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In the solar system, Icy Worlds such as Europa and Enceladus hold great potential for extraterrestrial life and may provide humanity an answer, within this century, to the age-old question of life beyond Earth. Exo-AUV technology shows promise in life detection in the icy shell, at the ice-water interface and on the seafloor of exo-ocean. Space agencies, including NASA and DLR, are enthusiastic about deploying Exo-AUVs to explore life in these regions. However, the where and how to find life, the technologies to be utilized and the goals to be achieved are crucial aspects for future Exo-AUV life detection missions on Icy Worlds. This study delves into a hypothetical mission of life detection on Europa, discussing science goals, detectable objects, potential regions and biogenic analysis for Icy Worlds. It proposes a life detection strategy for Icy Worlds based on Exo-AUVs, presents key contextual elements for Exo-AUV operations, outlines technological requirements for hull, payloads and autonomy, introduces the current state of Exo-AUV research and addresses existing challenges. This study also suggests a roadmap for conceptual development of Exo-AUV and a Concept of Operations for Multiple Exo-AUV System (ConOps for MEAS). This system aims to assist planetary scientists and astrobiologists in exploring Icy Worlds, identifying robust biosignatures and potentially discovering extant organisms, even prebiotic chemical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction sketches out what relevance wood and wood products have had in Europe's industrial societies. It also summarizes some peculiarities of the wood-based businesses caused by both the materiality of wood and the ecologies of forests. Most importantly, the introduction contextualizes the findings of this issue's individual articles in three topical fields, cutting some interpretational paths in an area still rather unknown to many historians: First of all, it argues that analysing wood-based businesses can help to re-consider the history of Europe's industrialization as a distinctively continental process. Second, the introduction reveals material and ecological barriers to globalization that come into view if one questions the supplies of Europe's ever increasing industrial wood demand. Third, it considers how a focus on the wood-based businesses can contribute to re-evaluate seemingly clear-cut divisions of Europe into industrial centres and peripheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new defence policy of the European Union (EU) is forcing the defence industry in Europe to adjust its strategies, especially since the invasion of Ukraine. Both the European Commission and the European Defence Agency (EDA) are pushing for a European Defence Technological and Industrial Base (EDTIB), taking account of factors that include the fragmentation of supply chains, the significant efficiency gains that can be made and the prospect of greater EU strategic autonomy. In the industrial field, particularly in the area of technology, it will change the shape of the European defence industry. But what direction will this new industry take? Will national oligopolies be reinforced at the same time as other European oligopolies emerge? Drawing on an empirical analysis based on interviews with experts, this paper focuses on Spain as a case study and explores the repercussions it will have on the country's defence industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relations between Roman and Barbarian civilizations were characterized by prolonged conflict, but also by highly significant exchanges, mutual influence, acculturation, and the emergence of unexpected and enduring consequences in the history of Western Europe. It is in this encounter between civilizations and cultures that the roots of Western Europe are deeply embedded. Amidst such complex circumstances, the best diplomatic and cultural forces were employed, with figures like Boethius and Cassiodorus, alongside the pastoral care of the bishops, who largely shared the socio-cultural milieu with the Italian and provincial aristocracies. Despite the determined efforts of great rulers like Theoderic, achieving and maintaining European political equilibrium and peace remained a challenging goal. The only viable approach to ensuring such peace, then as well as now, is the promotion of mutually collaborative relationships rather than subjugation to a hegemonic power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Management Analysis / Revista Gestão em Análise is the property of Revista Gestao em Analise and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Die letzten 10 Jahre der Europäischen Union sind geprägt durch zahlreiche Krisen, die sich derart gegenseitig verstärkt haben, dass die Existenz der EU selbst infrage steht. Zentraler Bestandteil der Bearbeitung der Krisen sind daher Debatten um die Zukunft der EU respektive Europas. Gleichzeitig haben weite Teile der extremen Rechten ihre Europa-Imaginationen vor dem Hintergrund dieser Krisen aktualisiert. Ein zentrales Motiv ist dabei die Entgegensetzung eines ‚wahren Europas‘ gegen die EU. Der Beitrag analysiert die inhaltlichen Dimensionen und politisch-strategischen Implikationen dieses Motivs und situiert sie in der Krise der EU. Extrem rechte Imaginationen von Europa sind Teil der Versuche, autoritäre Veränderungen der institutionellen Struktur der EU zu erreichen. Vor dem Hintergrund hegemonietheoretischer, wissenspolitologischer und ideologiekritischer Überlegungen werden Aussagen extrem rechter Akteur*innen zu Europa untersucht und in Kategorien eingeteilt. Diese einzelnen ideologischen Versatzstücke verstehe ich als Elemente einer großen Diskursformation, die spezifische strategische Implikationen aufweisen.

Las competencias y habilidades de un buen gestor deportivo siempre han sido un tema polémico que difiere según el país y el contexto en el que se analice. Por ello, el presente estudio tiene por meta mostrar cuáles son las competencias más valoradas por los gerentes deportivos de varios países europeos, teniendo en cuenta las diferencias entre sexos. Participaron en el estudio 209 directivos deportivos de equipos femeninos semiprofesionales, los cuales respondieron a un cuestionario en el que se abordaban varios aspectos para evaluar la importancia de las distintas competencias de un gestor deportivo. Los resultados mostraron que se daba más importancia a las competencias relacionadas con la gestión de las instalaciones deportivas y menos a la gestión de los recursos humanos. Las diferencias por razón de sexo fueron escasas: tan solo se hallaron diferencias significativas en la competencia Gestión de la planificación estratégica. En conclusión, es difícil ponerse de acuerdo sobre la importancia de las competencias de un buen gestor deportivo, al tiempo que se coincide en la necesidad de realizar análisis en las áreas de finanzas, gestión de eventos, planificación y gestión de instalaciones deportivas.

Reseña del libro: Garton Ash, Timothy, Europa. Una historia personal. Madrid, Taurus, 2023, 496 pp. ISBN: 978-84-30624-64-5.

Este trabajo se centra en el análisis de las denominadas soft skills en los trabajadores de las empresas turísticas; habilidades que son clave para mejorar la satisfacción de los clientes y, por ende, para aumentar la competitividad empresarial. Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante una encuesta realizada a empresarios de distintos subsectores turísticos de varios países de Europa (alojamiento, restauración, agentes de viaje, atracciones turísticas y gestión de destinos). Son varios los objetivos de la investigación. En primer lugar, se pretende conocer el nivel que presentan los empleados en determinadas habilidades sociales agrupadas en habilidades personales, de comunicación y de gestión de la diversidad. En segundo lugar, también se pretende determinar la importancia que cada una de esas habilidades tendrá para las empresas turísticas en el futuro observando, al mismo tiempo, si existen diferencias entre los distintos subsectores turísticos. Por último, se examinan las herramientas o métodos de formación que emplean las empresas de cada uno de los subsectores analizados con sus trabajadores para lograr el desarrollo de estas habilidades sociales. Los resultados nos permiten conocer las habilidades sociales hacia las que deben orientar las empresas y organismos sus planes de formación. Las conclusiones obtenidas pueden también trasladarse al ámbito académico para que, desde los diferentes centros de formación e instituciones, hagan mayor hincapié en estas habilidades sociales que son la clave para un sector como el turístico.

Reseña del libro: GARCÍA GONZÁLEZ, Francisco y GUZZI-HEBB, Sandro (eds.), Historia de la familia, historia social: Experiencias de investigación en España y en Europa (siglos XVI-XIX), Gijón, Ediciones Trea / Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 2023, 805 pp.

O golpe militar de 25 de Abril de 1974 e a consequente revolução deram início a um processo de transição democrática que desencadeou profundas alterações nas estruturas políticas, económicas e sociais do país. Este artigo procura analisar as implicações dessas transformações na política externa portuguesa, explorando as dinâmicas por detrás da transição de uma orientação estratégica atlanticista e imperial durante o Estado Novo para as novas diretrizes pós-25 de Abril. Numa conjuntura internacional marcada pela détente, inaugurou-se uma nova fase do eterno debate entre a terra e o mar. Após um período de oscilações, hesitações e de indefinição, o I Governo Constitucional assumiu claramente as novas orientações estratégicas nacionais, definindo uma nova posição internacional de Portugal. Através de uma abordagem interdisciplinar entre a História, a Ciência Política e as Relações Internacionais, este artigo procura analisar o debate em torno da redefinição das linhas de orientação da política externa portuguesa entre o I Governo Provisório e o I Governo Constitucional e o seu impacto na posição de Portugal no Mundo, consistindo num contributo para a compreensão das dinâmicas que moldaram a inserção internacional de Portugal no pós-25 de Abril.

The electromagnetic interaction between Europa and the plasma sheet in the Jovian magnetosphere generates Alfvén waves, ultimately generating auroral footprints in Jupiter's atmosphere. The position of Europa's auroral footprint is a proxy for travel time of the Alfvén waves. We measured Europa's footprint position using the far‐ultraviolet images of Jupiter obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope in two observing campaigns in 2014 and 2022. The measured footprint position indicates a longer Alfvén travel time in the 2022 campaign. We retrieved the plasma sheet parameters at Europa's orbit from the footprint position by tracing the Alfvén waves launched at Europa and found an increase of both mass density and temperature in the plasma sheet in 2022. The Poynting flux generated at Europa is calculated with the retrieved plasma sheet parameters, which suggests the total energy transfer from Europa to its auroral footprint is similar to the case of Io. Plain Language Summary: Europa is an obstacle to the plasma corotating with Jupiter's magnetosphere. Through the interaction between Europa and the magnetospheric plasma flow, Alfvén waves are launched at Europa. The Alfvén waves propagate along the field line and ultimately generate auroral emissions at locations distant from the instantaneous magnetic footprint of Europa. The position of Europa's auroral footprint is a proxy for the travel time of the Alfvén waves. We measured the position of Europa's auroral footprint using the far‐ultraviolet images of Jupiter obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope in two observing campaigns in 2014 and 2022. We found large deviations of the footprint position between the two observing campaigns. By tracing the Alfvén waves launched at Europa, we retrieved plasma mass density and temperature at Europa's orbit from the measured footprint position. It is revealed that time variation in the plasma mass density and temperature caused the deviations in the footprint position. We also calculated the Poynting flux generated at Europa using the retrieved plasma parameters and found that the total energy transfer from Europa to its auroral footprint is similar to the case of Io. Key Points: We measured the equatorial lead angle of Europa's auroral footprint in Jupiter's atmosphere with the HST data taken in 2014 and 2022Plasma conditions at Europa's orbit are retrieved from the measured lead angle by tracing the Europa‐originated Alfvén wavesChanges in the plasma conditions at Europa's orbit can account for the variation of the footprint lead angle [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deer hunting was heavily ritualized in medieval Europe, as indicated by historical and archaeological evidence; it also emphasized social differentiation. The butchery of a deer carcass ('unmaking') was integral to the ritual and led to different body parts being destined for individuals of differing status. Archaeologically, the practice is particularly visible in high-status sites in Britain, but documentary and archaeological sources are consistent in pinpointing its earliest occurrence in twelfth-century France. In Italy, late medieval evidence for such 'unmaking' is present but is not supported by any known historical sources. Red and fallow deer were butchered in a formalized manner, whereas the data for roe deer are unclear. Although the Normans contributed to the diffusion of the 'unmaking' practice, in France it is also found outside the core area of Norman influence. The extensive spread of the practice demonstrates the connectedness of the medieval hunting culture in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON) is a dual-frequency ice-penetrating radar (9 and 60 MHz) onboard the Europa Clipper mission. REASON is designed to probe Europa from exosphere to subsurface ocean, contributing the third dimension to observations of this enigmatic world. The hypotheses REASON will test are that (1) the ice shell of Europa hosts liquid water, (2) the ice shell overlies an ocean and is subject to tidal flexing, and (3) the exosphere, near-surface, ice shell, and ocean participate in material exchange essential to the habitability of this moon. REASON will investigate processes governing this material exchange by characterizing the distribution of putative non-ice material (e.g., brines, salts) in the subsurface, searching for an ice–ocean interface, characterizing the ice shell's global structure, and constraining the amplitude of Europa's radial tidal deformations. REASON will accomplish these science objectives using a combination of radar measurement techniques including altimetry, reflectometry, sounding, interferometry, plasma characterization, and ranging. Building on a rich heritage from Earth, the moon, and Mars, REASON will be the first ice-penetrating radar to explore the outer solar system. Because these radars are untested for the icy worlds in the outer solar system, a novel approach to measurement quality assessment was developed to represent uncertainties in key properties of Europa that affect REASON performance and ensure robustness across a range of plausible parameters suggested for the icy moon. REASON will shed light on a never-before-seen dimension of Europa and – in concert with other instruments on Europa Clipper – help to investigate whether Europa is a habitable world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jupiter's icy moon, Europa, harbors a subsurface liquid water ocean; the prospect of this ocean being habitable motivates further exploration of the moon with the upcoming NASA Europa Clipper mission. Key among the mission goals is a comprehensive assessment of the moon's composition, which is essential for assessing Europa's habitability. Through powerful remote sensing and in situ investigations, the Europa Clipper mission will explore the composition of Europa's surface and subsurface, its tenuous atmosphere, and the local space environment surrounding the moon. Clues on the interior composition of Europa will be gathered through these assessments, especially in regions that may expose subsurface materials, including compelling geologic landforms or locations indicative of recent or current activity such as potential plumes. The planned reconnaissance of the icy world will constrain models that simulate the ongoing external and internal processes that act to alter its composition. This paper presents the composition-themed goals for the Europa Clipper mission, the synergistic, composition-focused investigations that will be conducted, and how the anticipated scientific return will advance our understanding of the origin, evolution, and current state of Europa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) of ESA was launched on 14 April 2023 and will arrive at Jupiter and its moons in July 2031. In this review article, we describe how JUICE will investigate the interior of the three icy Galilean moons, Ganymede, Callisto and Europa, during its Jupiter orbital tour and the final orbital phase around Ganymede. Detailed geophysical observations about the interior of the moons can only be performed from close distances to the moons, and best estimates of signatures of the interior, such as an induced magnetic field, tides and rotation variations, and radar reflections, will be obtained during flybys of the moons with altitudes of about 1000 km or less and during the Ganymede orbital phase at an average altitude of 490 km. The 9-month long orbital phase around Ganymede, the first of its kind around another moon than our Moon, will allow an unprecedented and detailed insight into the moon's interior, from the central regions where a magnetic field is generated to the internal ocean and outer ice shell. Multiple flybys of Callisto will clarify the differences in evolution compared to Ganymede and will provide key constraints on the origin and evolution of the Jupiter system. JUICE will visit Europa only during two close flybys and the geophysical investigations will focus on selected areas of the ice shell. A prime goal of JUICE is the characterisation of the ice shell and ocean of the Galilean moons, and we here specifically emphasise the synergistic aspects of the different geophysical investigations, showing how different instruments will work together to probe the hydrosphere. We also describe how synergies between JUICE instruments will contribute to the assessment of the deep interior of the moons, their internal differentiation, dynamics and evolution. In situ measurements and remote sensing observations will support the geophysical instruments to achieve these goals, but will also, together with subsurface radar sounding, provide information about tectonics, potential plumes, and the composition of the surface, which will help understanding the composition of the interior, the structure of the ice shell, and exchange processes between ocean, ice and surface. Accurate tracking of the JUICE spacecraft all along the mission will strongly improve our knowledge of the changing orbital motions of the moons and will provide additional insight into the dissipative processes in the Jupiter system. Finally, we present an overview of how the geophysical investigations will be performed and describe the operational synergies and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political competition accelerates the enactment of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans*, and intersexual rights (LGBTI+) due to the dynamic, rational behavior of mainstream parties across the political aisle to adapt to the sociopolitical environment. We argue that LGBTI+ social movements capitalize on median voter shifts combined with the rising pressure of ideologically close challenger parties to enact legislation. To examine this argument, we employ quantitative event history analysis with a unique dataset with measures for social movement, institutional, political, and sociocultural dimensions across 33 years in Spanish subnational arenas. We find that rising leftist and liberal contenders challenging dominant center‐left and center‐right parties, respectively, widen the opportunity political structure of LGBTI+ organizations. Ultimately, rising political fragmentation in a multiparty, multidimensional party system turns both left and right mainstream parties into allies of LGBTI+ organizations, which propose new legislation, due to political platforms seeking to preserve and enhance their electoral base. Related Articles: Burnett, Craig M., and Aaron S. King. 2015. "The Personal Politics of Same‐Sex Marriage." Politics & Policy 43(4): 586–610. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12126. Lewis, Gregory B., Marc A. Rogers, and Kenneth Sherrill. 2011. "Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Voters in the 2000 US Presidential Election." Politics & Policy 39(5): 655–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00315.x. Skipworth, Sue Ann, Andrew Garner, and Bryan J. Dettrey. 2010. "Limitations of the Contact Hypothesis: Heterogeneity in the Contact Effect on Attitudes toward Gay Rights." Politics & Policy 38(5): 887–906. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00262.x. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jupiter's moon Europa contains a subsurface ocean whose presence is inferred from magnetic field measurements, the interpretation of which depends on knowledge of Europa's local plasma environment. A recent Juno spacecraft flyby returned new observations of plasma electrons with unprecedented resolution. Specifically, powerful magnetic field‐aligned electron beams were discovered near Europa. These beams, with energies from ∼30 to ∼300 eV, locally enhance electron‐impact‐excited emissions and ionization in Europa's atmosphere by more than a factor three over the local space environment, and are associated with large jumps of the magnetic fields. The beams therefore play an essential role in shaping Europa's plasma and magnetic field environment and thus need to be accounted for electromagnetic sounding of Europa's ocean and plume detection by future missions such as JUICE and Europa Clipper. Plain Language Summary: A recent Juno spacecraft close flyby of Jupiter's moon Europa revealed the presence of powerful electrons beams. Based on previous observations and modeling of electron beams at the moon Io, such beams were not expected to be observed so close to Europa. Overall, the proximity of the beams to Europa indicates that the acceleration of these electrons takes place much closer to Europa than anticipated and that these beams, therefore, stem from a new and previously unknown acceleration mechanism. The beams are predicted to have an outsized influence on the ionization of the constituents of Europa's tenuous atmosphere and are accompanied with large magnetic field perturbations. Hence, these electron beams are an important ionization source that modify the moon's ionosphere, the electric current systems, and the magnetic field environment. In particular, the presence of electron beams will affect plasma conditions that are used to infer the extent of a subsurface ocean via the magnetic induction signal. These beams significantly impact the space plasma environment around Europa which needs to be accounted for by future missions such as ESA's (European Space Agency) JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer) and NASA's (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Europa Clipper mission. Key Points: Powerful electron beams that significantly shape Europa's space environment are discovered during a Juno flybyThe beams enhance electron‐impact‐excited emissions in Europa's atmosphere and are associated with large jumps of the magnetic fieldsThe beams' proximity to Europa and their pitch angle distribution constrain the source acceleration to be near or within the plasma disk [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more (young) people are adopting a vegan-vegetarian diet. Reasons include environmental and animal protection as well as health aspects. In the EURENI project CulSus, the European project partners are developing workbooks in magazine format that teach vegan-vegetarian cooking skills and demonstrate the sustainability of the various ingredients and preparation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the dedication to unpaid domestic work among men and women aged 55 to 71 in eighteen European countries. The 2019-2020 SHARE survey is used, which, for the first time included a specific 'time use' module to determine the time women and men dedicate to unpaid domestic work. The initial results confirm that more time is allocated to this work in Mediterranean and Eastern European countries, while in the central-north and east, the time allocation between women and men for unpaid domestic work is more equitable. To explain these differences, countries have been classified into four groups, and a gender pattern is found based on variables such as labour market participation, level of education, and income. This permits us to conclude that dedication to unpaid domestic labour is gender based and linked to regional contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Cassini mission provided evidence for a global subsurface ocean and ongoing hydrothermal activity on Enceladus, based on results from Cassini's mass spectrometers. Laboratory simulations of hydrothermal conditions on icy moons are needed to further constrain the composition of ejected ice grains containing hydrothermally altered organic material. Here, we present results from our newly established facility to simulate the processing of ocean material within the temperature range 80–150°C and the pressure range 80–130 bar, representing conditions suggested for the water–rock interface on Enceladus. With this new facility, we investigate the hydrothermal processing of triglycine (GGG) peptide and, for the first time, analyse the extracted samples using laser-induced liquid beam ion desorption (LILBID) mass spectrometry, a laboratory analogue for impact ionization mass spectrometry of ice grains in space. We outline an approach to elucidate hydrothermally processed GGG in ice grains ejected from icy moons based on characteristic differences between GGG anion and cation mass spectra. These differences are linked to hydrothermal processing and thus provide a fingerprint of hydrothermal activity on extraterrestrial bodies. These results will serve as important guidelines for biosignatures potentially obtained by a future Enceladus mission and the SUrface Dust Analyzer (SUDA) instrument onboard Europa Clipper. This article is part of the theme issue 'Dust in the Solar System and beyond'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Se analizan las políticas fiscales y laborales que afectan al trabajo autónomo en los países europeos de la OCDE, mediante regresiones de panel entre series no estacionarias del periodo 1995‐2022. El impacto es heterogéneo según las formas de trabajo autónomo y se examina su correlación con las políticas en las dimensiones de género, edad y calificación profesional. La variación a largo plazo de la proporción de trabajo autónomo sin empleados muestra una robusta correlación con el salario mínimo y la legislación de protección del empleo; si hay empleados, la proporción varía con la cuña fiscal y las prestaciones por desempleo. La desindustrialización se correlaciona positivamente con el trabajo autónomo, que presenta algunas características procíclicas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System (E-THEMIS) on the Europa Clipper spacecraft will investigate the temperature and physical properties of Europa using thermal infrared (TIR) images in three wavelength bands centered from 7-14 μm, 14-28 μm and 28-80 μm. E-THEMIS will map >80% of the surface Europa at multiple times of day at a resolution of 8-km per pixel, ∼32% percent of the surface at ≤1 km/pixel resolution, and ∼6% percent at ≤100 m/pixel resolution. The specific objectives of the investigation are to 1) understand the formation of surface features, including sites of recent or current geologic activity, in order to understand regional and global processes and evolution and 2) to identify safe sites for future landed missions. E-THEMIS uses an uncooled microbolometer detector array for the IR focal plane. The E-THEMIS focal plane has 920 cross-track pixels (896 active) and 140 along-track pixels in each of the three spectral bands. The image data are collected at 14-bits per pixel at a frame rate of 60 Hz. The instrument can operate in framing mode, where full frame images are collected, and optionally co-added in time, in each band, or in time-delay-integration (TDI) mode where consecutive rows from each band are offset spatially to remove the spacecraft motion and then summed. In addition, the data in each band can be spatially aggregated from 2 × 2 to 5 × 5 pixels. These modes will be varied throughout each Europa flyby to optimize the data precision while fitting within the E-THEMIS data allocation. The expected temperature precision, measured as the noise equivalent spectral radiance, is 1.2 K at scene temperatures ≥90 K for a TDI of 16 with 4 × 4 pixel coaggregation in Band 2. The absolute accuracy at 90 K is 2−3 K in Band 2. E-THEMIS is an all-reflective, three-mirror anastigmat telescope with a 6.45-cm effective aperture and a speed of f/1.34 cross-track and 1.92 along-track. The mass of instrument Sensor Assembly, mounted on the spacecraft nadir deck, is 11.4 kg, the vault electronics are 1.8 kg, and the two are connected through a 3.1 kg harness. The Sensor volume is 23.7 cm x 31.8 cm x 29.8 cm. E-THEMIS consumes an average operation power of 34.8 W at 28 V. E-THEMIS was developed by Arizona State University with Raytheon Vision Systems developing the microbolometer focal plane assembly and Ball Aerospace developing the electronics. E-THEMIS was integrated, tested, and radiometrically calibrated on the Arizona State University campus in Tempe, AZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of NASA's Europa Clipper mission is to assess the habitability of Jupiter's moon Europa. After entering Jupiter orbit in 2030, the flight system will collect science data while flying past Europa 49 times at typical closest approach distances of 25–100 km. The mission's objectives are to investigate Europa's interior (ice shell and ocean), composition, and geology; the mission will also search for and characterize any current activity including possible plumes. The science objectives will be accomplished with a payload consisting of remote sensing and in-situ instruments. Remote sensing investigations cover the ultraviolet, visible, near infrared, and thermal infrared wavelength ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as an ice-penetrating radar. In-situ investigations measure the magnetic field, dust grains, neutral gas, and plasma surrounding Europa. Gravity science will be achieved using the telecommunication system, and a radiation monitoring engineering subsystem will provide complementary science data. The flight system is designed to enable all science instruments to operate and gather data simultaneously. Mission planning and operations are guided by scientific requirements and observation strategies, while appropriate updates to the plan will be made tactically as the instruments and Europa are characterized and discoveries emerge. Following collection and validation, all science data will be archived in NASA's Planetary Data System. Communication, data sharing, and publication policies promote visibility, collaboration, and mutual interdependence across the full Europa Clipper science team, to best achieve the interdisciplinary science necessary to understand Europa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perchlorates have been found in the regolith of Mars and the Moon, in the ice of Europa, and in meteorites. Studying the processes of formation and destruction of these compounds is important both for understanding the geological and climatic evolution of a number of planets and bodies of the Solar System, and for assessing their habitability. To date, a number of processes for the synthesis of perchlorates under Martian conditions have been proposed, but these do not explain the perchlorate concentrations observed in the regolith and are not applicable to atmosphereless bodies, in particular Europa. We have studied the processes of synthesis and destruction of perchlorates during irradiation of ice and regolith models with high-energy electrons under conditions of low temperature (–50°C) and in the absence of an atmosphere (at a pressure of 0.01 mbar). The data obtained indicate that perchlorates can be efficiently synthesized in the regolith of Mars and the surface layer of Europa ice under the influence of irradiation in the absence of a liquid phase or an atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article by Thomas Zimmermann examines the function of decorative plates made of bone or stone in the pre-ceramic Neolithic period in Mesopotamia and the Near East. These plates are referred to as arm protection plates and have a symbolic meaning in relation to hunting. The article also deals with the function of arm protection plates from the late Neolithic period in Europe and finds that they are considered as protection or symbolic jewelry. During this time of transition from hunter-gatherer communities to settled lifestyles, central places with ritual installations played an important role. Hunting had a metaphysical dimension and body ornaments were used to create identities. The text also emphasizes the active role of women in hunting and archery. It is noted that the exact purpose of some archaeological finds remains unclear, but some objects could be interpreted as possible wrist guards. [Extracted from the article]

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