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Bacteriophages (phages) are bacterial viruses, and have been used for more than a century to combat bacterial infections, particularly in Poland and in the former Soviet Union. The antimicrobial resistance crisis has triggered a renewed interest in the therapeutic use of natural phages. The capacity of phages to specifically target pathogenic strains (sparing commensal bacteria), to adapt to these strains, and to rapidly overcome bacterial resistance, makes them suitable for flexible therapeutic approaches. To maximally exploit these advantages phages offer over conventional 'static' drugs such as traditional small molecule-type antibiotics, it is important that these sustainable phage products are not submitted to the traditional (long and expensive) medicinal product development and licensing pathways. Here we discuss the extrapolation of the Belgian 'magistral preparation' phage therapy framework to the European level, enabling an expeditious re-introduction of personalized phage therapy into Europe.

Background: In 2017, the European Commission launched 24 European Reference Networks (ERNs). ERN eUROGEN is the network for urorectogenital diseases and complex conditions, and started with 29 full member healthcare providers (HCPs) in 11 countries. It then covered 19 different disease areas distributed over three work -streams (WSs). Objective: To provide an overview and identify challenges in data collection at European level of the ERN eUROGEN patient population treated by HCPs in the network. Design, setting, and participants: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of the 29 HCPs who were full members between 2013 and 2019. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: Data were extracted from the original HCP applications and the ERN continuous monitoring system. Patient volumes, new patient numbers, and procedures were compared between different WSs, countries, and HCPs. Discrepancies between monitoring and application data were identified. Results and limitations: Between 2013 and 2019, 122 040 patients required long-term care within the 29 HCPs. The volume of patients treated and procedures undertaken per year increased over time. Large discrepancies were found between patient numbers contained in the application forms and those reported in the continuous monitoring system (0-1357% deviation). Conclusions: Patient numbers and procedures increased across ERN eUROGEN HCPs. Reliable data extraction appeared challenging, illustrated by the patient volume dis-crepancies between application forms and the continuous monitoring data. Improved disease definitions, re-evaluation of affiliated HCPs, and valid data extraction are needed for future improvements. Patient summary: We analysed the patient population with rare urorectogenital dis-eases or complex conditions within the ERN eUROGEN network between 2013 and 2019. Clinical activity was found to increase, but differences in patient numbers were evident between healthcare providers. In order to acquire valid patient numbers, both improved definitions of diagnostic codes and greater insight into the data-gathering process are required. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Association of Urology. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Hospital of infectious diseases in Lviv was founded on December 29, 1912 and became a clinical basis of the faculty of medicine at Lviv University. At that time, hospital of infectious diseases was a leading medical establishment with European level. Throughout years, the hospital was headed by corresponding member of Polish Academy of Medical Sciences Wincenty Arnold (1912–1926), professor Witold Lipinski (1926–1941, 1944–1946). In 1939, after union of the Western Ukraine and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Lviv state medical institute was founded on the basis of the faculty of medicine of Lviv university, and hospital of infectious diseases in Pekarska street, 54 became its clinical center. In 1940, the department of infectious diseases was founded in Lviv medical institute, in different years it was headed by professor W. Lipinski (1940–1941, 1944–1946), professor H.H. Homenko (1946–1951), associate professor B.M. Kotliarenko (1951–1969), professor M.B. Titov (1951–1997), professor L. Yu. Shevchenko (1997–2005), professor O.M. Zinchuk (since 2005 till present). A number of novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques have been suggested, 30 theses for candidate degree and 6 theses for doctor degree have been defended at the department of infectious diseases.

For the past twenty-five years, digital inequalities have been analyzed by several scholars. Many empirical studies have shaped a theoretical framework that identifies three main digital divides. However, most of the scientific contributions have been focusing on digital inequalities within countries, leaving inequalities among countries behind. This paper aims at analyzing what kind of digital inequalities emerge among European countries, focusing on the trends that characterized Europe in the last decade, to consider whether some of the main elements of the digital divide literature replicate at the continental level. The paper analyzes secondary data, mainly retrieved from Eurostat. It emerges that inequalities in digital skills and use of the Web persist in Europe, and some of the trends that scholars found among individuals are identifiable among countries as well. These findings contribute to the description of digital inequalities, a social phenomenon not so deeply studied at the continental level.

Los ingenieros desempeñaron un papel crucial en los orígenes y la implantación de la industria del gas en España. La contribución de los ingenieros extranjeros fue especialmente relevante, sobre todo en un primer momento. Su estudio nos permite avanzar en la comprensión de la circulación del conocimiento y del capital humano en relación con el sector del gas a escala europea. En este sentido, la presencia de estos ingenieros en España fue fundamental, debido a la ausencia casi total de técnicos especializados en esta industria. Solo desde finales de los años cincuenta del siglo XIX, cuando ya existían centros de formación adecuados, empresas con capital local y una Administración cada vez más comprometida con los mecanismos de control de dicho sector, los ingenieros españoles fueron teniendo cada vez mayor relevancia.

El rápido desarrollo de tecnologías como la robótica y la inteligencia artificial, especialmente con su capacidad de aprendizaje, son los principales facilitadores de la evolución del transporte digital y automatizado en Europa. Sin embargo, la movilidad automatizada también conlleva nuevos riesgos que tienen su origen, en la cada vez más creciente autonomía de estos vehículos para adoptar sus propias decisiones no programadas ni predecibles. Es por este motivo que, en la otra cara de la moneda, se encuentra el elevado riesgo potencial de estas altas tecnologías de causar graves y cuantiosos daños en los casos de decisiones erróneas, siendo el sector del transporte, precisamente, un sector que se mueve en estas coordenadas de peligrosidad. De ahí, la conveniencia y urgencia de afrontar legislativamente, a nivel europeo, esta nueva realidad que avanza a un ritmo vertiginoso. El presente trabajo se centra en el estudio de las lagunas e insuficiencias existentes en la legislación europea sobre la responsabilidad civil por los daños derivados del transporte con inteligencia artificial, y en las iniciativas jurídicas adoptadas recientemente por la Unión Europea para la elaboración de una legislación completa y armonizada en esta materia.

Lobbying is regulated at European level by permissive legal provisions but, at the same time, disparate or lacking in legislative and application coherence. The state of the European decision-making process reveals the need to bring about changes that require more rigorous, applied and, why not, severe regulation of lobbying and interest representation.

Professor of the Oriental Faculty of the Imperial University of St. Petersburg Vladimir F. Guirgass (1835–1887) is one of the founders of the Academic Arabic Studies in Russia and the first Russian Arabist of the European level. As a young man V. F. Guirgass carried out an extremely fruitful Academic journey to the Arab Orient, which was also eminent for him from the vie-point of areal studies. The results of this travelling experience produced a substantial effect upon the rest of the life of Guirgass as a scholar and as a professor. The legacy of Guirgass appears to be to a high degree fundamental. Among his exploits are educational supplies (on the Muslim Law and the Arabic Literature), readers for beginners in Arabic, as well as for advanced students (the latter is aimed at instructing future experts in divers genres of the Classical Arabic Literature) and the first Arabic-Russian Vocabulary, which still remains unique as a dictionary of the Classical Arabic in Russia. At the termination of his earthy life V. Guirgass prepared for the publication the text of a major classical Arabic Medieval work on History, that is Kitab al-Akhbar al-Tiwal (The Book of the Long Narrations) by al-Dinawari (9th c.). Some of the attainments carried out by V. Guirgass are shared by his disciple, who later was promoted to the membership of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences, V. R. Rosen (1849–1908). The two scholars were active at those times, when the essential Arabic sources, that they were anxious about, still remained unpublished in the form of manuscripts. All these items are under the discussion in the present article. In the course of the presentation, the Author analyses the works by Guirgass that became available to him for a study lake that. Special attention is paid to “The Sketch of the Arabic Literature” (1874), as there is a project of carrying out its new edition. The work is of a special importance, as it has been for a long time the only complete account of the Classical Arabic Literature in the Russian Language, aimed at the purposes of the Higher Education in the field of the Arabic Studies. While informing the present-day Arabists about the life and acts of a for-father of our contemporary Studies, the Author was striving to reveal their continual value for our profession.

[eng] This study quantifies undeclared work patterns in France using a unique pilot survey which collects data on households' demand and supply of undeclared work (Enquete pilote aupres des menages sur la fraude). It also proposes an international comparison at the European level using Eurobarometer data. Socio-demographic characteristics fail to explain the variance in undeclared work, while subjective factors are strongly associated with households’ supply and demand for undeclared work. This suggests the underlying influence of intrinsic, extrinsic and peer effects. Similar results from the Eurobarometer allow for a cross-validation of the two surveys. We obtain similar correlates for undeclared work in France and countries where undeclared work is also a supplementary income (Denmark and Germany). This suggests homogeneous patterns across European countries.

La acción diplomática y política de los cardenales Francesco y Troiano Acquaviva d’Aragona se inserta, por su importancia y originalidad, en las relaciones entre el Papado y las monarquías borbónicas de España y Nápoles durante la primera mitad del Setecientos. Cardenales embajadores de Felipe V y Carlos III de Borbón en Roma y protectores de sus coronas en la Santa Sede, desarrollaron al más alto nivel —tanto italiano como europeo— las tradicionales carreras curiales de las familias de potentados meridionales. La obra de ambos purpurados, entrelazada con los intereses de la Iglesia y de la Casa de Borbón, se relacionó estrechamente con la salvaguardia del “Estado de Atri”, en el Abruzzo, uno de los mayores feudos del reino de Nápoles. Esto tuvo lugar merced a la estrecha correspondiencia con sus duques, Giovan Girolano II Acquaviva y Domenico Acquaviva, con lo que pudieron asegurar su titularidad y dominio pese a las problemáticas suscitadas por su posicionamiento filoborbónico tras la muerte de Carlos II de España.

El objetivo principal del presente estudio de investigación es ofrecer un análisis sistemático del consentimiento en el tratamiento de datos personales de menores de edad al amparo del Reglamento General de Protección de Datos y en la Ley Orgánica de Protección de Datos Personales y de Garantía de Derechos Digitales. En concreto, además de profundizar en el consentimiento como base jurídica fundamental, se diseccionan los contornos esenciales de la firma electrónica como un instrumento más idóneo para garantizar la prestación de este consentimiento, haciendo especial énfasis en las singularidades que ello presenta cuando quienes intervienen como responsables del tratamiento son las Administraciones públicas.

The definition of a purebred animal, from a scientific perspective, is based on a description of biological parameters and relates to animals having both parents of the same breed or variety, denoting a pure strain obtained through many generations of controlled breeding for desirable traits. In Europe there is a legal definition of what is a purebred. It refers to animals of a breed reared within the framework of a breeding program, which are eligible for registration with a recognized club or society keeping a register of animals of that breed, in order to obtain a pedigree or zootechnical certificate. However, such a definition is applicable to livestock animals and does not cover companion animals. This regulatory gap opens up to uncontrolled breeding of “purebred” dogs and cats, which can jeopardize animal health more than even recognized breeders do, to a certain degree, as well as allow fraud. In Italy this gap has been filled by making dogs and cats covered by the legal definition of purebred animals as “pedigreed animals.” The law which provides for it is little known even in Italy, however, and generally not enforced. This work will propose the application of legal provisions on the breeding of purebred animals to dogs and cats, by adopting a binding framework at European level in order to make more controllable the work of people involved in this activity and to better protect animals.