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Purpose – This article provides an overview and analysis of 50 years of European policies, actions, and challenges to align its higher education and research, as well as lessons learned from this for similar initiatives elsewhere. Design/methodology/approach – The study builds on a comprehensive overview and study of policy documents and scholarly literature to identify by decade the main policies and actions and the related challenges towards a European Higher Education and Research Area. Findings – The findings make clear the key rationales, challenges, shifts and lessons to be learned from 50-year European policies for the alignment of higher education. Originality/value – Its value lies in the historical overview and analysis of current initiatives, in particular the European Universities Initiative (EUI), to provide a historical and geographical context, which might give insight for similar initiatives elsewhere.

This article analyzes the legal regulation of scientific research in European Union law, examining the challenges and paradoxes the EU faces in this area. Through a systematic analysis of normative and programmatic documents, the crucial influence of EU law on shaping international scientific research standards is revealed. The study highlights the evolution of the European Research Area and the fundamental role of the Horizon Europe program in promoting scientific excellence and innovation. The findings have significant implications for EU research policy and its international cooperation in science and technology. The author applies a complex methodology including analysis and synthesis, structural, formal-legal methods, as well as approaches of scientific deduction and induction. The author argues that EU law has a significant impact on the development of international standards for scientific activity. Despite the absence of imperative supranational competence in the field of science, the EU has facilitated the formation of subsidiary mechanisms for funding and supporting scientific activity, leading to the establishment of sustainable institutions and mechanisms within the European Research Area and EU program systems such as "Horizon Europe", which has resulted in a substantial evolution of standards for scientific activity. The author states that this primarily concerns scientific ethics, multiculturalism and non-discrimination, the evolution of views on transnational research, and the formation of a sustainable regime for funding and evaluating scientific projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resilience-building in the European Southern Neighbourhood benefits from access to research-intense solutions developed by and in collaboration with centres of competence located across Europe. Data-set observations retrieved from ‘Community Research and Development Information Service’ (CORDIS) indicate that despite the overall propensity towards establishing relational ties with Horizon 2020 project coordinators located in the European Mediterranean littoral countries, Morocco and Tunisia, profited from exposure to the thematically diverse and geographically dispersed expertise hosted by the European Research Area. Practice theory with a focus on the field and process tracing provide a good basis for analysing past research interlinks that offer some limited, yet valuable insights into the implicit European science diplomacy routines, including examples that support the positioning of France, Spain, especially Barcelona, as explicit science diplomacy hubs.

The scientific work, which was carried out within the framework of the topic of fundamental research "Legal mechanisms of the new research infrastructure" (Research and Development Center of UkrINTEI № 0121U113768), reflects legislative changes in the system of priority areas in the fields of scientific, scientific and technical and innovative activities on the basis of the analyzed current regulatory legal acts in this area (laws of Ukraine "On Scientific and Scientific and Technical Activities", "On Innovative Activities", "On Priority Areas of Development of Science and Technology", "On Priority Areas of Innovative Activities"). The article indicates that given the conditions of martial law and the need to consolidate efforts to maintain an appropriate level of development of scientific activity and high-quality research, to ensure economic reconstruction and its development in an innovative way, it is unacceptable to have legislative inconsistencies and gaps in these areas. In today's realities, attention should be focused on the need and expediency of harmonizing the process of forming priority areas of science and technology and innovation with the key strategic guidelines of the EU in this area. The paper identifies cases of failure to ensure that existing topics of basic research are in line with the legislatively regulated list, due to the lack of clear priority areas that would not have a double interpretation. In particular, in support of the implementation of a unified state policy on the formation of priority areas of scientific, scientific, technical and innovation activities, the procedure for which should be directly approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, prior to the adoption of the draft Law of Ukraine "On the System of Priority Areas of Scientific, Scientific, Technical and Innovation Activities in Ukraine", it is established that it is necessary to agree on: the procedure for approving the list of priority thematic areas of scientific research and scientific and technical development; the need to take into account the integration of the national sector of scientific research and scientific and technical (experimental) developments into the global and European research space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the structure and the development dynamics of actors operating within the European Funding Area (EFA), with a focus on basic research funding. Though the overwhelming part of research funding in the EFA is directed to strategic and applied research and “policy-driven”, basic research funding has received more attention during the past couple of decades, which has led to a number of changes in funding instruments, subsidy source structure, and recipient institutions. These changes are of interest in the research. It describes groups of actors involved in basic research funding and analyzes their dynamics to understand the extent to which these groups can overcome the fragmentation of the European funding landscape while continuing to support national funding systems. For a detailed study of the current “actor matrix”, the authors propose to consider them within a model that focuses on the relationship between the national funding agencies, the European Commission, and the European Research Council. The funding system in the European Union is more complex than in most nation states as it entails horizontal and vertical relationships between funding agencies. The challenge is not only to find a “modus vivendi” in order to combine financial flows, but also to overcome considerable transaction costs associated with the process of harmonization and functional division of labor.

The aim of this paper is to measure whether the regions lagging behind in the European knowledge field could get closer to the core of the Framework Programmes’ (FP) R&D network.

Copyright of Yearbook of Antitrust & Regulatory Studies is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economic & Regional Studies/Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The European Research Area and Framework Programme 7 represents a conducive means for positive differentiation beyond the borders of the EU. The article aims to identify the ERA’s differentiated integration and segmentation swatches by concentrating on the closely-tied neighbouring countries of Morocco and Tunisia. The thematic distinction of the Mediterranean represents positive differentiation that surpasses EU territory. It occurs based on the thematic priorities co-decided by key EU institutions and articulated by the European Commission in annual work programmes. Segmentation in research across the Mediterranean area is a centrally-steered process incentivised by the European Commission through open calls for project applications. Process tracing allows for even more nuanced thematic steering patterns to be explored. A content analysis of open calls with a specific focus on the annual work programmes demonstrates the important role played by the fact that Morocco and Tunisia correspond to the country category of “(African) Mediterranean Partner Countries”. This geographical position offers preferential treatment to participate in several project applications explicitly inviting geographical focus on the Mediterranean area and/or partnerships with a Mediterranean membership.

The European Research Area and Framework Programme 7 represents a conducive means for positive differentiation beyond the borders of the EU. The article aims to identify the ERA's differentiated integration and segmentation swatches by concentrating on the closely-tied neighbouring countries of Morocco and Tunisia. The thematic distinction of the Mediterranean represents positive differentiation that surpasses EU territory. It occurs based on the thematic priorities co-decided by key EU institutions and articulated by the European Commission in annual work programmes. Segmentation in research across the Mediterranean area is a centrally-steered process incentivised by the European Commission through open calls for project applications. Process tracing allows for even more nuanced thematic steering patterns to be explored. A content analysis of open calls with a specific focus on the annual work programmes demonstrates the important role played by the fact that Morocco and Tunisia correspond to the country category of "(African) Mediterranean Partner Countries". This geographical position offers preferential treatment to participate in several project applications explicitly inviting geographical focus on the Mediterranean area and/or partnerships with a Mediterranean membership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how organizational mobility and foreign nationality affect a researcher's chances of an internal career promotion in university systems that do not have rules preventing inbreeding and where teaching occurs mostly not in English but a local language. As a case study, we have examined the Flemish university system, the Dutch speaking part of Belgium, and developed expectations on the chances of promotion for mobile and foreign researchers compared to non-mobile and nationals. We use data for all postdoctoral and professorial staff between 1991 and 2017, for a total of 14,135 scientists. We calculated the chances of promotion with a competing risk model to take time into account and to disentangle the probability of two mutually exclusive risk events: promotion and leaving the university. The results show that international mobility and foreign nationality reduced the chances of promotion in the same university, and that mobile and foreign scientists were also more likely to leave any given university. These effects were particularly strong at an early stage: in the study period, 21.9% of non-mobile national postdocs became professor compared to just 1.2% of internationally mobile foreigners. These results would suggest that internationally mobile and foreign scientists struggle to advance in universities that lack rules preventing inbreeding and with little opportunity to teach in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mediterranean Journal of Communication / Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación is the property of Revista Mediterranea de Comunicacion / Mediterranean Journal of Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents the current state of the world practice of higher education institutions networking at PhD level, analyzes the experience of the European and Russian higher education institutions in organizing such a networking, points out the key issues and suggests solution options.

Ukraine's European integration aspirations, granting our state the status of a candidate for EU membership, as well as the need for financial, technological, managerial, and other assistance from the EU, in particular in the post-war restoration of the field of research and innovation, actualize the task of accelerating its integration into European Research Area (ERA). The article aims to analyze the current stage of development of the European Research Area in the context of the new strategic goals of the EU and, considering this and the war conflict in Ukraine, to identify opportunities for expanding cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the field of research and innovation, deepening its integration into the ERA as a source of post-war reconstruction, stabilization and advanced innovative development of the national economy. It is shown that the war unleashed by the Russian Federation against Ukraine led to the formation of a new normal in international scientific cooperation and served as a trigger for the development of a self-sufficient pan-European innovation ecosystem that would more closely connect science and industry and be able to solve global challenges. The essence of a new European Innovation Agenda is highlighted, in the implementation of which the central place is given to the European Research Area. An idea of the ERA and the main results of its implementation in the EU over twenty years are revealed. The features of the current stage of development of the ERA and its priorities in the context of the new strategic agenda of the EU are defined. An analysis was made of the fundamental documents that should guide the EU member states in the field of research and innovation -- a Pact for research and innovation and the ERA policy agenda for the period 2022-2024. The key features of the current program period of the EU development are identified. The article focuses on the main tools and initiatives aimed at bringing the EU closer to its strategic goals: smart specialisation strategies, mission-oriented innovation policy, Partnerships for regional innovations. According to the results of summarizing the initiatives in support of Ukrainian scientists and innovative entrepreneurs, introduced by the European Commission in response to the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, taking into account the new strategic plans and goals of the EU in the context of global geopolitical changes, opportunities were identified and proposals were made to expand cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in research and innovation during the war and post-war periods. Their implementation will make it possible to increase Ukrainian presence in the ERA as a condition for ensuring its post-war innovative growth and prosperity for the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Partnerships had both mobilizing and immobilizing effects on academics' mobility. • The EU's free movement policies could still present obstacles for young academics. • Joint couple interviews provided data to consider unequal mobility opportunities. • Gender intersected with the conditional and exclusive entitlement to free movement. • Couples in which the partner is a third-country national faced restriction. This article explores academic mobility in the European Union (EU) and partner-related living arrangements in early career stages. The data are drawn from interviews carried out with couples as part of a qualitative study focusing on university graduates who lived in Germany before pursuing their careers in other member states, namely France and the Netherlands. The analysis suggests a framework for empirical research that combines studying the interactions within couples along with factors resulting from the political governance of cross-border mobility in the EU. This article looks empirically at four types of intra-EU mobile careers with distinct partner-related living arrangements and considers how gender intersects with the conditional and exclusive entitlement to free movement within the EU. As the findings demonstrate, the living arrangements of young academics and their partners are not only a consequence of mobile careers, but such arrangements can in turn affect mobility decisions. Furthermore, the EU's free movement policies can present obstacles in the early stages of a career, during which academics and their partners are likely to experience periods of interrupted economic activity. Moreover, couples in which the partner is a third-country national face severe restrictions. The free movement rights of the academics and their partners, as well as their conditions for exercising these rights, proved to have a strong impact on the couples' unequal mobility opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of External Economic Bulletin / Külgazdaság is the property of KOPINT Konjunktura Kutatasi Alapitvany and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyses the policy and procedures for implementing Open Science concept as a basis for the institutional development of universities. The key events and documents of the European Research Area, which determine the policies and procedures for the development of Open Science, are described. It is concluded that Open Science represents a new approach to the scientific process, based on collaboration and new ways of disseminating knowledge through digital technologies and new tools for collaboration. Open science enhances the quality and impact of research by promoting reproducibility and interdisciplinarity of knowledge; using the open and joint method of production and exchange of knowledge and data in the research process; improving the quality of research, the reliability of the results and the sensitivity of science to the needs of society. It is determined that the goals of Open Science are: the openness of data; the development of the European Open Science Cloud as a unified ecosystem of research data infrastructures; development of a new generation of indicators for assessing the quality and impact of research, which complement the generally accepted indicators to take into account the openness of scientific practices; free access to all peer-reviewed scientific publications, encouraging an early exchange of various types of scientific results; recognition of openness of scientific activity in systems of evaluation of scientific career of researchers; compliance of all EU-funded research with generally agreed standards of research integrity; European scientists acquire the necessary skills and support to teach Open Science procedures and practices; the opportunity for the general public to make a significant contribution to the production of scientific knowledge in Europe. The characteristics and indicators of Open Science, which determine the directions of institutional development of universities, are analysed. The characteristics of Open Science include open data; open academic communication; open access to publications. Indicators of open research data are repositories of research data; funding policy for data sharing; the researcher's attitude to data sharing; indicators of open academic communication - open expert feedback; the journal's policy on open expert feedback; use of altmetric platforms; correction and revocation; open access to publications indicators - open access publication; preprints; alternative publishing platforms; open access funding policy; the journal's open access policy; the researcher's attitude to open access. The goals of Open Science are focused on the openness of data; the development of European Open Science Cloud as a unified ecosystem of research data infrastructures; development of new generation indicators for assessing the quality and impact of research, which complement the generally accepted indicators to take into account the openness of scientific practices; free access to all peer-reviewed scientific publications, encouragement of early exchange of various types of scientific results; recognition of openness of scientific activity in systems of evaluation of scientific career of researchers; compliance of all EU-funded research with generally agreed standards of research integrity; European scientists acquire the necessary skills and support to teach Open Science procedures and practices; the opportunity for the general public to make a significant contribution to the production of scientific knowledge in Europe. The key provisions and promising areas of EU policy on the development of Open Science are analysed. Emphasis is laid on the importance of supporting universities at the national and European levels for the large-scale implementation of the practice of Open Science.

Both Europe 2020 and the European Research Area initiatives seek to better prepare the European Union (EU) to compete in the future. Towards this end, both programs encourage more scientific publications and international collaboration by the European member-states. The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the smallest EU member-states and their respective universities (Cyprus, Luxembourg, and Malta), and how they have responded to these efforts. Our observation periods are divided between 2005–2010 and 2011–2016 with the latter being after the announcement of Europe 2020 in 2010. Our findings are that all three universities published many more articles in the second period. In addition, two of the universities had higher collaboration scores. However, while more international collaboration is usually associated with a higher impact of articles, our results are somewhat mixed. It seems that smaller countries benefit from international collaboration, but they must not move too far away from any distinctive scientific competences they have already developed. We also provide detailed mapping of the countries with whom the universities collaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the spatial patterns and underlying determinants of repeated inventor collaboration across European NUTS 3 regions. It is found that only a small fraction of co-inventor linkages across regions are repeated, while community detection reveals that these collaborations are clustered in geographical space more intensively compared with collaboration in general. Additional results from gravity modelling indicate that links in the inter-regional co-inventor network emerge mainly through the triadic collaboration of regions, while geographical proximity becomes the most influential factor for repeating co-inventor ties. In addition to that, the combination of technological similarity and shared third partner regions offer a premium for the likelihood of repeating a collaboration, but only when geographical proximity is present as an enabler. Hence, repeated inter-regional co-inventor collaborations are more likely to revert to spatial clustering, contributing to the fragmentation of the European Research Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unprecedented complexity of the modern challenges requires the international community to strengthen cooperation in science, technology and innovation to better seize the opportunities and reap the benefits of the new reality, as well as search for new solutions to problems humanity is faced with. The paper investigates the influence of European integration on the economy and innovation ecosystem of Ukraine. It is established that the innovative component of the national economy has contracted over 2015-2020. With each year, it is becoming more primitive and de-industrialized, which necessitates a revision of the Association Agreement with the EU aimed at enhancing its positive impact on innovation processes in the national economy. Conducted analysis allows for comparisons between Ukraine's involvement in the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, which remains low, and that of EU member states and other associated members. Ukraine's predicament is explained by, among other reasons, a weak national innovation ecosystem and a lack of close contact and professional ties between Ukrainian institutions and their European counterparts. The paper offers suggested solutions to these problems, namely a set of organizational and institutional measures that will broaden Ukraine's access to EU funding and accelerate integration into European Research Area. The author emphasizes the need for planned systemic reforms in order to overcome the structural weakness of the national economy. «Natural» development of science and technology, revitalization of the industries though introduction of latest technologies, preservation and balanced development of human capital will all ensure Ukraine's advancement through development of a competitive high-technology economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article focuses on the integration of Ukraine into the research and educational space of the European Union. The aim of the article is to form and summarize the competent opinion of the scientific and educational expert community about the prospects and possibilities of deepening cooperation in education, science and technology between the EU member states and Ukraine, as well as to search for effective forms of such cooperation to expand the presence of Ukrainian academic institutions and universities in European programs and accelerate Ukraine's integration into the EU scientific and educational space. Methodology. The method of expert survey was used as a tool to identify the opinions of representatives of the Ukrainian scientific and educational expert community. Two expert questionnaires for representatives of academic science and higher education in Ukraine were developed to collect information. Respondents were asked key questions about their experience of working with educational and research institutions in EU member states, as well as their views on the opportunities and prospects for deepening professional ties and networks with European partners. Results. The expert survey covered 17 cities of all cultural and historical regions of Ukraine (Central, Eastern, Northern, Southern, and Western). Twenty-two higher educational institutions and five scientific institutions of Ukraine took part in the survey (32 experts in total). According to the results of the expert survey it was found that domestic higher education institutions and research institutes are interested, have successful experience and potential to deepen scientific, educational and scientific and technical cooperation with institutions of EU member states. It turned out that all higher education institutions and research institutions of Ukraine, which representatives participated in the survey, cooperate with European universities. The geography of cooperation is wide, mainly covering such countries as Germany, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Czech Republic and Hungary. Cooperation between partner institutions is carried out within the framework of Cooperation Agreements and is aimed at participation in such European programs as Horizon 2020, Erasmus + KA1, Erasmus + KA2, TEMPUS UNI4INNO "Universities for Innovation". Practical implications. It was found that most experts do not support the expediency of creating territorially separate structural subdivisions of foreign higher educational institutions in Ukraine. Instead, they consider it advisable for domestic universities and scientific institutions to create their own branches and representative offices at universities and scientific organizations of the EU. Experts see the following as the key purposes for creating such units: participation in international mobility programs, joint participation in European programs, joint research and development, exchange of students and faculty, joint participation in conferences, preparation of joint scientific publications. Experts consider such areas of implementation of joint educational programs and research projects as "green" economy, digital economy and society, implementation of modern transport technologies and systems, creative industries, research in humanities and social sciences. Value/originality. Proposals for intensification of academic and scientific-technical cooperation between the EU and Ukraine, which, in particular, concern: increasing the budget of European programs for EU associate members; launching special thematic competitions for such countries; simplifying bureaucratic procedures for preparation and implementation of European projects; strengthening competencies of Ukrainian scientists and educators in project management under special grants, which can be initiated by the National Research Foundation of Ukraine.

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GENDER: Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article considers the European experience of implementing scientific/research activities and the formation of a framework of qualifications for research career. The authors define and analyze the stages of this process revealing the special role of the Bologna and Copenhagen strategies and the documents and programs developed by them and give examples of creating specialized, sectoral and institutional frameworks within the European Research Area. Particular attention is paid to the methodological culture of creating qualification frameworks, difficulties in distinguishing levels and finding an adequate language for their description. The question is raised about topical problems in the process of forming the sectoral framework in the field of Education and Science in Russia and implementation of European experience in our country. The European experience shows that the process of qualification framework formation in the spheres of education and science requires the system approach, involvement of all the parties concerned, an overall and thorough discussion of the alignment process on all the levels of qualification. It is worth drawing attention to the framework character of the qualification system. It should be viewed more as guidance, incentive, strategy rather than a binding legal instrument. The most difficult issues concern the structure and content of this framework (what should be the levels of research activities description, how to categorize the descriptors, what are the criteria for assessment of quality of scientific/research activities according to researcher’s rank and other issues).

The ERC has been a pivotal innovation in the set of funding instruments that the European Commission has established for fostering research and innovation in the European Union. With more than 8000 projects funded so far, it is worth asking about empirical evidence regarding the ERC's specific impact on the social sciences. This article provides some basic data, along with descriptive statistics, on the social scientists who have been sitting on ERC evaluation panels, and on ERC-funded research projects from the social sciences. The article ends with a discussion of the data and poses questions for further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While 10 years is too short a time to draw broad conclusions, the ERC does seem to have succeeded in promoting excellent and basic research in Europe, both through its own projects and by affecting standards and aspirations more broadly. It has affected widely shared conceptions of scholarly excellence and introduced new measures of academic esteem, with more attention to rigorous peer review—in the social sciences and the humanities as well as in the natural sciences. One concern is that the portability of grants may have fuelled the clustering of research talent and reputation towards some institutions and some states, away from others. The benefits of the ERC in promoting research quality across Europe in the longer term may be at risk unless some parties take steps to correct this imbalance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European integration in research funding can be interpreted as a complex, conflict-ridden historical process containing paradigmatic shifts in cultural values and political goals. One of these transformations entails a change of objectives from promoting transnational cooperation of research institutions towards fostering the 'scientific excellence' of individual researchers. Institutionally, this is mirrored in the establishment of a genuinely supranational funding organization, the European Research Council (ERC). Led by a Mertonian sociological framework, the paper presents the results of an empirical study on the impact of the ERC's funding upon public universities from the perspective of researcher's vis-à-vis their institutions. Findings comprise conditions and contexts, action strategies and consequences of the Europeanization of universities, such as country- and discipline-specific pathways, the re-distribution of tasks and resources in market-based university competition, effects on researchers' scientific careers and mobility, and the impact of funding on the disciplines and knowledge content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]