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The article is predicated upon the allegation that there is a similarity between the scientific uncertainty linked to the hazard which human interventions pose to the natural environment and the hazard which the development of automated decision-making techniques poses to certain aspects of human lives in the digital environment. On the basis of this allegation, the analysis examines the similarities between the European environmental law, which is crucial for the natural environment, and the European data protection law, which is fundamental for the digital environment. As there are measures already adopted by the data protection law from the environmental law, such as impact assessments and the right to access information, the main hypothesis of this analysis is to consider whether there are further inspirations for the development of European data protection law which could be drawn from environmental law, regarding the scientific uncertainty which is common to these two areas of regulation. The article examines a legal measure, namely, the precautionary principle, as the conjectural response to the challenges linked to the development of the new technologies. The experiences collected in the area of environmental law concerning the precautionary principle are analysed as a source of lessons to be learned concerning the regulatory measures adopted in order to deal with scientific uncertainty, not only in the natural environment, but also in the digital one.

Informatik 2020 : Fachtagung vom 28. September - 2. Oktober 2020 / Ralf H. Reussner, Anne Koziolek, Robert Heinrich (Hrsg.) 50. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft f��r Informatik, INFORMATIK 2020, online, 28 Sep 2020 - 2 Oct 2020; Bonn : Gesellschaft f��r Informatik, GI-Edition. Proceedings P-307, 857-870 (2021). doi:10.18420/inf2020_76, Published by Gesellschaft f��r Informatik, Bonn

Social media, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things connect people around the globe, offering manifold benefits. However, the technological advances and increased user participation generate novel challenges for users' privacy. From the users' perspective, the consequences of data disclosure depend on the perceived sensitivity of that data. But in light of the new technological opportunities to process and combine data, it is questionable whether users can adequately evaluate risks of data disclosures. As mediating authority, data protection laws such as the European General Data Protection Regulation try to protect user data, granting enhanced protection to “special categories” of data. In this paper, we assess the legal, technological, and users' perspectives on information sensitivity and their interplay. Technologically, all data can be referred to as “potentially sensitive.” The legal and users' perspective on information sensitivity deviate from this standpoint, as some data types are granted special protection by law but are not perceived as very sensitive by users and vice versa. Our key findings still suggest the GDPR adequately protecting users' privacy but for small adjustments.

International audience; The authors, all data protection experts, discuss the status of the relevant data protection regulatory framework on profiling in the business sector in several countriesworldwide, from the constitutional level to some individual regulation including the general attitude towards the topic. The EU perspective is presented on the basis of the present directives as well as the General Data Protection Regulation. The United Kingdom, Germany and France, as three of the largest EU Member States with partly highly differing regulatory approaches represent Member State law. Australia, Brazil and the US regulation exemplify the different integration of data protectionstandards and different models of approaching profiling in the globalised IT world.

Scopus ID: 84919390245 SciELO: S0870-90252014000200002 Although widely analyzed by authors and theoretically valued by the public, the right to health data confidentiality seems to be more of an academic figure than a real protected right. This happens due to intrinsic problems with the practical enforcement of some patient's rights, but is getting more notorious in contemporary society. This article describes the rights to health data privacy and confidentiality in their classical contours, focusing on areas of consensus and controversy and analyzing the recent transformations in society that are causing a crisis in these same rights. We agree that there are reasons to believe that there are no novel legal instruments in Health Law to redeem these rights, except for European Data Protection Law. Here, we briefly analyze the new European data protection draft regulation, which intends to bring reinforced tools on this domain. We conclude that the juridical aura that still embraces the right to medical and genetic data confidentiality in Health Law and Bioethics seems to no longer have a practical sense. However, despite this perception, the essential dimension of individual freedom relating to personal information and to the notion that the less is known about us the freer we all are is still very relevant and so Health Law needs to dedicate more attention to the transformations of privacy and confidentiality in the medical and genetic fields in order to maintain them protected and respected. publishersversion published

Although widely analyzed by authors and theoretically valued by the public, the right to health data confidentiality seems to be more of an academic figure than a real protected right. This happens due to intrinsic problems with the practical enforcement of some patient’s rights, but is getting more notorious in contemporary society. This article describes the rights to health data privacy and confidentiality in their classical contours, focusing on areas of consensus and controversy and analyzing the recent trans-formations in society that are causing a crisis in these same rights. We agree that there are reasons to believe that there are no novel legal instruments in Health Law to redeem these rights, except for European Data Protection Law. Here, we briefly analyze the new European data protection draft regulation, which intends to bring reinforced tools on this domain. We conclude that the juridical aura that still embraces the right to medical and genetic data confidentiality in Health Law and Bioethics seems to no longer have a practical sense. However, despite this perception, the essential dimension of individual freedom relating to personal information and to the notion that the less is known about us the freer we all are is still very relevant and so Health Law needs to dedicate more attention to the transformations of privacy and confidentiality in the medical and genetic fields in order to maintain them protected and respected. RESUMO - Apesar de amplamente analisado pelos autores e teoricamente valorizado pelo público, o direito à confidencialidade dos dados de saúde parece ser mais de uma figura académica do que um direito realmente protegido. Tal acontece devido a alguns problemas intrínsecos na aplicação prática de alguns dos direitos dos doentes, mas torna-se cada vez mais notório nas sociedades contemporâneas. Este artigo descreve, em primeiro lugar, os direitos à vida privada e à confidencialidade de dados de saúde nos seus contornos clássicos, mostrando as áreas de consenso e controvérsias em torno deles. Em segundo lugar, analisam-se as recentes transformações na sociedade que estão a causar uma crise nesses mesmos direitos, sendo esta capaz de os transformar ou mesmo de os eliminar como direitos dos doentes verdadeiramente respeita- dos. Neste capítulo, constata-se que há fortes sinais para acreditar que no Direito da Saúde e na Bioética os direitos à vida privada e à confidencialidade estão a sofrer uma crise e que não se têm criado quaisquer instrumentos legais inovadores em Direito da Saúde para os resgatar, ao contrário do que acontece no Direito Europeu de Protecção de Dados. Esta premissa leva à terceira parte do artigo, onde se analisam brevemente a proposta do novo regulamento europeu de proteção de dados pessoais, cada vez mais perto de ser publicado, o qual pretende trazer ferramentas reforçadas neste domínio. Conclui-se que a aura jurídica que ainda envolve os direitos à confidencialidade dos dados médicos e genéticos em Direito da Saúde e Bioética não parece ter já um sentido prático, sendo quase como promover um produto com enorme potencial mas que não existe no mercado. A única área que ainda se move na frente de defesa da vida privada e da confidencialidade de dados pessoais na nossa sociedade é o direito europeu de proteção de dados. No entanto, mesmo que este facto apresente novas tendências legais que podem ajudar a dar aos direitos dos doentes à vida privada e à confidencialidade dos seus dados um pouco mais de força, pensamos que, apesar das medidas europeias inovadoras, o Direito da Saúde precisa de se dedicar mais a produzir um novo pensamento jurídico operacional para que os direitos à vida privada e à confidencialidade nos futuros cenários da Medicina e da Genética continuem a ser respeitados. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion