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The subject matter of analysis in this paper is the cohesion policy in the discourse of the Law of the European Central Bank (ECB), which will be reviewed for the purpose of establishing changes in the values and principles of cohesion policy which significantly redefined the postulates of the contemporary EU monetary legislation in the circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. In that regard, the paper aims to analytically examine the characteristics and qualitative influence of the tendency to “humanize” the contemporary monetary legislation, as well as the sophisticated modus operandi of shaping the monetary authority by public law in the architecture of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). By applying the dogmatic, axiological, and comparative law method, the author identifies the greatest dilemmas encountered by the European legislator in the context of adjusting the ECB regulatory activity and its primary tasks to the principles of cohesion policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociology & Space / Sociologija i Prostor is the property of Institut za drustvena istrazivanja u Zagrebu (Institute for Social Research of Zagreb) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Proceedings of the Faculty of Economics & Business in Zagreb / Zbornik Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Zagrebu is the property of Ekonomski Fakultet u Zagrebu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of HUM: Journal of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Mostar is the property of University of Mostar, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lijecnicki Vjesnik is the property of Croatian Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mostariensia: Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities is the property of University of Mostar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Proceedings of the Faculty of Economics & Business in Zagreb / Zbornik Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Zagrebu is the property of Ekonomski Fakultet u Zagrebu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Croatian & Comparative Public Administration is the property of Institut za Javnu Upravu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nakon osnivanja Europske ekonomske zajednice prepreka slobodnu kretanju roba i usluga te poštena tržišnog natjecanja bila je nacionalno pravo intelektualnoga vlasništva, utemeljena na načelu teritorijalnosti. Kako bi se uklonili problemi postojanja istih ili sličnih žigova u državama članicama koji postoje neovisni jedan o drugome, kao i podjele unutarnjega tržišta, Europska komisija devedesetih godina 20. stoljeća donosi prijedloge usklađivanja prava žiga odnosno intelektualnoga vlasništva na razini Europske zajednice. Uspostavom jedinstvena unutarnjeg tržišta Ugovorom iz Maastrichta uspostavlja se žig Zajednice kao supranacionalno pravo Uredbom Vijeća (EZ) br. 40/94 od 20. prosinca 1993. godine o žigu Zajednice. Stupanjem na snagu Ugovora iz Lisabona 2009. godine, kojim se pojam Zajednica zamjenjuje riječju Unija i koji preimenovanoj Europskoj uniji daje punu pravnu osobnost, radi usklađivanja na unutarnjemu tržištu dolazi do nove reforme prava žiga EU-a. Nova reforma prava žiga EU-a završena je nakon donošenja niza direktiva i uredbi, stupanjem na snagu Uredbe (EU) 2017/1001 Europskoga parlamenta i Vijeća od 14. lipnja 2017. godine o žigu Europske unije, kao temeljnoga pravnog akta prava žiga EU-a.

Listovni razmjerni izborni sustav jedan je od najosporavanijih aspekata hrvatskoga političkog sustava nakon 2000. Međutim, kritičari rijetko nude sustavno komparativno uporište za svoje zamjerke. Ovaj članak popunjava tu prazninu te argumentira kako listovni razmjerni sustav u Hrvatskoj adekvatno funkcionira s obzirom na teorijske pretpostavke i u usporedbi s drugim listovnim razmjernim sustavima u Europskoj uniji. Na temelju komparativnih podataka o nerazmjernosti i efektivnom broju stranaka kao i analize efektivnog izbornog praga i efektivne veličine izbornog okruga, razmatraju se dva desetljeća uporabe ovoga izbornog sustava. Analiza pokazuje kako u bitnim karakteristikama učinci listovnoga razmjernog sustava ne odudaraju od teorijskih očekivanja i naspram drugih listovnih razmjernih sustava u Europskoj uniji. Također, pokazuje se kako varijacija u učincima listovnog razmjernog sustava u državama članicama Europske unije uvelike ovisi i o specifičnostima pojedine države, odnosno izbornoga sustava, a ne nekog od središnjih elemenata samog izbornog dizajna. Zaključno, može se tvrditi kako učinci listovnog razmjernog sustava u Hrvatskoj uvelike odgovaraju očekivanjima te stoga hrvatski slučaj možemo smatrati tipičnim, a ne izuzetnim.

Rad se bavi istraživanjem mirotvornih aspekata europske političke integracije i deficitima europskoga mirotvorstva, kao i pokušajima objašnjenja prirode europske političke integracije kakve pruža politička teorija. Rad se oslanja na istraživanja Johna McCormicka, Zakija Laïdija, Sabine Saurugger, Renauda Dehoussea, Hansa Vorländera, Gilberta Merlioa i drugih, a koja se bave teorijom europske integracije, mirotvornim aspektima europske integracije, prednostima i nedostacima političkog sustava Europske unije, te snagama i slabostima europske demokracije. Na temelju McCormickove analize pojedinačno se istražuju aspekti mirotvornoga kapaciteta djelovanja Europske unije, kojima se priključuje kritika specifične »normativne sile« Europske unije, kakvom je opisuje Laïdi. Rad zaključuje da u uvjetima globalnih kriza, naročito u oblicima ratnih sukoba, djelovanje Europske unije u području mirotvorstva pokazuje značajne manjkavosti, koje se temelje na unutarnjim predispozicijama ovoga specifičnog političkog sustava.

Pandemija COVID-19 započela je u Wuhanu, Kina, u prosincu 2019. godine, brzo se šireći izvan Kine. U ožujku 2020. godine Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (SZO) službeno je proglasila pandemiju. Pandemija je imala ozbiljne zdravstvene, socijalne i ekonomske posljedice, a zdravstveni sustav u Hrvatskoj, kao i u većini zemalja svijeta, suočavao se s brojnim izazovima i opterećenjima. Nedostatak bolničkih kreveta, posebno u jedinicama intenzivne medicine (JIM), te manjak medicinskog osoblja s kompetencijama potrebnim za skrb o najtežim bolesnicima predstavljali su ozbiljne izazove i stvarali značajne poteškoće u skrbi oboljelih od bolesti COVID-19. Europsko društvo za intenzivnu medicinu (engl. European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, ESICM) jedno je od prvih društava koje je naglasilo važnost dodatne edukacije liječnika i sestara/tehničara te organiziralo edukaciju za medicinsko osoblje kako bi im pružili osnovna znanja i vještine za rad s bolesnicima zaraženima bolešću COVID- 19. U razdoblju od 10. listopada 2020. do 9. svibnja 2021. provedena je izobrazba prvenstveno neintenzivnog medicinskog osoblja kako bi se povećao broj zdravstvenog osoblja koje bi se moglo rasporediti u vrijeme kada postoji potreba za brzim, privremenim i značajnim povećanjem kapaciteta u JIM-u te unaprijedila kvaliteta zbrinjavanja oboljelih od bolesti COVID-19.

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Promoting respect for human rights and providing humanitarian assistance exemplify one of the core shared values and objectives of the EU-UN agenda, deeply rooted in the premise that universal values of peace, equal rights, freedom, and human dignity may be effectively defended through efficient multilateralism only. The paper aims to offer a deep analysis of the legal framework underpinning the EU-UN partnership and to underscore the critical intersections of the EU and UN systems of addressing human rights protection and unimpeded access to humanitarian assistance. The research builds on Article 21 of the Treaty on European Union, which sets the basis for the EU´s action on the international scene in line with the principles of the Charter of the UN and international law, including the promotion of multilateral solutions to common issues in the area of human rights and humanitarian assistance. Particular emphasis is put on the EU priorities for the UN, adopted annually by the Council´s conclusions guiding the EU´s yearly work adapted to the UN´s agenda and global affairs. Alongside the examination of the current positive law and corresponding scholarly literature, the paper also provides insight into the best practices of the EU-UN natural partnership on the ground, such as the early recovery of war-affected communities in Ukraine through the UN Development Programme (UNDP). Thus, the paper combines doctrinal legal research with the socio-legal approach in outlining the specificities of the EU-UN multi-layered cooperation with respect to human rights protection and humanitarian assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 virus was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan (China), and as early as January 2020, the World Health Organization expressed its concern and shortly afterwards officially declared a pandemic globally. This pandemic has brought the world economy, way of life, culture and migration to a state we have never encountered before. All countries within the European Union have at one time greatly restricted or banned entry and exit from their borders. Population movements and migration, like the economy, are most affected by this pandemic. Before the pandemic, the countries of the European Union had cultivated freedom of movement within their member states, but they were suddenly forced to impose severe restrictions and controls on their borders that prevented daily migrations of the population. The measures adopted varied from country to country, depending on the assessment of experts within them and on the number of those infected and the current epidemiological situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text examines the possibilities of articulating the political resistance in Croatia, which the author calls the “anti-Brussels revolution”. The first part of the text clarifies the relationship between cultural and anti-bureaucratic revolution in the context of the relationship between political elites and the body politic. The second part presents and explains the use of the phrase anti-bureaucratic revolution in the analyses of Mirjana Kasapović, a political scientist, which provide historically instructive insights into the relationship between institutional and extra-institutional political activity necessary for the analysis of the emergence of the anti-Brussels revolution in Croatia. The third part of the text provides a brief presentation and typologization of six paradigmatic episodes related to protest, referendum and counter-referendum politics. These episodes can be subsumed under the conceptual field of revolution studies and represent a precursor to the anti-Brussels revolution as a political event in the realm of the sense of the possible. It is concluded that the anti-Brussels revolution is a form of emerging anti-bureaucratic revolution [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociology & Space / Sociologija i Prostor is the property of Institut za drustvena istrazivanja u Zagrebu (Institute for Social Research of Zagreb) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Collected Papers of Zagreb Law Faculty / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu is the property of Sveuciliste u Zagrebu, Pravni Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Economy & Market Communication Review / Casopis za Ekonomiju i Trzisne Komunikacije is the property of Pan-European University Apeiron and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pitanje sekularnosti u posljednjih je nekoliko desetljeća u fokusu teoretičara iz različitih znanstvenih područja. Iako se Europa dugo smatrala sekularnim i sekulariziranim prostorom, ovakve se tvrdnje sve češće propituju u svjetlu događaja koji nastoje (re)definirati javnu ulogu religije i njen utjecaj na društvo. Počevši od pokušaja da se definira pojam sekularnosti i konceptualizira njegovo značenje kroz pregled postojeće literature, ovaj rad tematizira sekularnost kako je definirana pravnim okvirom Europske unije i Republike Hrvatske. Istovremeno je u kratkim crtama naznačen društveni kontekst unutar kojega se pitanje sekularnosti propituje. Sekularnost je u ovom radu definirana u širem smislu kao ustavno-pravno načelo odvojenosti religijskih organizacija od države čime se jamči neutralnost javnih institucija u odnosu na (ne)religiozna uvjerenja i vjersku pripadnost svih građana. U užem smislu sekularnost se odnosi na, za neko društvo specifičan, ideološki legitimiziran odnos između religijske domene i drugih društvenih (sekularnih) domena, odnosno na »kulturu sekularnosti« koja artikulira hijerarhiju društvenih odnosa.

U radu se obrađuje problem korištenja genskih testova u svrhu osiguranja. Nakon uvodnog izlaganja u radu se prikazuju razni međunarodni i europski pravni izvori koji se odnose na zaštitu osobnih podataka općenito, pa tako i onih iz genskih testova. Potom se opisuju različita rješenja u poredbenom pravu glede korištenja podataka iz genskih testova u svrhu osiguranja. U jednima je naglašena apsolutna zabrana korištenja genskih testova u svrhu osiguranja (Francuska, Austrija, Portugal, Hrvatska), a u drugima liberalniji pristup pod određenim pretpostavkama dopušta njihovo korištenje (SAD, Velika Britanija, Njemačka). Zaključuje se kako se zaštitom osobnih podataka ne uklanja apsolutno mogućnost korištenja podataka iz genskih testova u svrhu osiguranja. Ujedno se nameće i potreba jedinstvenog pristupa u regulaciji navedenog pitanja u Europskoj uniji.

The paper presents an innovative economy - bioeconomy and explains the role of geography education in its development. The aim of the bioeconomy is to develop low-emission economies focused on developing the primary sector (agriculture, fishing, forestry), food security and sufficiency, encouraging the use of biomass in industry, protecting biodiversity and the environment (European Commission, 2012). The shift from the traditional linear model of economy to the bioeconomy entails a move away from fossil resources and toward bio-renewable resources as well as a transition from a linear to a circular economy. Alongside entrepreneurs, the government/policies, scientific institutions, and international cooperation, formal, non-formal and informal education of every stakeholder in this economic area plays a key role in the development of the bioeconomy. The primary goal of this paper is to emphasize the role of geography education in and for the development of circular economy (bioeconomy), which is an aim of the Republic of Croatia defined by Development Direction 3, "Green and Digital Transition" (National Development Strategy 2030, 2020.). The secondary objectives of this paper are to analyse general theoretical features of the bioeconomy as well as employment and turnover structure in the EU bioeconomy sectors, with a special emphasis on the situation in the Republic of Croatia. The results of the work show that the Croatian bioeconomy is only in the initial cycle of its development. The Geography curriculum for primary schools and grammar schools (2019) contains a significant number of educational outcomes that concern energy sources, climate and climate change, ecosystems, biodiversity and the development of smart cities. Adopting these outcomes may contribute to the acquisition of competencies necessary for the development of new approaches of more innovative economies. The research was conducted using quantitative and qualitative methods. The analysis of the curricular content, especially the elaborations of outcomes geared toward a further development of the bioeconomy, is the basis for shaping professional development training for geography teachers to enable a more innovative and efficient management of the learning and teaching of these contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Proceedings of the Faculty of Economics & Business in Zagreb / Zbornik Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Zagrebu is the property of Ekonomski Fakultet u Zagrebu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Proceedings of the Faculty of Economics & Business in Zagreb / Zbornik Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Zagrebu is the property of Ekonomski Fakultet u Zagrebu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Croatian & Comparative Public Administration is the property of Institut za Javnu Upravu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Razumijevanje rodoslovlja i društvene uvjetovanosti promjena obrazovnih sustava može se tražiti u antičkim izvorima: Sparti i Ateni. Interpretacijom su uspoređeni obrazovni sustavi antičkih polisa, a neka njihova obilježja su na razini jukstapozicije uspoređena s obrazovnim politikama Europske unije. Usporedbom je potvrđena hipoteza o postojanju zajedničkih prioritetnih odgojno-obrazovnih tema u društvima istog rodoslovlja na različitom stupnju povijesnog i tehnološkog razvoja. Stereotipna interpretacija vidi Spartu kao zajednicu hrabrih patriota vojnika u kojoj je obrazovanje bilo apsolutno politički institucionalizirano, dok se Atena percipira kao demokratska zajednica humanistički obrazovanih slobodnih građana bez izravne stroge političke kontrole obrazovanja. Na razini jukstapozicije, antički obrazovni sustavi uspoređeni su sa suvremenom europskom obrazovnom politikom s obzirom na: (1) svrhu obrazovanja; (2) dostupnost obrazovanja; (3) strukturiranost kurikuluma i vrijednosne pokazatelje; (4) prepoznavanje talenta i (5) praćenje kvalitete obrazovanja. U zaključku rada navode se ograničenja studije te se naglašava temeljna srodnost tema koje su se istakle analizom.

Terorizam predstavlja jednu od metoda za postizanje određenih političkih ciljeva pri čemu se isti ostvaruju na temelju nasilja, kriminalnih aktivnosti te ugrožavanja širih društvenih skupina. Posljednjih dvadesetak godina javni prijevoz je postao područje od posebnog interesa teroristima zbog toga što ga koriste milijuni ljudi svakodnevno, a teško je omogućiti visoki stupanj sigurnosti na svim dijelovima. Visok stupanj zaštite u javnom prijevozu je teško osigurati na svim dijelovima sustava, a da pri tome isti ostane korisnicima lako dostupan. Za razliku od zračnih luka gdje postoje kontrolne točke, na autobusnim i željezničkim stanicama ne postoje preduvjeti za uspostavu visokog stupnja sigurnosti. U svrhu ostvarivanja cilja rada, provedena je analiza dosad provedenih istraživanja koja su u fokusu imala terorističke napade te je provedeno primarno istraživanje. Bitno je raditi na implementaciji sigurnosnih mjera jer upravo one mogu otežati provedbu terorističkih aktivnosti, ali i povećati vjerojatnost da teroristi budu otkriveni i identificirani.

Autorice analiziraju pravni okvir za prekogranično poslovanje društava za osiguranje unutar EU-a s posebnim osvrtom na važeće pravno uređenje u Republici Hrvatskoj te obrađuju statističke podatke o poslovima osiguranja koje društva za osiguranje obavljaju na temelju prava slobode poslovnog nastana, odnosno slobode pružanja usluga osiguranja u Republici Hrvatskoj i iz Republike Hrvatske u drugim državama članicama EU-a. Time se nastoji prikazati stvaran učinak primjene propisa Europske unije o slobodi poslovnog nastana i slobodi pružanja usluga osiguranja na domaću industriju osiguranja te ukazati na izazove koji se takvom liberalizacijom u sektoru osiguranja postavljaju pred osiguratelje i druge pružatelje usluga osiguranja u Republici Hrvatskoj.

The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia expresses commitment to the concept of the welfare state and the principle of social justice as common values of European constitutionalism. The jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court affirms their binding nature and declares their belonging to the inviolable core of the Constitution, so-called constitutional identity. Therefore, departing from these fundamental and “eternal” values would mean to abandon the constitutional order altogether. In the context of enhanced European integration, due to the social deficit of the European Union, it is necessary to protect the social core of the Croatian Constitution. The insistence on the protection of the welfare state and social justice as components of the Croatian constitutional identity does not seek to undermine the European unity. Instead, it aims at creating a socially just united Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Croatian & Comparative Public Administration is the property of Institut za Javnu Upravu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Društvena Istraživanja is the property of Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The European Union macro-regional strategies represent a policy framework that aims to enable EU Member States and third countries sharing common interests to better coordinate their potentials in order to make the best possible use of available opportunities. This paper looks into the specificities of four EU macro-regional strategies covering 19 European Union Member States and nine non-EU countries. Given the challenging situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, it also considers the future perspectives of EU macro-regional strategies as well as their adaptability to new circumstances. More specifically, it focuses on intergovernmental initiatives and their implementation, underlying the importance of the application of the principle of subsidiarity. In addition, the aim of the paper is to provide a critical overview of the subject by highlighting two pivotal elements. First, it assesses whether the EU macro-regional strategies could be genuinely successful, given the fact that they do not have their separate allocation but use the existing funding instead. Second, it explores the ability of the EU macro-regional strategies to bridge wider EU-level policies on the one hand and local policies on the other. Finally, the idea of the paper is to offer an overview of the state of affairs when macro-regions are concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses certain legal dilemmas that arise in relation to the provision of cross-border insurance services on the European union single market, particularly in the context of the Croatian legal framework. The analysis covers several issues arising in relation to the practical application of the EU rules on freedom to provide insurance services as implemented in the Croatian national law by the Croatian Insurance Act. Special consideration is given to certain specific legal issues that appear in practice as dubious when it comes to insurance of certain types of risk with a cross-border element, The aim is to point at the challenges that the liberalisation of the insurance market places in front of the Croatian insurance industry, and to make certain recommendations that could be useful to the Croatian insurers and other insurance service providers when deciding on the possibility of carrying on crossborder insurance business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European Labour Law has laid down minimum safety and health requirements for the organisation of working time and rest period. Most of European labour provisions must transpose into national legislation. For the accurate transposition and application of such legislation, it is necessary to identify and understand relevant jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice of the EU. Working time and rest periods are autonomous concepts of European law and must therefore be applied equally and uniformly throughout the EU. The ECJ used a theological interpretation of these terms and gradually expanded their content. In addition, its jurisprudence provided clear criteria for distinguishing between working time and rest period. Finally, it must be noted that Croatian labour legislation and jurisprudence did not follow the development the EU concept of working time and rest period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 21st century the European Union is adapting to the politicization of its gas trade with the Russian Federation with a hybrid model: a mixture of different measures. In order to prevent, or at least to mitigate, Russian use of gas trade in a realistic power politics, the EU is responding with measures which are digressing from the economic perspective, especially free-market one, and getting closer to the political perspective. Non-market responses have become unavoidable primarily due to bringing the political element into a foreign trade relationship. Based on the analysis of the EU’s responses to the threat, which has originated from the Russian politicization of gas trade, it is possible to follow the incremental transformation of the EU liberal-economic identity into an increasingly geopolitical one in a world that is becoming increasingly realistic, both in the energy field and in international affairs in general. The European Union has included concepts of solidarity and sovereignty in its energy policy, yet according to the EU High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has to “learn to use the language of power again”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Faculty of Law in Split / Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Splitu is the property of Split Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Law Faculty of the University of Rijeka / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci is the property of Pravni fakultet Sveucilista u Rijeci and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)