reviewed. The placement of Euxoa culminicola (Staudinger, 1870) in the subgenus Pleonectopoda is fixed. New data on distribution of E. (P.) churchillensis (McDunnough, 1932) in the Palaearctic from Chukchi Autonomy are presented. An annotated checklist list of the Palaearctic species of Pleonectopoda (Euxoa, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae: Noctuini) is presented.

Recent analyses suggest that the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) may be less of a beetle specialist (Coleoptera) in the western United States than previously thought, and that its diet might also vary with temperature. We tested the hypothesis that big brown bats might opportunistically prey on moths by analyzing insect fragments in guano pellets from 30 individual bats (27 females and 3 males) captured while foraging in Fort Collins, Colorado, during May, late July–early August, and late September 2002. We found that bats sampled 17–20 May (n = 12 bats) had a high (81–83%) percentage of volume of lepidopterans in guano, with the remainder (17–19% volume) dipterans and no coleopterans. From 28 May–9 August (n = 17 bats) coleopterans dominated (74–98% volume). On 20 September (n = 1 bat) lepidopterans were 99% of volume in guano. Migratory miller moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) were unusually abundant in Fort Collins in spring and autumn of 2002 and are known agricultural pests as larvae (army cutworms), suggesting that seasonal dietary flexibility in big brown bats has economic benefits.

This study is a synthesis of the current knowledge regarding the Macrolepidoptera fauna from Central Dobrogea (south-eastern Romania) and it is based on the research done in the area since 2007. Most of the collecting has been done on salt steppes around the large lakes (sea lagoons) Razim (Razelm) and Sinoe (Histria, Plopu-Sarinasuf), but also in forested areas and rocky hills (Babadag Forest, Cheile Dobrogei, Gura Dobrogei, Cetatea Enisala etc.) from Central Dobrogea. The most remarkable results were obtained in the salt steppes (which have been very little studied before). From these areas, due to the research done in the last three years, three species of Noctuidae were published as new records for Romania: Cucullia argentina (Fabricius, 1787), Tarachidia candefacta (Hubner, [1831]) and Leucania punctosa (Treitschke, 1825). Furthermore, there have been found numerous very local and very rare species, which had previously been known in Romania based on very few individuals such as: Phyllodesma ilicifolia (Linnaeus, 1758), Hyles hippophaes (Esper, 1793), Dasycosa modesta (Staudinger, 1879), Megaspilates mundataria (Stoll, 1782), Idaea sericeata (Hubner, 1813), Paradrymonia vittata bulgarica de Freina, 1983, Grammodes bifasciata (Petagna, 1787), Symira dentinosa Freyer, 1839, Episema lederi Christoph, 1885, Saragossa siccanorum (Staudinger, 1870), Cardepia hartigi (Parenzan, 1981), Polia cherrug Rakosy & Wieser, 1997, Chersotis laeta macini Rakosy, Stangelmeier & Wieser, 1996, Chersotis imbriola niculescui Rakosy, 1997, Diachrysia chryson deltaica Rakosy, 1996, Euxoa cos (Hubner, [1808]), Parocneria terebinthi (Freyer, 1838) etc. The species protected by Romanian and EU laws are commented. A total of 697 species of Macrolepidoptera from Central Dobrogea are listed. Ten species are new records for the fauna of Dobrogea and 237 species have been not reported previously in this geographical area. Resume. Cette etude est une synthese des connaissances actuelles en ce qui concerne la faune des macrolepidopteres du centre de Dobrogea (sud-est de la Roumanie) et est basee sur la recherche effectuee dans la region depuis 2007-2012. La plupart de la collection a ete fait dans les steppes de sel autour des grands lacs (des lagunes marines) de Dobrogea, Razim (Razelm) et Sinoe (Histria, Plopu-Sarinasuf), mais aussi dans les zones boisees et de collines rocheuses (Foret Babadag, Deiles de la Dobrogea, Gura Dobrogei, Fortiication Enisala etc.) du centre de Dobrogea. Les resultats les plus remarquables ont ete obtenus dans les steppes salees (qui ont ete tres peu etudie avant). En raison de la recherche effectuee dans les trois dernieres annees dans ces zones, trois especes nouvelles de Noctuidae pour Roumanie ont ete publiees: Cucullia argentina (Fabricius, 1787), Tarachidia candefacta (Hubner, [1831]) et Leucania punctosa (Treitschke, 1825). En outre, on a trouve de nombreuses especes locales et tres rare, qui avait ete precedemment connu en Roumanie sur la base de tres peu d’individus, tels que: Phyllodesma ilicifolia (Linnaeus, 1758), Hyles hippophaes (Esper, 1793), Dasycosa modesta (Staudinger, 1879), Megaspilates mundataria (Stoll, 1782), Idaea sericeata (Hubner, 1813), Paradrymonia vittata bulgarica de Freina, 1983, Grammodes bifasciata (Petagna, 1787), Symira dentinosa Freyer, 1839, Episema lederi Christoph, 1885, Saragossa siccanorum (Staudinger, 1870), Cardepia hartigi (Parenzan, 1981), Polia cherrug Rakosy & Wieser, 1997, Chersotis laeta macini Rakosy, Stangelmeier & Wieser, 1996, Chersotis imbriola niculescui Rakosy, 1997, Diachrysia chryson deltaica Rakosy, 1996, Euxoa cos (Hubner, [1808]), Parocneria terebinthi (Freyer, 1838) etc. On commente les especes protegees par Roumanie et les lois de l’UE. Un total de 697 especes de macrolepidopteres du centre de Dobrogea sont enumerees. Dix especes sont nouvelles pour la faune de Dobrogea et 237 especes n’ont ete pas precedemment rapportees dans cette zone

Eighteen species of cutworm moths were collected as larvae feeding at night on grapevines, Vitis sp. L. (Vitaceae), in south-central British Columbia, Canada, during April and May from 2004 to 2008. Ten species belonged to two genera, Abagrotis Smith and Euxoa Hübner. Abagrotis orbis (Grote), A. nefascia (Smith), and A. reedi Buckett accounted for over 85% of cutworms reared to adulthood. Abagrotis orbis and A. reedi were found in all locations; the former accounted for nearly 90% of larvae collected from vineyards on warm sandy soils. Abagrotis nefascia was largely restricted to cooler sites with heavier soils. For laboratory-reared A. orbis, pupal mass was highest and sex ratios were approximately equal when larvae were reared either on a pinto bean-based diet prepared with the recommended amount of water or on a commercial black cutworm diet and 50% of the recommended water. Survival to adult eclosion was significantly higher on the black cutworm diet, but because this was thicker than the pinto bean-based diet it was impractical to use. To date, A. orbis, A. nefascia, and A. reedi have been laboratory-reared continuously on artificial diet for more than six generations.

Two new species of Euxoa Hubner are described from northern and western Canada: Euxoa apopsis Troubridge & Lafontaine, related to E. macleani McDunnough, and E. muldersi Lafontaine & Hensel, related to E. churchillensis McDunnough. Euxoa chimoensis Hardwick, stat. rev., is recognized as a valid species rather than as a subspecies of Euxoa macleani. A diagnosis of the E. westermanni species-group is given with descriptions and illustrations of the new species and their relatives.

During regular field screenings of olefinic compounds and their various mixtures carried out at different localities in Hungary from 1979 till 1981, sex attractants were found for Euxoa nigricans as the mixture of Z-5–10:Ac and Z-7–12:Ac, Noctua janthina as Z-9–14:Ac, Heliophobus reticulata as Z-9–14:Ac, Mamestra w-latinum as Z-11–16:Ac, M. suasa as Z-11–16:Ac, Cucullia umbratica as Z-9–14:Ac, Dicycla oo as Z-9–14:Ac, Oligia strigilis as the mixture of Z-11–16:Ac and Z-9–14:Ac in a ratio of 9:1, Hoplodrina alsines as the ternary mixture of Z-7–12:Ac, Z-9–14:Ac and Z-11–16:Ac in a ratio of 1:1:1, H. superstes as the mixture of Z-5–10:Ac and Z-7–12: Ac, Athetis gluteosa as the mixture of Z-7–12:Ac and Z-9–14:Ac, Panemeria tenebrata as Z-9–14:Ac, Emmelia trabealis as Z-5–10:Ac and Macdunnoughia confusa as the mixture of Z-7–12:Ac and Z-7–14:Ac, respectively. Possible trapping inhibitors were found for Isotryas hybridana as Z-7–12:Ac, Euxoa nigricans as Z-9–14:Ac, Heliophobus reticulata as Z-7–12:Ac, Hoplodrina superstes as Z-9–14:Ac and Emmelia trabealis as Z-9–14:Ac, respectively. These findings are compared with data available in the literature in order to reveal more details on the chemical communication of co-occurring and closely related lepidopterous species. Zusammenfassung Sexualattraktanten und Inhibitoren fur Lepidopterenarten, gefunden durch systematische Feldversuche mit olefinischen Verbindungen in Ungarn In systematischen Feldversuchen mit olefinischen Verbindungen und ihren verschiedenen Mischungen an mehreren Orten in Ungarn von 1979 bis 1981 wurden Sexualattraktanten fur Euxoa nigricans als die Mischung von Z-5–10:Ac und Z-7–12:Ac, fur Noctuae janthina als Z-9–14:Ac, fur Heliophobus reticulata als Z-9–14:Ac, fur Mamestra w-latinum als Z-11–16:Ac, fur M. suasa als Z-11–16:Ac, fur Cucullia umbratica als Z-9–14:Ac, fur Dicycla oo als Z-9–14:Ac, fur Oligia strigilis als die Mischung von Z-11–16:Ac und Z-9–14:Ac im Verhaltnis von 9:1, fur Hoplodrina alsines als die Mischung von Z-7–12:Ac, Z-9–14:Ac und Z-11–16:Ac im Verhaltnis von 1: 1: 1, fur H. superstes als die Mischung von Z-5–10:Ac und Z-7–12:Ac, fur Athetis gluteosa als die Mischung von Z-7–12:Ac und Z-9–14:Ac, fur Panemaria tenebrata als Z-9–14:Ac, fur Emmelia trabealis als Z-5–10:Ac und fur Macdunnoughia confusa als die Mischung von Z-7–12:Ac und Z-7–14:Ac gefunden. Mogliche Pheromon-Inhibitoren wurden fur Isotryas hybridana als Z-7–12:Ac, fur Euxoa nigricans als Z-9–14:Ac, fur Heliophobus reticulata als Z-7–12:Ac, fur Hoplodrina superstes als Z-9–14:Ac und fur Emmelia trabealis als Z-9–14:Ac gefunden. Zur Aufklarung mehrerer Einzelheiten der chemischen Kommunikation miteinander vorkommender und nahe verwandter Arten wurden die Ergebnisse mit Angaben aus der Literatur verglichen.

The white gypsum dune ecosystem in the Tularosa Basin in south central New Mexico is the largest gypsum dune field on earth, covering 712.25 km2. White Sands National Monument in Otero County, New Mexico, protects approximately 40%, 297.85 km2, of this dune field. In 2006 the US National Park Service initiated a long term study of the Lepidoptera at White Sands National Monument, resulting in the discovery of two new species, Euxoa lafontainei Metzler & Forbes, n. sp. and Protogygia whitesandsensis Metzler & Forbes, n. sp. described herein. Adult moths and male and female genitalia are illustrated for Euxoa lafontainei, and adults and male genitalia are illustrated for Protogygia whitesandsensis and its relatives.

The genus Euxoa H��bner, [1821] is regarded as the most highly evolved among the genera of the subfamily Noctuinae and contains by far the largest number of species of the subfamily in Europe and in the Palaearctic region. Fifty-four species of this genus has been already reported from Iran. In this paper a list of 17 already recorded species and subspecies of Euxoa from the north-east of Iran is given and discussed. Furthermore, E. acuminifera (Eversmann, 1854) is newly reported for the fauna of Iran. Figures of its adult male and female and their genitalia are provided together with bionomics and distribution of the species., {"references":["Boursin, C. 1940. Beiträgezur Kenntnis der \"Agrotidae-Trifinae\" XXIII. Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 30: 474–543.","Brandt, W. 1941. Beitragezur Lepidopteren fauna von Iran (3). Neue Agrotidennebst Faunenverzeichnissen. Mitteilungender Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 31: 835–863.","Ebert, G. and Hacker, H.H. 2002. Beitragzurfauna der Noctuidae des Iran: Verzeichnis der bestände im staatlichen museum fürnaturkunde Karlsruhe, taxonomische Bemerkungenund beschreibungneuer Taxa. Esperiana, 9: 237–409.","Eversmann, E. 1854. Beiträgezur Lepidopterologie Russlands und Beschreibung einiger anderer Insektenaus den südlichen Kirgisensteppen, den nördlichen Ufern des Aralsees und des Sir-Darja's. Bulletin de la Sociétéimpériale des naturalistes de Moscou, 27 (3): 174–205.","Fet, V. 1994. Bio geographic Position of the Khorassan-Kopetdagh. In: Fet, V. and tamuradov, K. I. (Eds.), Biogeography and Ecology of Turkmenistan. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston and London, pp. 197–204.","Fibiger, M. 1990. Noctuinae I. Noctuidae Europaeae. Volume 1. Entomological Press, Sorø, Denmark, 208 pp.","Fibiger, M. 1997. Noctuinae III. Noctuidae Europaeae. Volume 3. Entomological Press, Sorø, Denmark, 418 pp.","Gyulai, P. and Varga, Z. 2006. New taxa of Noctuidae, Noctuinae from Iran and Central Asia (Lepidoptera). Esperiana, 12: 271–281.","Hacker, H. H. 1990. Die Noctuidae Vorderasiens (Lepidoptera). Systematische List miteiner Übersichtüber die Verbreit ungunter besondere Berücksichtigung der fauna der Türkei (einschließlich der Nachbargebiete Balkan, Südrußland, Westturkestan, Arabische Halbinsel, Ägypten). Neue Entomologische Nachrichten, 27: 1–707.","Hacker, H. and Kautt, P. 1999. Noctuoideaausdem Iran, gesammelt 1997 von A. Hofmann und P. kautt (Insecta, Lepidoptara). Esperiana, 7: 473–484.","Hacker, H. and Meineke, J. U. 2001. Beitragzur Faunader Noctuidae des Iran: Ergebnisse von Forschungen der Jahre 1998 bis 2000 (Lepidoptera). Contribution to the Fauna of Noctuidae of Iran: Results of the Researches During Years 1998 to 2000 (Lepidoptera). Esperiana, 8:791–810.","Heshmati G. A. 2007. Vegetation characteristics of four ecological zones of Iran. International Journal of Plant Production, 1(2):25–224.","Merzheevskaya, O. I. 1988. Larvae of owlet moths biology, morphology, and classification (Noctuidae). Amerind Publication Co. New Delhi, India. 419 pp.","Modarres Awal, M. 2002. List of agricultural pests in Iran and their natural enemies. Ferdowsi University, Iran, 364 pp. (in Persian)","Muhabbet, K., Seven, S. and Koçak, A.Ö. 2007. List of the Irano-Anatolian Noctuidae with some faunal and zoogeographical remarks based upon the Info-System of the Cesa (Lepidoptera). Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara, Priamus Supplement, 9: 1–88.","Rabieh, M. M., Seraj, A. A. and Esfandiari, M. 2013. Contribution to the noctuid fauna of NE Iran: Noctuinae, Hadeninae and Plusiinae (Lepidoptera), with additions to the Iranian fauna. Phegea, 42 (1): 14–21.","Raziei, T., Daneshkar Arasteh, P. and Saghfian, B. 2005. Annual Rainfall Trend in Arid and Semi-arid Regions ofIran. ICID 21st European Regional Conference, 15-19 May 2005, Frankfurt (Oder) and Slubice, Germany and Poland, pp. 1-8.","Varga, Z., Gyulai, P. and Miatleuski, J. 2002. New species of Noctuidae, Noctuinae from Iran and Central Asia. Esperiana, 9: 349–362.","Wieser, C. and Stangelmaier, G. 2005. Zwischenergebnisse einer lepidopteron-logischen Forschungsreise in den Nordiran, Oktober 2003 (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Carinthia, 2(195-115): 659–674."]}

Genital morphology shows peculiar patterns of variation among insect species. Traditionally, genital species specificity has been assumed to serve as a mechanical isolation system between species (the lock-and-key hypothesis). Most recent studies suggest, however, that such variation may also be because of sexual selection. These two hypotheses give different predictions on genital variation within and between species. We tested the lock-and-key hypothesis by morphometrically exploring variation and allometry in male genitalia in three closely related Euxoa moth species. Single genital characteristics usually show overlap between species. As a whole, internal genitalia distinguish species better than external genitalia. The size of genitalia is generally correlated with body size, but the relationship is strongly negatively allometric so that the size of internal genitalia increases least with body size. These findings support the lock-and-key hypothesis. Both external and internal male genitalia show morphometric variation both within and between species, but the variation is significantly smaller in external genitalia. As internal genitalia are assumed to work as ‘keys’ in moths, this finding does not support the predictions of the lock-and-key hypothesis. Therefore, we cannot unambiguously support or reject this hypothesis. Our results agree well with the sexual selection hypotheses, particularly, the one-size-fits-all concept of the cryptic female choice hypothesis, which suggests stabilizing selection on genital size, but at the same time allows genital shape to vary relatively considerably.

Late instar larvae of the army cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris (Grote), infested replicated test plots of 43 wheat varieties in Hays, Kansas in early April, 2004. Five varieties, Trego, 2147, Betty, Thunderbolt, and Jagger, were selected for sampling cutworm defoliation and larval densities. Damage was lowest in Trego (12–41 damaged tillers/m of row), and highest in Betty (128–285 damaged tillers/m). Plots of Betty averaged 105 cutworms/m2, significantly more than plots of other varieties where densities ranged from 13 to 42 cutworms/m2. Plots of Thunderbolt sustained significantly more damage than plots of 2137, Trego or Jagger, but did not have significantly more larvae. The small size of the test plots appeared to facilitate aggregation of cutworms in plots of the preferred variety Betty. Grain yields of all varieties in 2004 were average for the region and the final grain yield of Betty plots averaged 20% less than that of Thunderbolt and Trego plots. This compares to an average of 10% lower yield ...

We observed black bears (Ursus americanus) foraging on aggregations of army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in subalpine felsenmeers (block fields) in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico. Moth aggregations serve as food for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) in the northern Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Montana. However, black bears have not been reported to use these aggregations, nor have such aggregations been documented to occur this far south in the Rocky Mountains.

Euxoa admirabilis comprazeris ssp.nov. H o l o t y p u s Cabo Verde, Ilha de Santo Ant��o, Aguas das Caldeiras, 1150 m, 12.1.2013; Allotypus: mit denselben Daten wie der Holotypus. Holotypus Vorderfl��gell��nge 20 mm, Allotypus 20,3 mm. Die Zeichnung der Vorderfl��gel ist im Vergleich mit Individuen der Typenserie von Fogo wesentlich kontrastreicher gezeichnet, die Wellenlinie ist gelbbraun, basad dunkel angelegt, Mittelfeld ist dunkel, Nierenmakel meist, Ringmakel immer weiss ausgef��llt, Zapfenmakel undeutlich, Querlinien 1 und 2 deutlich hell hervortretend. Dieses Merkmalsbild ist konstant. Hfl. des dunkel mit hellem Basalfeld, jene des graubraun. Zum Vergleich werden die Populationstypen (sensu BURGEFF 1965: 191) von der Nominatunterart (Abb. 3) und der Unterart Euxoa admirabilis comprazeris ssp.nov. (Abb. 2) dargestellt. T y p e n v e r b l e i b: Paratypen in Serie mit denselben Daten. Holotypus, Allotypus und Paratypen in coll. EFMEA, ausserdem 1, 1 in coll. Wolfgang Speidel, M��nchen. Das in HACKER et al. (2010, plt 4, fig. 18) abgebildete Expl. entspricht der hier wiedergegebenen Beschreibung. Die beiden aufgef��hrten Expl. (1, 1) vom locus typicus der neuen Unterart vom 6.11.1979, leg. Traub & Bauer, in coll. Staatliches Museum f��r Naturkunde, Karlsruhe werden hiermit als Paratypen gekennzeichnet. E t h y m o l o g i e: com prazer (port.) mit Freude, Taxon latinisiert., Published as part of Aistleitner, E., 2014, Eine neue Unterart von Euxoa admirabilis HACKER & SCHREIER 2010 von der Insel Santo Ant��o, Cabo Verde (Lepidoptera Noctuidae), pp. 655-658 in Linzer biologische Beitr��ge 46 (1) on pages 655-656, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5306430, {"references":["BURGEFF H. (1965): Kreuzungsanalysen von Georassen an der Gattung Zygaena FABR. (Lep.); Aufbau einer Subspezies aus Populationstypen. - Nachr. Akadem. Wissensch. Gottingen 14: 187 - 205.","HACKER H. H., SCHREIER H. - P. & E. AISTLEITNER (2010): Noctuidae of Cape Verde Islands (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) (plates 1 - 5). - Esperiana Memoir 5: 7 - 95, Schwanfeld."]}

Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) consume adult army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) from late June through mid-September on alpine talus slopes in Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana. As part of a study carried out to better understand the ecological interactions between grizzly bears and army cutworm moths in GNP, we studied temporal abundance patterns, body mass and composition, and migration potential of moths collected from alpine moth aggregation sites throughout the summer of 1994 and 1995. Army cutworm moths arrived in the alpine zone of GNP in late June or early July and departed by late August or early September. While moths were in the alpine zone, their body mass and moisture, lipid, and gross energy contents markedly increased and crude protein decreased. The absence of moths from the alpine zone coincided with the presence of moths on the Great Plains. Using published estimates of the cost of transport in flying animals, we calculated that an army cutworm moth flying in late summer through still air could fly 140 km using body lipid reserves alone.

Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) consume army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) from late June through mid-September at alpine moth aggregation sites in Glacier National Park, Montana. To better understand the importance of army cutworm moths to grizzly bears, we determined the sex and age classes and minimum numbers of grizzly bears foraging at known alpine moth aggregation sites, and documented the timing and use patterns of grizzly bears foraging in these areas. A minimum of 36 grizzly bears were observed 106 times feeding at 6 of 9 known moth aggregation sites from late June through mid-September in 1992-1995; no bears were observed on moth sites in 1993. Bears fed on moth aggregations disproportionately more at elevations >2561 m, on slopes between 31° and 45°, and on southwest-facing aspects. Lone adult grizzly bears appeared to be underrepresented and subadults overrepresented at moth sites. Moths are highly digestible; all parts are digested except for the exoskeleton. We propose that army cutworm moths are an important, high-quality, preferred summer and early-fall food for grizzly bears in Glacier National Park. We do not present any data that demonstrate an increase in the importance of moths when other foods fail.

10248 Euxoa culminicola (Staudinger, 1870) Diese Noctuide wurde im Untersuchungsgebiet bisher nur am Gemmipass (z. B. Daubensee (VS) 2300 m, 10.8.1999) und an der Grimsel (BE) (17.8.2011) gefunden. Am Col de Sanetsch VS mehrere Beobachtungen nahe der Wasserscheide auf der Walliser-Seite des Passes (26.7.2008)., Published as part of Wymann, Hans-Peter, 2013, Faunistisch bemerkenswerte Funde von « Macroheterocera » (Lepidoptera) im Berner Oberland zwischen 1992 und 2012, pp. 23-34 in Entomo Helvetica 6 on page 31, DOI: 10.5169/seals-986039, http://zenodo.org/record/8047981

10266 Euxoa aquilina (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Diese mesothermophile Art einmal am Sanetschpass (VS) (25.7.2008), Nordseite: Stausee (oberhalb Gsteigwiler), Published as part of Wymann, Hans-Peter, 2013, Faunistisch bemerkenswerte Funde von « Macroheterocera » (Lepidoptera) im Berner Oberland zwischen 1992 und 2012, pp. 23-34 in Entomo Helvetica 6 on page 31, DOI: 10.5169/seals-986039, http://zenodo.org/record/8047981

During an outbreak of army cutworm in southern Alberta in the spring of 1990, the overall incidence of parasitism by the polyembryonic parasitoid, Copidosoma bakeri (Howard), was 61% in samples from seven fields. The incidence of parasitism in samples of army cutworms collected on five dates from a single location, during the spring of 1991, increased from about 20% in the early samples to about 50% in the later samples. Cutworms parasitized by C. bakeri feed for a longer time than unparasitized ones; therefore estimates of the incidence of parasitism by C. bakeri, based on samples of late-instar cutworms, are misleadingly high. Parasitized cutworms also grow considerably larger than unparasitized ones and may have a supernumerary instar. Larger hosts support larger broods of C. bakeri and apparently a successful strategy of C. bakeri is to prolong host development so as to maximize an acquired resource. Because cutworms parasitized by C. bakeri feed more and longer than unparasitized cutworms, a high rate of parasitism can exacerbate crop damage and complicate control recommendations. The life cycles of army cutworm and C. bakeri are asynchronous and it is likely that high rates of parasitism are dependent on the presence of intermediary hosts.

Several pyrethroid insecticides provided nearly 100% mortality of army cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaries (Grote), populations under field conditions in central Kansas. Performances of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos were variable, but they displayed adequate insecticidal activity against army cutworms. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki , carbofuran, ethyl parathion, malathion, and methyl parathion did not provide satisfactory control. Variation in vegetative growth and eventual wheat yields were not caused solely by larval populations of army cutworms. Moisture availability favoring vigorous plant growth was an important factor for plants to withstand army cutworm feeding. Use of insecticides to control army cutworms was found to be of variable profitability depending on the circumstances.

Euxoa apopsis Troubridge & Lafontaine, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 546F2D15-D536-468D-8D5E-D3C254C7D09B Figs 8, 9, 21, 26 Type material. Holotype ���: Canada, British Columbia: Gott Peak, 7100���, 50��21'N 122��08'W, 12 July 1992, J. Troubridge [CNC]. Paratypes 1���, 1♀: same data as for holotype (1���); British Columbia, Mt McLean, 7500���, 8 July 1921, A. W. Hanham (1♀). Etymology. The species name is a Greek noun used in apposition and means ���a lofty spot,��� in reference to the high elevation of the type locality. Diagnosis. In the key to species of the Euxoa westermanni species-group in Lafontaine (1987) E. apopsis keys out to Euxoa macleani McDunnough. It differs from E. macleani (Figs 10���12, 22, 27) in having a more deeply biserrate male antenna, more extensive dark shading on the medial line of the forewing, a paler hindwing, thinner saccular extensions and a smaller subbasal diverticulum in the male genitalia, and a smaller appendix bursae in the female genitalia. Description. Adult: Head ��� Frontal tubercle prominent and rounded; male antenna deeply biserrate, 2.0 �� as wide as shaft (1.5 �� as wide in E. macleani); eye reduced, ellipsoid; vestiture of head and thorax mainly of dark gray hair-like and strap-like scales with some white scales and some white-tipped scales. Thorax ��� Legs : tibia with spiniform setae typical for Euxoa. Wings (both sexes); ground color gray with scattered white and dark-gray scales that give wing a grizzled look; basal area medium gray; medial area extensively shaded with dark gray; subterminal area pale gray with dark-gray streaks in outer part of subterminal area; terminal area similar in color to basal area; antemedial (am) and postmedial (pm) lines black with pale-gray shading proximal to Figures ��9���23. Euxoa male genitalia. ��9 E. muldersi 20 E. churchillensis 2�� E. apopsis 22 E. macleani 23 E. chimoensis. am line and distal to pm line; reniform and orbicular spots paler than medial area but small and obscure; forewing length: 14���15 mm (14���18 mm in E. macleani). Hindwing pale fuscous gray with darker veins and discal spot; fringe yellowish buff basally, white distally. Male genitalia ��� Similar to those of E. macleani in most details except saccular extensions thinner than ampulla of clasper (harpe) (stouter in E. macleani); subbasal diverticulum in vesica shorter, 2.0 �� as wide as aedeagus (2.5 �� as wide in E. macleani). Female genitalia ��� Similar to those of E. macleani but appendix bursae smaller, 0.5 �� as long as corpus bursae (0.7 �� as long in E. macleani). Distribution and biology. Euxoa apopsis is known only from high elevations in the mountains of southwestern British Columbia. Adults may be partially diurnal, which may explain why only two specimens were collected at the type locality in spite of many nights of collecting over a period of six years. Figures 24���28. Euxoa female genitalia. 24 E. muldersi 25 E. churchillensis 26 E. apopsis 27 E. macleani 28 E. chimoensis., Published as part of Lafontaine, Donald & Troubridge, James, 2010, Two new species of the Euxoa westermanni species-group from Canada (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae), pp. 255-262 in ZooKeys 39 (39) on pages 259-261, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.39.436, http://zenodo.org/record/576644, {"references":["Lafontaine JD (1987) Noctuoidea Noctuidae (part) Noctuinae (part - Euxoa). In: Dominick RB et al. (Eds) Th e Moths of America north of Mexico, fasc. 27.2. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC, 237 pp."]}

Euxoa chimoensis Hardwick, stat. rev. Figs 13���18, 23, 28 Diagnosis. This species was treated as a subspecies of Euxoa macleani in Lafontaine (1987). Unlike Euxoa macleani, which occurs only as a single form (Figs 10���12) with a dark brownish-gray forewing with most maculation obscure except for black transverse lines and medial line, E. chimoensis occurs in three color forms with two pattern forms. The forewing may be reddish brown, blackish brown or gray. For each of these color forms the forewing occurs in two pattern forms; in one form (Figs 13, 14) the transverse lines are prominent and the reniform and orbicular spots are similar to the ground color or darker; in the second form (Figs 15���18) the transverse lines and or- bicular and reniform spots appear mainly paler than the ground color; both of these forms seem to be equally common in Quebec and Labrador, but only the form with pale markings is known from the west coast of Hudson Bay. Forewing length varies from 13 to 17 mm. The male and female genitalia (Figs 23, 28) are similar to those of E. macleani (Figs 22, 27), but the appendix bursae in E. chimoensis projects mainly to the left, whereas in that of E. macleani has a lobe of the appendix bursae that projects posteriorly giving the appendix a longitudinal orientation. Distribution and biology. Euxoa chimoensis is known only from two localities in Labrador, three in Quebec, and one in Manitoba, but these are widely scattered and indicate that the species is widely distributed in Labrador and northern Quebec and along the west coast of Hudson Bay. Adults have been collected throughout July. Acknowledgments We thank Jocelyn Gill (CNC, Ottawa) for assistance with the preparation of the genitalia and photographs. Paul Hebert and the staff at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada, provided data and information from the Barcode of Life Data (BOLD) system. Gary Anweiler and Chris Schmidt reviewed the manuscript and provided many helpful suggestions., Published as part of Lafontaine, Donald & Troubridge, James, 2010, Two new species of the Euxoa westermanni species-group from Canada (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae), pp. 255-262 in ZooKeys 39 (39) on pages 261-262, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.39.436, http://zenodo.org/record/576644, {"references":["Lafontaine JD (1987) Noctuoidea Noctuidae (part) Noctuinae (part - Euxoa). In: Dominick RB et al. (Eds) Th e Moths of America north of Mexico, fasc. 27.2. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC, 237 pp."]}

Euxoa muldersi Lafontaine & Hensel, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 13A91C23-B4CC-426C-B961-9E0066029FD8 Figs 1���4, 19, 24 Type material. Holotype ���: Canada, Nunavut: Austin Island, Maguse Point, 29 km N of Arviat, 12 July 1996, H. Hensel & R. Mulders [CNC]. Paratypes 38���, 13♀: same locality as for holotype; 26 July 1992, R. Mulders; 12, 16 July 1996, H. Hensel & R. Mulders; 18 July 1996, H. Hensel; 7, 8 July 1998, H. Hensel; 17 July 2000, H. Hensel; vicinity of Arviat, 11, 12 July 1998, H. Hensel; 18���27 July 2000, H. Hensel; 16���22 July 2002, H. Hensel. BMNH, CNC, HHC, JTTC, USNM, and personal collection Hartmut Rietz, Hamburg, Germany. Other material examined. Canada. Canada, Northwest Territories, Ford Lake, 63��11'N 107��19 W, 25 June 1966, G. E. Shewell (2���). Etymology. The species is named for Robert Mulders, a biologist at Arviat who collected the first specimen and brought it to the attention of Henry Hensel. Diagnosis. In the key to species of the Euxoa westermanni species-group in Lafontaine (1987) E. muldersi keys out to Euxoa churchillensis McDunnough. It differs from E. churchillensis (Figs 5���7, 20, 25) in larger size (forewing length 13���15 mm versus 10���13 mm in E. churchillensis), more blurry forewing pattern usually with brown shading, basally paler more mottled hindwing, reduced, vestigial frontal tubercle, shorter, stouter saccular extension and straight sub-basal diverticulum (curved in E. churchillensis) in the male genitalia (compare Figs 19 and 20). In females, the anal papillae are broad and more rounded compared to bullet-shaped in E. churchillensis. Description. Adult: Head ��� Frontal tubercle vertically elongated but small, low, only slightly raised from frons; male antenna slightly biserrate, about 1.3 �� as wide as shaft; eye reduced, ellipsoid, with sparse surface hair; vestiture of head and thorax a highly variable mixture of buff, brown, and black hair-like and strap-like scales, usually covering frontal tubercle. Thorax ��� Legs : tibia with spiniform setae typical for Euxoa. Wings (both sexes); most common form (Fig. 1 [80% of specimens]) ground color a variable mixture of pale-gray, brown, and black scales, usually with darker colors predominating in medial area; basal dash and antemedial and postmedial lines black but diffuse and appearing blurry; terminal area dark gray to black with diffused streaks extending into subterminal area; reniform and orbicular pale gray, sometimes with Figures �������8. Euxoa adults. �����4 E. muldersi, �� ��� holotype 2 ��� paratype, Maguse Point, Austin Island, 29 km N of Arviat, Nunavut, Canada 3 ♀ 4 ♀ paratypes, Maguse Point, Austin Island, 29 km N of Arviat, Nunavut, Canada; 5���7 E. churchillensis, 5 ��� 6 ♀ 7 ♀, Arviat, Nunavut, Canada; 8,��� E. apopsis, 8 ♀ paratype, Mt. McLean, British Columbia, Canada 9 ��� holotype, Gott Peak, 7100���, British Columbia, Canada; ��0�����2 ��� E. macleani, Gott Peak, 7100���, British Columbia, Canada; ��3�����8 E. chimoensis, �� 3 ♀, Schefferville, Labrador, Canada �� 4 ♀, Post-de-la-Baleine, Quebec, Canada ��5 ���, L���Anse au Loup, Labrador, Canada ��6 ��� �� 7 ♀ ��8 ���, Northern Study Centre, 24 km E Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. darker outline and darker central spot; paler form (Fig. 2 [10% of specimens]) with less brown shading and less mottling of ground color; dark shading in reniform spot filling most of spot; pale form (Figs 3, 4 [10% of specimens]) mainly pale gray with blurry dark-gray transverse lines and reniform spot. Hindwing dirty white mottled with fuscous shading, especially on outer half of wing, postmedial line, and discal spot; fringe white. Male genitalia ��� Similar to those of E. churchillensis in most details except saccular extension shorter and slightly stouter (0.54���0.58 �� as long as ampulla of clasper (harpe) versus 0.60���0.68 �� as long in E. churchillensis); subbasal diverticulum in vesica straight (curved in E. churchillensis). Female genitalia ��� Similar to those of E. churchillensis but anal papillae broad and more rounded in lateral view (bullet shaped in E. churchillensis). Distribution and biology. Euxoa muldersi is known only from north central Canada with all specimens except two from the vicinity of Arviat, Nunavut. The species must use a similar pheromone to E. churchillensis because H. Hensel observed males of E. churchillensis being attracted to calling E. muldersi females, although no attempts at mating were observed. It is restricted to open dunes where it flies close to the sand. The reduced frontal tubercle is typical of Euxoa species that inhabit dunes., Published as part of Lafontaine, Donald & Troubridge, James, 2010, Two new species of the Euxoa westermanni species-group from Canada (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae), pp. 255-262 in ZooKeys 39 (39) on pages 257-259, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.39.436, http://zenodo.org/record/576644, {"references":["Lafontaine JD (1987) Noctuoidea Noctuidae (part) Noctuinae (part - Euxoa). In: Dominick RB et al. (Eds) Th e Moths of America north of Mexico, fasc. 27.2. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC, 237 pp."]}

Euxoa westermanni species-group The Euxoa westermanni species-group is included in the subgenus Pleonectopoda Grote, one of seven subgenera of Euxoa (Lafontaine 1987). The E. westermanni species-group is the largest of the six species-groups in the subgenus, and includes 20 of the 27 species in the subgenus. It is the only species-group in the subgenus Pleonectopoda Grote that occurs in the Palearctic. Species in the E. westermanni species-group are best characterized by the male genitalia: the vesica has a subbasal coil (like other species in subgenus Pleonectopoda), the medial diverticulum is closer to the subbasal coil of the vesica than the apex, the subbasal diverticulum is bilobed, and the saccular extensions are short, shorter than the clasper and about ⅓ �� as long as the valve. Most species of the E. westermanni species-group occur in subarctic, alpine, and subalpine habitats and they dominate the Euxoa fauna in these areas. Six species are associated with dunes and open sandy habitats, three in the subarctic (E. hyperborea Lafontaine, 1987, E. churchillensis (McDunnough, 1932), and E. muldersi Lafontaine & Hensel, sp. n.) and three farther south in Canada and northern United States (E. scandens (Riley, 1869), E. quebecensis (Smith, 1900), and E. aurulenta (Smith, 1890)). One of the species described below is associated with open dunes in northern Canada; the other occurs in alpine areas in western British Columbia. Descriptions, Published as part of Lafontaine, Donald & Troubridge, James, 2010, Two new species of the Euxoa westermanni species-group from Canada (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae), pp. 255-262 in ZooKeys 39 (39) on pages 256-257, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.39.436, http://zenodo.org/record/576644, {"references":["Lafontaine JD (1987) Noctuoidea Noctuidae (part) Noctuinae (part - Euxoa). In: Dominick RB et al. (Eds) Th e Moths of America north of Mexico, fasc. 27.2. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC, 237 pp."]}

Weight gain during the penultimate and ultimate stadia of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr., comprises about 37% and 39%, respectively, of the maximum larval weight. For the army cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris (Grt.), the corresponding values are 20% and 69%. The proportion of final larval weight that is gained by the ultimate-instar larva of the army cutworm is similar to that reported for other noctuids, whereas the proportion gained by the ultimate-instar larva of the pale western cutworm is much lower and is likely related to the prepupal aestivation that occurs in this species. Because of the growth pattern of pale western cutworm, a substantial proportion of total food consumption, and consequently, crop damage, occurs during the penultimate stadium of this species.

Euxoa lafontainei Metzler & Forbes, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 75E35369-23BC-4F23-AA1D-F44278BA8E4A Figs. 1, 2, 7, 10, 19, 20 Type Material. Holotype: Male: USA: NM: Otero Co. White Sands Nat [ional] Mon [ument] interdunal/edge of dunes veg[etation] 106 o 11.32' W 32 o 45.72' W 4,000' 3 Jun 2008. WSNM9 Eric H. Metzler uv tr[a]p Accession #: WHSA ��� 00131. (USNM) Paratypes: 128 males and 46 females: USA, New Mexico: Otero County, White Sands National Monument (hereafter WSNM), 4004', 32 o 45'36.47" N 106 o 11'28.22" W, 11 Jun 2008, G. Forbes, interdune area with cottonwoods 2.3 mi SW Admin. Bldg., 15 w blacklight, Accession # WHSA ��� 00131. WSNM, Admin. Bldg., 4 Jun 2008, G. Forbes, Accession # WHSA ��� 00131. WSNM, 4006', storage area W of Big Pedestal Rd., 32 o 46'43.12" N 106 o 10'48.88" W, 26 Jun 2008, G. Forbes, 15w blacklight interdune area, Accession # WHSA ��� 00131. WSNM, 4006', storage area W of Big Pedestal Rd., 32 o 46'43.12" N 106 o 10'48.88" W, 30 May 2008, G. Forbes, 15w blacklight interdune area, Accession # WHSA ��� 00131. WSNM, 4002', ca 100 yards NE of end of Big Pedestal Rd., 32 o 45'43.62" N 106 o 11'18.73" W, 30 May 2008, G. Forbes, Baccharis grassland W side of rd., Accession # WHSA ��� 00131. WSNM, 3999', 32 o 46' 46.60" N 106 o 10' 26.70" W, 11 Jun 2007, G. Forbes, UV/MV lights Admin Bldg gypsum soil Atriplex scrub. Accession # WHSA ��� 00131. NM: Otero Co. WSNM 3999' 32 deg 46' 46.60" N. 106 deg 10' 26.70" W 18 May 2007 G.S. Forbes. admin. bldg. gypsum soil Atriplex scrub. Accession # WHSA 00131. WSNM, 4000' 32 o 45' 44.33" N 106 o 11' 19.51" W 22 Jun 2007 G. Forbes. Gypsum grassland at end Big Pedestal Road. Accession # WHSA 00131. NM: Otero Co. WSNM interdunal vegetation 106 o 11.49' W 32 o 45.60' N 4,000' 3 Jun 2008. WSNM8 Eric H. Metzler uv trp Accession # WHSA 00131. NM: Otero Co. WSNM edge of dunes/basin 106 o 11.24' W 32 o 45.70' N 4,001' 11 Jun 2007 WSNM3 Eric H. Metzler Accession # WHSA 00131. USA: NM: Otero Co. WSNM interdunal vegetation 32 o 45.57' N 4,006' 106 o 11.59' W 11 Jun 2007 WHSA2 Eric H. Metzler Accession # WHSA 00131. USA: NM: Otero Co. WSNM Edge of dunes veg. 106 o 11.32' W 32 o 45.72' N 4,000' 3 Jun 2008 WSNM9 Eric H. Metzler uv trp Accession # WHSA 00131. NM: Otero Co. WSNM dunes no vegetation 32 o 45.78' N 4,014' 106 o 11.49' W gypsum 13 May 2007 Eric H. Metzler WSNM1 Accession # WHSA 00131. NM: Otero Co. WSNM edge of dunes veg 106 o 11.32' W 32 o 45.72' N 4,000' 3 Jun 2008 WSNM8 Eric H. Metzler uv trp Accession # WHSA 00131. NM: Otero Co. WSNM edge of dunes veg 106 o 11.32' W 32 o 45.72' N 4,000' 22 Jul 2008 WSNM8 Eric H. Metzler uv trp Accession # WHSA 00131. USA: NM: Otero Co. WSNM interdunal vegetation 32 o 45.57' N 4,006' 106 o 11.59' W 13 May 2007 WHSA2 Eric H. Metzler Accession # WHSA 00131. USA: NM: Otero Co. WSNM interdunal vegetation 106 o 11.49' W 32 o 45.60' N 4,000' 3 Jun 2008 WSNMB Eric H. Metzler uv trp Accession # WHSA 00131. USA: NM: Otero Co. WSNM dunes crest vegetation 106 o 11.42' W 32 o 45.67' N 4,014' 3 Jun 2008 WSNMC Eric H. Metzler uv trp Accession # WHSA 00131. USA: NM: Otero Co. WSNM edge of dunes/basin 32 o 45.70' N 4,001' 106 o 11.24' W 13 May 2007 WHSA3 Eric H. Metzler Accession # WHSA 00131. USA: NM: Otero Co. WSNM 106 o 11.39' W 32 o 45.78' N 4014' 13 May 2007 Eric H. Metzler Accession # WHSA 00131. USA: NM: Otero Co. WSNM 106 o 11.59' W 32 o 45.57' N 4006' 11 Jun 2007 Eric H. Metzler Accession # WHSA 00131. Paratypes are deposited with NMSU, MSWB, MSU, EHM, UFL, CNC, BMNH, USNM, and WHSA. Etymology. The specific epithet of this species, lafontainei, recognizes J. Donald Lafontaine���s contributions to the study of Euxoa. Don Lafontaine and Eric Metzler share a personal friendship going back to the late 1960s. We are pleased to name this species for Don Lafontaine. Diagnosis. Euxoa lafontainei is a silky white moth. Some specimens are pure white whereas others show faint pale-gray traces of normal transverse noctuid markings. A few specimens have pale gray normal markings on a white ground color. A combination of four characteristics quickly distinguish Euxoa lafontainei from other species of Euxoa: 1) both sexes with reflective white forewings; 30 % of males (n =104) and 42 % of females (n = 26) have traces of faint pale gray normal transverse noctuid markings; 2) pure white hind wings; 3) adults fly in May, June, and July in the gypsum dune field in the Tularosa Basin of south central New Mexico; 4) the characters of the male genitalia place E. lafontainei in the subgenus Euxoa. Other species of Euxoa that fly in the dunes, E. misturata (Smith, 1890) and E. tronellus (Smith, 1903), are both pale colored moths; E. misturata (Fig. 3) has pale gray markings, and E. tronellus (Fig. 4) is pale tan. Euxoa misturata and E. tronellus have more or less obvious reniform spots and dark gray in the subterminal area. Male genitalia are most like those of E. simulata McDunnough, 1946 (Figs. 5, 8, 11), and female genitalia are most like E. medialis (Smith, [1888]) (Figs. 6, 9, 12). The adults of E. simulata and E. medialis are dark in color. In the Euxoa species key of Lafontaine (1987), E. lafontainei males key out to couplet 31, which gives a choice of right saccular extension 1.25 �� longer than left one, versus right saccular extension less than 1.25 �� as long as left one. In E. lafontainei the right saccular extension is 1.25 �� the length of the left one, so both couplets 32 and 34 must be followed. Couplet 32 gives two options, neither of which could apply to the new species, so following couplet 34 is evident. Euxoa lafontainei then keys out to the Euxoa simulata group in couplet 46 and the group only includes Euxoa simulata. Euxoa lafontainei differs from E. simulata in the color of the adults. Females of E. lafontainei key out to the E. bostoniensis (Grote, 1874) group and not the E. simulata group because of the fine-tipped setae on the anal papillae. Within the E. bostoniensis group E. lafontainei keys out to E. medialis, but differs from E. medialis in the color of the adults. Description. Adult male (Fig. 1, 2): Head ��� frons rough, front closely scaled, white; vertex scales narrow strap-like, white, erect; labial palpus white; basal and medial segments with erect hair-like and strap-like scales, closely scaled laterally and mesally, longer scales form longer ragged fringe ventrally and shorter ragged fringe dorsally; apical segment angled anteriorly, closely scaled; haustellum coiled between labial palpi with more than four complete loops; antenna biserrate, dorsally white, closely scaled, 7a 8a 9a 7b 8b 9b 1 mm ventrally naked, brown. Thorax ��� dorsum white, scales long white (rarely tipped with gray) hair-like or deeply forked apically, underside white, scales erect long white hairlike. Legs: coxa and femur white, closely scaled with long hair-like scales on ventral surface forming a shaggy fringe; fore tibia white, closely scaled, with stout setae on lateral margins; mid ��� and hind tibia white, closely scaled, shaggy long hair-like scales basally, tibial spurs white; tarsomeres dirty white. Fore wing: length 13-15 mm, mean 14 mm, n = 8. ground color white, reflective, normal noctuid transverse lines and spots usually absent; some specimens with scattered gray scales (Fig. 2), rarely the gray scaling complete enough to form normal noctuid transverse lines, spots, and fringe; subterminal and terminal areas dirty white; fringe shining white, occasionally with gray and dirty white scales; underside white with dirty white costa; fringe shining white. Hind wing: white, reflective, terminal area dirty white, veins lined with dirty white scales; fringe white; underside white, terminal area dirty white, veins lined with dirty white scales; fringe white. Abdomen ��� dorsum closely scaled, white, overlaid with long shaggy hairlike scales, white to dirty white; underside closely scaled, white. Genitalia (Fig. 7) ��� tegumen not expanded laterally, lateral lobes at junctures with valvae, narrowed at dorsum; uncus cylindrical, narrowed at base, slightly wider from 1/5 length to 3/4 length, setae on dorsum at widest part, long and dense; preapical setae on ventral surface short, stout, cylindrical; saccus V shaped, slightly longer than wide; juxta oval, narrowly cleft from posterior margin; valve strap-like, costal margin slightly longer that ventral margin; saccular extension on right side 1.25 �� length of saccular extension on left side; saccular extensions directed down and away from cucullus; clasper (harpe) slightly flattened distally, lightly setose, C shaped; corona well differentiated, 16-19 stout setae in a single row, directed basad. Aedeagus slightly bent at mid-point, 4-5 �� as long as wide; vesica lightly sclerotized, at 1/3 length from aedeagus curved right 90 o, subbasal and medial diverticula present. Adult female ��� similar to male; fore wing: length 13-17 mm, mean 15 mm, n = 24. Antenna filiform. Genitalia (Fig. 10) ��� papilla analis sclerotized, cylindrical, conical, setae on distal 1/3 progressively shorter apically, apex bluntly rounded, not fused; posterior apophysis extending anteriorly to anterior margin of 8 th abdominal segment; anterior apophysis shorter, extending to anterior margin of 8 th abdominal segment, slightly bent, apically flattened; ostium bursae lightly sclerotized; plates in dorsal and ventral walls of ductus bursa sclerotized, extending from ostium bursae anteriorly to 2/3 length, straight; bursa copulatrix bisaccate, membranous; corpus bursa extended to right, 2 �� as long as maximum width, signa absent; appendix bursae extended ventrolaterally to left, size and shape similar to corpus bursa; ductus seminalis attached near ventral posterior end. Remarks. This new species is placed in the genus Euxoa based on the structure of the male and female genitalia. The characters of the male genitalia place E. lafontainei in the subgenus Euxoa and in the E. simulata species-group. Distribution and Biology. Euxoa lafontainei occurs in White Sands National Monument, Otero County, New Mexico (Figs. 19, 20). Adults were collected in black light traps and at a sheet with a black light and/or mercury vapor light placed in the white gypsum dunes, interdunal areas, and at the Administration Building. The immature stages are unknown., Published as part of Metzler, Eric, Bustos, David & Forbes, Gregory, 2009, The Lepidoptera of White Sands National Monument, Otero County, New Mexico, USA 1. Two new species of Noctuidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuinae, Agrotini), pp. 47-62 in ZooKeys 9 (9) on pages 49-54, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.9.182, http://zenodo.org/record/576451, {"references":["Lafontaine JD (1987) The Moths of America North of Mexico including Greenland. Fascicle 27.2 Noctuoidea Noctuidae (part) Noctuinae (part - Euxoa). The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC. 237 pp."]}

Bears (Ursidae) were observed from fixed-wing aircraft on or near alpine talus in the Shoshone National Forest between 15 June and 15 September in 1981–1989. Bears fed on insect aggregations at 6 known and 12 suspected alpine talus sites, disproportionately more at elevations > 3350 m, on slopes > 30°, and on south- and west-facing aspects. While at these sites, bears almost exclusively ate invertebrates, typically army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris). Subadult grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) appeared to be underrepresented at the sites, and proportionate representation of adult females with young appeared to decrease between 15 June and 15 September. Overall, observations of bears at these sites increased between 1981 and 1989. We suggest that alpine insect aggregations are an important food source for bears in the Shoshone National Forest, especially in the absence of high-quality foraging alternatives in July and August of most years.

The genus Metecia Snellen (Noctuidae. Noctuinae) from Southern Argentina and Chile is redescribed and three species are recognized: M. cornifrons Snellen, M. lacustris (Kohler) n. comb., and M. hypothetica (Kohler) n. comb. In addition, Euxoa pampeana Kohler is synonymized with Metecia cornifrons. Adults and male and female genitalia are described and illustrated for the first time, and a key to the species is provided.

16. Euxoa scholastica McDunnough (Fig. 19, Map 12) Identification: Forewing length 15.0–18.0 mm. Forewing ground color is brown with a dark brown pattern. Orbicular and reniform spots are light brown outlined with black. Hindwing is dark brown. This species is easily confused with E. messoria, but can be distinguished by the small round orbicular spot versus the large oval orbicular spot in E. messoria. The overall appearance of the forewing in E. scholastica is more heavily marked with more lines and spots; and the hindwing is dark in E. scholastica and pale gray to white with a distinct marginal band in E. messoria. Flight period: Collected from mid­July to August. Collected Localities: North Carolina: Haywood Co., Purchase Knob. Tennessee: Cocke Co., Foothills Parkway East. (2 specimens) Elevation range: 2400 and 4924 ft. (732 and 1501 m) General distribution: Another wide ranging species from Newfoundland west to Yukon and south to GSMNP and west to Missouri in the East and southern New Mexico, Arizona, and California in the West. Larval hosts: Unknown (Lafontaine 1987). MAP 12. Collecting localities of Euxoa scholastica., Published as part of Pogue, Michael G., 2006, The Noctuinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U. S. A., pp. 1-95 in Zootaxa 1215 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1215.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5064764, {"references":["Lafontaine, J. D. (1987) Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Noctuinae, Euxoa. In: Hodges, R. W., Davis, D. R., Dominick, T., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Munroe, E. G., & Powell, J. A. (Eds.) The Moths of America North of Mexico, fasc. 25.2, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 237 pp."]}

12. Euxoa bostoniensis (Grote) (Figs. 14–15, Map 8) Identification: Forewing length 15.0–17.0 mm. All the species of Euxoa treated here have a round unscaled frontal tubercle on the frons and biserrate male antennae. Forewing ground color is gray. The forewing lines, antemedial, median, postmedial, and subterminal are faint, slightly darker than the ground color, and extend from costa to posterior margin. Reniform spot is represented by a faint, small round dot at end of discal cell. Hindwing is white in the male and dark gray in the female. Flight period: Collected in mid­October. MAP 8. Collecting localities of Euxoa bostoniensis. Collected localities: Tennessee: Cocke Co., Foothills Parkway N, 4.5 mi from Hwy. 321. (2 specimens) Elevation range: 1680 ft. (512 m) General distribution: In North America from southern Ontario, Canada and Massachusetts south to Virginia, Tennessee, and southern Missouri (Lafontaine 1987). There are two old specimens in the USNM, one from Florida and the other from South Dakota with no specific locality. These may or may not be accurate localities. Larval hosts: Larvae reared on tobacco (Nicotania sp., Solanaceae) (Lafontaine 1987)., Published as part of Pogue, Michael G., 2006, The Noctuinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U. S. A., pp. 1-95 in Zootaxa 1215 (1) on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1215.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5064764, {"references":["Lafontaine, J. D. (1987) Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Noctuinae, Euxoa. In: Hodges, R. W., Davis, D. R., Dominick, T., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Munroe, E. G., & Powell, J. A. (Eds.) The Moths of America North of Mexico, fasc. 25.2, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 237 pp."]}

17. Euxoa tessellata (Harris) Tessellate Dart (adult), Striped Cutworm (larva) (Fig. 20) Identification: Forewing length 13.0–18.0 mm. Forewing ground color is dark brown with a faint pattern. Orbicular and reniform spots are lighter than ground color and at least partially outlined with black. A small triangular black patch is proximal to the orbicular spot and a larger trapezoidal black patch lies between orbicular and reniform spots. Claviform spot is absent. Hindwing color is dirty white to light brown; costa, outer margin, and veins are dark. There are several forms of this species in eastern North America. The most common forms have reddish brown or gray forewings. A less common form lacks the black shading near the orbicular spot which could be confused with E. messoria and E. pleuritica. This form of E. tessallata has faint or indistinct forewing markings as compared with the more heavily marked forewings of E. messoria and E. pleuritica. Flight period: Early June to late September, with most records from late June to early August (Lafontaine 1987). Collected Localities: This species is not recorded from the Park, but it is likely to occur there. General distribution: This is the most widespread species of Euxoa, occurring across North America from Newfoundland west to Alaska and south to North Carolina, Kansas, central New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California (Lafontaine 1987). Larval hosts: This is a climbing cutworm, and larvae are a pest on tobacco (Nicotania sp., Solanaceae), garden crops, and woody shrubs including cherry (Prunus avium (L.) L., Rosaceae), apple (Malus sp., Rosaceae), and pear (Pyrus sp., Rosaceae) (Lafontaine 1987)., Published as part of Pogue, Michael G., 2006, The Noctuinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U. S. A., pp. 1-95 in Zootaxa 1215 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1215.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5064764, {"references":["Lafontaine, J. D. (1987) Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Noctuinae, Euxoa. In: Hodges, R. W., Davis, D. R., Dominick, T., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Munroe, E. G., & Powell, J. A. (Eds.) The Moths of America North of Mexico, fasc. 25.2, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 237 pp."]}

During summer, a grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) (USA) can excavate and consume millions of army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) (ACMs) that aggregate in high elevation talus. Grizzly bears in the GYE were listed as threatened by the US Fish and Wildlife Service in 1975 and were proposed for delisting in 2005. However, questions remain about key bear foods. For example, ACMs are agricultural pests and concern exists about whether they contain pesticides that could be toxic to bears. Consequently, we investigated whether ACMs contain and transport pesticides to bear foraging sites and, if so, whether these levels could be toxic to bears. In 1999 we collected and analyzed ACMs from six bear foraging sites. ACMs were screened for 32 pesticides with gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC–ECD). Because gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) can be more sensitive than GC–ECD for certain pesticides, we revisited one site in 2001 and analyzed these ACMs with GC–MS/MS. ACMs contained trace or undetectable levels of pesticides in 1999 and 2001, respectively. Based on chemical levels in ACMs and numbers of ACMs a bear can consume, we calculated the potential of chemicals to reach physiological toxicity. These calculations indicate bears do not consume physiologically toxic levels of pesticides and allay concerns they are at risk from pesticides transported by ACMs. If chemical control of ACMs changes in the future, screening new ACM samples taken from bear foraging sites may be warranted. � 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Avocados {Persea americana Miller) (Lau raceae) evolved in the eastern and central high lands of Mexico, Guatemala, and the Pacific Coast of Central America (Knight 2002). Humans moved avocados into northern South America by 4000 BC where plants became naturalized (Knight 2002). In 2007, 4 of the top 10 producing nations were located in the native and natural ized range of avocados, with countries ranked as follows: Mexico (1), Colombia (6), Peru (8), and Guatemala (10) (FAOSTAT 2009). California, the fourth largest producer of avocados in the world (FAOSTAT 2009), with a 2007-2008 season crop worth $327 million (US) (CAC 2008), is experienc ing increasing imports of fresh avocado fruit from areas where this plant is native. The estimated amount of fruit entering California from Mexico in 2008-2009 was 36.3 million kilograms (Morse et al. 2009). Co-evolved herbivores of avocados are poorly documented. Three avocado foliage-feeding pests in California, Tetraleurodes perseae Nakahara (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker, and Abbatiello (Acari: Tetrany chidae), and Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), were new to science at the time of discovery in the U.S.A. (Hoddle 2004). Morse et al. (2009) recorded 8 species of armored scales on imported avocado fruit entering Califor nia from Mexico of which 3 were new species. Glo bally, 99 species of Lepidoptera from 20 families have a documented association with avocados (HOSTS 2009). The pest status and invasion po tential of Lepidoptera in areas where avocados are native are not well understood. To better un derstand Lepidoptera associated with avocado, we undertook fruit survey work in Guatemala and results are presented here. Fruit collection and rearing studies were con ducted in Guatemala from 1 Nov 2006 to 1 Apr 2007 {n = 23 sites), 13 Nov to 21 Dec 2007 {n = 3 sites), 13 Mar to 1 May 2008 {n = 1 site), and 14 Nov 2008 to 14 Jan 2009 {n = 5 sites). Small im mature Hass fruit (5-25 mm in length, = 1,078), and large mature Hass and non-Hass fruit (s>100 mm in length, = 7,742) were harvested over these 4 different survey periods. Small fruit were held either individually in ventilated plastic vials or commingled and held in ventilated plastic cups labeled by collection site and date. All large fruit were held by collection site and date in collaps ible, ventilated insect rearing cages (BugDorm 2120, 60 cm 60 cm 60 cm, Mega View Science Education Services, Taiwan). All rearing studies was conducted in laboratories at 17-22?C and 41 75% RH under natural daylight of ?12:12 (L:D). As larvae emerged from fruit to pupate they were collected and held individually in labeled venti lated plastic vials until emergence of adult moths. Selected examples of adult moths were killed by freezing, and then pin-mounted with wings spread. Pupal cases were kept and pinned with the adult moth which emerged from it. A total of 1,098 specimens representing 10 moth species from 4 families were reared from harvested avocado fruit in Guatemala. Two tortri cid species, Argyrotaenia urbana (Busck) {n = 2) and Polyortha n. sp. {n = 1), were reared from small immature avocados and grown to maturity on unopened avocado flower clusters after small fruit desiccated. The numbers of each of these 2 species reared from small fruit was underesti mated due to larval mortality resulting from fruit desiccation. From large fruit, 8 different moth species were reared: Amorbia santamar?a Phil lips and Powell (Tortricidae) {n = 5), Cryptaspasma sp. nr. lugubris (Meyrick) (Tortri cidae) {n = 50), Euxoa sorella Schaus (Noctuidae) {n = 1), Histura perseavora Brown (Tortricidae) {n = 35), Holcocera piagatola Adamski (Co leophoridae) {n = 2), Micrathetis triplex Walker (Noctuidae) {n = 1), Netechma pyrrhodelta (Mey rick) (Tortricidae) {n = 1), and Stenoma catenifer Walsingham (Elachistidae) {n ? 1000 specimens). Stenoma catenifer, a well known avocado pest, accounted for 91% of collected material. Tortri cidae had the most representatives with 6 spe cies. At least 2 new moth species were discovered and described from this project, H. perseavora (Brown & Hoddle 2009) and H. piagatola (Adam ski & Hoddle 2009), with possibly a third unde scribed species, Polyortha n. sp. being found also. Polyortha is a very poorly studied genus, and this rearing record from Guatemala is the first host plant data for this undescribed species. Argyro taenis urbana is known primarily from Mexico. This is the first record of this species from Guate mala, and the first host rearing record for this moth. Prior to this study, JS[. pyrrhodelta was known only from Costa Rica where it was reared

Achaemenothrombium dariusi Saboori, Wohltmann & Hakimitabar sp. nov. (Acari, Prostigmata: Trombidioidea) is described and illustrated from larvae ectoparasitic on Euxoa fallax (Eversmann) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Sirch and Cheshmeh Bondar, Kerman province, Iran. It is the third species of this genus, which is recorded only from Iran. The status of this small family is discussed and a key to species of Achaemenothrombium (larvae) is presented.

Regulation of the diel periodic biosynthesis and release of sex pheromones by females of Lepidoptera is critical for reproductive success. Although other mechanisms often function in conjunction with temporally distinct pheromone communication periods to effect reproductive isolation (Sanders, 1971; Kaae et al., 1973; Roelofs and Carde, 1974; Tamaki and Honma, 1976; Carde et al, 1977; Grant, 1977), some cases have been documented in which differences in periodicity function as the major factor in reproductive isolation. Among noctuid moths, the prime importance of temporal regulation for maintenance of species isolation is exemplified by three, interfertile, sibling species of the genus Euxoa. Females of these moths produce a pheromone which is equally attractive to males of all three species (Byers et al., 1981). However, all three species have discrete reproductive periods which are tightly regulated so as to afford species specific, distinct peaks of reproductive activity under various temperature regimes (Teal et al., 1978; Teal and Byers, 1980).

A mixture of Z -5-tetradecen-1-yl acetate and E -7-tetradecen-1-yl acetate in ratios of 1:99 to 11:89 were found through behavioral bioassays in the laboratory and field testing to be a specific attractant for the adult male army cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris (Grote). The optimum ratio of these chemicals was about 5:95 and the pure chemicals alone were nonattractive in the field. The greatest trap catches were to 1 mg of attractant on rubber band dispensers and the males were only attracted during their 2nd flight period of August to October. The attractant was more effective in attracting males than one unmated female per trap. It was strongly inhibited by low percentages of Z 7-14:Ac or Z 7-14:OH.

The species previously recognized asEuxoa ridingsiana(Grt.) is shown to be composed of a sympatric pair of sibling species,Euxoa ridingsiana(Grt.) andEuxoa maimes(Sm.), which in the laboratory will produce viable F1hybrids but no F2. Results of F1sib and backcrosses show that the F1males are fertile and the F1females are infertile. In mating-bias tests conducted in laboratory cages, 74% of matings were conspecific and 26% interspecific. Differences in the diel periodicities of mating, which are about 2 h out of phase, may account for the mating bias. The duration of development ofE. ridingsianain the laboratory and its seasonal flight period in the field are about 2 weeks in advance of that ofE. maimes. However, there is considerable overlap of the flight periods and, with the tendency of females of both species to mate several times, it is unlikely that the difference in seasonal emergence is enough to effect reproductive isolation. It is evident that, under natural conditions, reproductive isolation can be maintained entirely by species-specific sex pheromones. This mechanism of reproductive isolation is, however, apparently ineffective when moths are confined in cages in the laboratory.Biogeographic considerations suggest that the differences in life-cycle timing and mating periodicities might have been adaptations to adjust development and reproduction to prevailing ancestral environments. If the initial differentiation of the 2 species occurred in isolation and included at least an incipient shift in the pheromonal mate-recognition system, it is possible that upon reestablishment of contact between ancestral populations the differences in life-cycle timing and mating periodicities acting in concert could have effected substantial, albeit incomplete, reproductive isolation. Subsequent selection to reinforce assortative mating to preserve coadapted gene complexes could then have resulted in differentiation of discrete pheromonal systems and attainment of species status.

An examination of the female genitalia of forms belonging to the redimicula complex of the genus Euxoa disclosed that the group consists of four species, redimicula (Morrison), servita (Smith), auripennis new species, and arizonensis new species. Diagnostic characters of the species in the group are discussed. A discriminant analysis was successfully used on characters of the male genitalia to segregate the males. A key to females and males of the species and subspecies of the redimicula group is included.