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Comprehensive Summary: Five unreported and oxygenated ent‐rosane diterpenoids (ent‐RDs), Euphomillanols A—E (1—5), were isolated from Euphorbia milii. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 are unprecedented 7/7/6‐fused tricyclic 5,10‐seco‐ent‐RDs and possess a unique 11‐oxabicyclo[4.4.1]undeca‐1(10),5‐diene moiety, while 3 is characterized by a 1‐methyl‐6‐oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct‐2‐ene motif of ring A. Their structures with absolute configurations were unambiguously determined by the extensive spectroscopic methods, X‐ray crystallography, and ECD calculation. Putative biosynthetic pathways for compounds 1—3 are proposed. All compounds exhibited antiadipogenic effects in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, and the most potent compound 4 showed an EC50 value of 3.92 μmol/L with low cytotoxicity (IC50 > 89.54 μmol/L). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Euphorbia milii plants were treated with different concentrations (0, 500 or 1000 mg/l) of GA3 and/or complete fertilizer (Solufert) at 0, 3 or 6 g/l as foliar application to investigate the impact of these treatments on some plant growth characters viz.; number of branches/plant, main stem length (cm), fresh and dry weights of main stem (g), number of leaves/branch, fresh and dry weights of leaves/plant (g), number of flowers/plant, the tallest root length (cm), number of roots/plant as well as fresh and dry weights of roots/plant (g). Results indicated that spraying plants with the combinations of 6 g/l Solufert + 500 mg/l of GA3 or 3 g/l Solufert + 1000 mg/l of GA3 gave the maximum values of most abovementioned growth traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic, untreatable and disabling disease. In this research, we investigated the pharmacological properties of Euphorbia milii petroleum ether and ethyl acetate in a psoriasis mouse model. Methods: Thirty-one albino mice were used in this study. They were divided into five groups: group I, healthy animals; group II, inducer group with imiquimod 12.5 mg (5% cream); and groups III, IV and V were imiquimod-induced and then treated with clobetasol 0.05% in group III, E. milii petroleum ether fraction in group IV and E. milii ethyl acetate fraction in group V. Immunohistochemistry for interleukin-17 (IL-17), vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta, as well as histopathology were done on the mice skin. Results: E. milii petroleum ether group showed a significant decrease in skin immunohistochemistry of IL-17, transforming growth factor-beta, and other histopathology parameters, while ethyl acetate fraction showed a significant reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor and other histopathology parameters Conclusion: E. milii petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions may have a role in psoriasis treatment in a mice model.

Objectives: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are gaining increasing attention in biomedical applications due to their unique properties. Green synthesis methods are environmentally friendly and have demonstrated potential for AgNP production. This study explores the green synthesis of AgNPs using the methanolic extract of Euphorbia milii, a plant known for its medicinal properties. The primary objectives of this research were to synthesize AgNPs using E. milii extract, characterize the nanoparticles (NPs) using various techniques, and evaluate their antibacterial and enzyme inhibitory activities. Methods: E. milii plant extract was utilized for the green synthesis of AgNPs. The characterization of the NPs was performed through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Antibacterial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, while enzyme inhibitory assays were conducted against urease, α-glucosidase, carbonic anhydrase II, and xanthine oxidase. Results: The synthesized AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial effects, with a remarkable 20-mm zone of inhibition against S. aureus, surpassing the efficacy of the plant extract alone. Furthermore, the AgNPs demonstrated remarkable enzyme inhibition, achieving impressive percentages of 77.98% against α-glucosidase and 88.54% against carbonic anhydrase II. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration values for enzyme inhibition were highly promising, including 78.09 ± 1.98 µM for α-glucosidase, 0.22 ± 0.10 µM for carbonic anhydrase II, and 7.11 ± 0.55 µM for xanthine oxidase. Conclusion: In this study, AgNPs were successfully synthesized using E. milii extract and characterized using various techniques. The AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial and enzyme-inhibitory activities, showcasing their potential for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractRespiratory tract infections are a common cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The current paper aims to treat this respiratory disorder. Therefore, we elucidated the phytochemical profile of Euphorbia milii flowers and isolated chlorogenic acid (CGA) for the first time. The electrospraying technique was utilized to prepare CGA nanoparticles in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/PLGA polymeric matrix. Complete in vitro characterizations were performed to determine particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, loading efficiency (LE), scanning electron microscopy and in vitro release study. The optimum formula (F2) with a particle size (454.36 ± 36.74 nm), a surface charge (–4.56 ± 0.84 mV), % of LE (80.23 ± 5.74), an initial burst (29.46 ± 4.79) and % cumulative release (97.42 ± 4.72) were chosen for further activities. In the murine lung infection model, PVA/PLGA NPs loaded with CGA (F2) demonstrated in vivo antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using a plaque assay, the in vitro antiviral activity was investigated. The F2 exhibited antiviral activity against coronavirus (HCoV-229E) and (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), NRCEHKU270). The IC50 of F2 against HCoV-229E and MERS-CoV was 170 ± 1.1 and 223 ± 0.88 µg/mL, respectively. The values of IC50 of F2 were significantly lower (p

Respiratory tract infections are a common cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The current paper aims to treat this respiratory disorder. Therefore, we elucidated the phytochemical profile of Euphorbia milii flowers and isolated chlorogenic acid (CGA) for the first time. The electrospraying technique was utilized to prepare CGA nanoparticles in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/PLGA polymeric matrix. Complete in vitro characterizations were performed to determine particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, loading efficiency (LE), scanning electron microscopy and in vitro release study. The optimum formula (F2) with a particle size (454.36 ± 36.74nm), a surface charge (-4.56 ± 0.84 mV), % of LE (80.23 ± 5.74), an initial burst (29.46 ± 4.79) and % cumulative release (97.42 ± 4.72) were chosen for further activities. In the murine lung infection model, PVA/PLGA NPs loaded with CGA (F2) demonstrated in vivo antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using a plaque assay, the in vitro antiviral activity was investigated. The F2 exhibited antiviral activity against coronavirus (HCoV-229E) and (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), NRCEHKU270). The IC50 of F2 against HCoV-229E and MERS-CoV was 170 ± 1.1 and 223 ± 0.88 μg/mL, respectively. The values of IC50 of F2 were significantly lower (p<.05) than that of free CGA. Therefore, the encapsulation of CGA into electrospray PVA/PLGA NPs would be a promising tool as an antimicrobial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Epicuticular wax analysis was performed on the leaves of chloroform extract obtained from the plant Euphorbia milii (‘Christ’s plant’). Aim of the study is to identify the chemical constituents and to discover how they were distributed within the cuticle. Column chromatographic separations based on polarity and GC–MS analysis led to the identification of the pentacyclic triterpenoids, its acetates and hydrocarbons that are found to be present in the epicuticular wax. The study revealed that the plant wax contains Lupenone, Glutinol, Lupeol acetate, Glutinyl acetate, Friedelan-3-ol,D:A-Friedooleanan-28-acetate 3beta hydroxyl in fraction1. The second fraction was found to contain Friedooleanan-3-ol, Friedooleanan-3-aceteate along with hydrocarbons of carbon chain length from C23–C33. Hydrocarbons in the form of alkanes and alkenes were identified as the major constituents in the third fraction of the leaf extracts and found to vary from carbon chain C18 to C34. Cuticular wax was found to be dominated by triterpenoids in the first two fractions. The last fraction contains hydrocarbons as the major constituent. The functional group analysis through FTIR-HATR study reveals the presence of characteristic peaks of waxes. The finding suggests that the biomass of the plant Euphorbia milii can be an important source for hydrocarbon.

The antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Euphorbia milii was evaluated against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, unicellular yeast, and filamentous fungi. Chaetomium ovatoascomatis NRC was identified morphologically and genetically as the most active strain. The total ethyl acetate extract of C. ovatoascomatis NRC demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative; Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteric, and fungi; Aspergillus niger with MIC of 62.5 ug/ml. Whereas n-hexane fraction demonstrated broader activity against Gram-positive; Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus cereus, Gram-negative; Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteric, fungi; Candida albicans and F. solani. LC–MS/MS analysis of ethyl acetate strain extract and GC–MS analysis of the n-hexane fraction were used to identify the metabolites of the strain extract. LC–MS/MS determined three major metabolites with potential antimicrobial activities including grevilline B, aflatoxin G2 and apigenin. GC–MS analysis of n-hexane fraction tentatively identified 30 compounds, where 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester was the major compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease and affects over 200 million people worldwide. The snail Biomphalaria glabrata is one of the intermediate hosts of S. mansoni. The aim of this work was to verify the action of Euphorbia milii var. hislopii latex in the hemocytes profile and histopathology of B. glabrata infected by S. mansoni. Uninfected and infected snails were exposed to sublethal concentration of E. milii latex for 24 hours (1.0 mg/L). The survival rate was 88.5% for the uninfected snails and 66.6% for the infected and exposed snails. In the snails infected by S. mansoni, the exposure to E. milii latex promoted proliferation of hemocytes in the tentacles, mantle, digestive gland and kidney. In the digestive gland and the kidney, granulomatous reactions occurred around the sporocysts and caused their destruction. The number of circulating hemocytes from the group infected and exposed to E. milii latex was significantly higher than in the other groups. Three types of hemocytes were found: hyalinocytes, granulocytes and blast-like cells. We conclude that the E. milii latex influenced the cellular immune response of the susceptible B. glabrata strain to infection by S. mansoni, promoting the destruction of parasites.

Leaf anatomy and micromorphology study was carried out on three selected taxa in Euphorbiaceae. The three chosen taxa were Jatropha curcas Linn., Euphorbia milii Des Moul. and Euphorbia hirta Linn. The methods involved procedures such as sectioning using sliding microtome, epidermal peeling and leaf micromorphology method using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The aim of this study is to identify the common, variation and diagnostic characteristics of leaf anatomy and micromorphology of selected species collected from Kuantan area which can give additional information for identification and classification of species. Findings in this study have shown that there were two common characters present in all the species studied which include the presence of mucilage cells and cuticular sculpturing of abaxial and adaxial epidermis. Meanwhile, several variable characters have been recorded in this study which can be useful in species differentiation such as vascular bundles arrangement in the midrib, pattern of anticlinal wall, types of stomata, waxes and trichomes. The diagnostic characteristics identified in this study are sinuous anticlinal wall pattern and anomocytic type of stomata that can only be found in E.hirta while crust of wax type and absence of trichomes can only be found in E.milii. The study reveals that leaf anatomy and micromorphology characteristics have taxonomic values and can be used as an additional data for identification and classification of species in Euphorbiaceae.

Penyakit yang sering ditemukan pada tanaman hias Euphorbia milii adalah penyakit bercak daun. Namun, penyebab penyakit bercak daun pada tanaman E. milii masih belum banyak diketahui hingga saat ini. Perkecambahan merupakan faktor yang penting bagi kelangsungan hidup spora. Pada beberapa kasus tertentu diketahui bahwa pertambahan spora patogen dapat dirangsang oleh metabolit sekunder tanaman yang rentan terhadap patogen tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi penyebab penyakit bercak daun pada tanaman E. milii dan perkecambahan spora jamur patogen yang menyebabkan penyakit bercak daun pada berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak daun E. milii. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Penyakit Tumbuhan, Jurusan Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang. Identifikasi penyakit bercak daun dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji postulat Koch. Pengujian perkecambahan spora memakai ekstrak daun E.milii dengan perlakuan konsentrasi ekstrak 0, 10, 25, 50, 100%, dan setiap perlakuan diulang 3 kali. Percobaan ini disusun dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap. Hasil dari identifikasi didapatkan bahwa penyakit bercak daun pada tanaman E. milii disebabkan oleh jamur Pestalotia sp. Persentase tertinggi dari perkecambahan spora jamur patogen Pestalotia sp. pada ekstrak tanaman E. milii dan air destilasi ditunjukkan pada perlakuan kontrol dengan nilai 82,25%, dan nilai terendah yaitu pada perlakuan ekstrak daun E. milii 100% dengan nilai 52,83%.

Euphorbiaceae plants had been traditionally used in healing various diseases. This study was designed to determine the secondary metabolites that exist in Malaysian Euphorbia milii (Euphorbiaceae) and it's potential in antioxidant activities. Dried leaves and flowers of E. milii were extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis was performed toward the crude extracts. The outcomes showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, quinones, carbohydrates, and reducing sugar were mainly present in all of the samples extracted by the three solvents. For quantitative analysis, methanolic leaves extract contained the highest amount of flavonoids, given as 0.0867 ± 0.005 mg QE/g of the sample compared to other extracts. Meanwhile, the determination of antioxidant activities of each extract showed that methanol leaves extract consists of the highest antioxidant activity due to the presence of phytochemical compounds. This significant data provides preliminary findings that may lead to further development as a potential source of herbal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Sixteen undescribed, structurally diverse and novel diterpenoids were characterized from Euphorbia milii. • Thirteen synthetic derivatives were prepared, and a 12-fold increase in inhibitory potency was gained through structural derivation. • Fifteen anti-osteoclastogenesis diterpenoids were identified. Phytochemical study on Euphorbia milii , a common ornamental plant, resulted in the identification of thirteen new ent -rosane diterpenoids (1 – 13), three new ent -atisane diterpenoids (14 – 16), and a known ent -rosane (17). Their structures were delineated using spectroscopic data, quantum chemical calculations, and X-ray diffraction experiments. Euphomilone F (1) represented a rare ent -rosane-type diterpenoid with a 5/7/6 skeleton. Euphoainoid G (8) was a rare rosane diterpenic acid. Compounds 9 and 10 carried infrequent tetrahydrofuran rings, and compounds 11 – 13 was 18- nor - ent -rosane diterpenoids. All isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on RANKL-induced osteoclasts. Notably, compounds with aromatic ester groups (2 – 7) showed promising activities (IC 50 < 10 μM), underscoring the significance of acylated A-ring moieties in the ent -rosane skeleton for anti-osteoclastogenesis. Thirteen synthetic derivatives were obtained through esterification of 17. Of these, compound 27 exhibited remarkable improvement, with an IC 50 of 0.8 μM, more than a 12-fold increase in potency compared to the parent compound 17 (IC 50 > 10 μM). This work presents a series of new ent -rosane diterpenoids with potential antiosteoporosis agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to conduct a census of toxic species in the family Euphorbiaceae present in Araguaína, TO and assess the number locations of poisoning cases by toxic plants. The survey was conducted in 35 randomly selected neighborhoods. Of these 35 sectors found in 77.14 % Jatropha curcasand 22.86% Euphorbia milii. The three sectors where more individuals of J. curcas, in Loteamento Jorge Martins were found (51.8%), São Miguel (55.5%) and Céu Azul (70.37%). The values of E. miliiwere in m2, greater occurrence of this species in Manoel da Cunha (2.05 m2) and Palmas sector (0.05m2). In period 2009 -2015 were 37 cases of poisoning, 30 of these cases are city dwellers of Araguaína, these kinds J.curcaswas responsible for 53.33% of poisoning, other cases was caused by Dieffenbachia picta(10%), 36.66% the cause of the poisoning species was not identified. The majority of the cases registered (96.29%) is associated with children aged from one to 10 years old. The results may help in the preparation of informative material about the poisoning cases, as well as species related with the highest occurrence, alerting the population about the dangers of eating poisonous plants.

Abstract INTRODUCTION In Brazil, Biomphalaria glabrata, B. tenagophila, and B. straminea are intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, the etiological agent of schistosomiasis mansoni. Molluscicide use is recommended by the WHO for controlling the transmission of this parasite. Euphorbia milii latex has shown promising results as an alternative molluscicide. Thus, a natural molluscicide prototype kit based on freeze-dried E. milii latex was developed and evaluated against Biomphalaria spp. METHODS E. milii latex was collected, processed, and lyophilized. Two diluents were defined for freeze-dried latex rehydration, and a prototype kit, called MoluSchall, was produced. A stability test was conducted using prototype kits stored at different temperatures, and a toxicity assay was performed using Danio rerio. Additionally, MoluSchall was tested against B. glabrata under semi-natural conditions according to defined conditions in the laboratory. RESULTS MoluSchall was lethal to three Brazilian snail species while exhibiting low toxicity to D. rerio. Regardless of storage temperature, MoluSchall was stable for 24 months and was effective against B. glabrata under semi-natural conditions, with the same LD100 as observed under laboratory conditions. CONCLUSIONS MoluSchall is a natural, effective, and inexpensive molluscicide with lower environmental toxicity than existing molluscicides. Its production offers a possible alternative strategy for controlling S. mansoni transmission.

Objectives: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are gaining increasing attention in biomedical applications due to their unique properties. Green synthesis methods are environmentally friendly and have demonstrated potential for AgNP production. This study explores the green synthesis of AgNPs using the methanolic extract of Euphorbia milii , a plant known for its medicinal properties. The primary objectives of this research were to synthesize AgNPs using E. milii extract, characterize the nanoparticles (NPs) using various techniques, and evaluate their antibacterial and enzyme inhibitory activities., Methods: E. milii plant extract was utilized for the green synthesis of AgNPs. The characterization of the NPs was performed through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Antibacterial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus , while enzyme inhibitory assays were conducted against urease, α-glucosidase, carbonic anhydrase II, and xanthine oxidase., Results: The synthesized AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial effects, with a remarkable 20-mm zone of inhibition against S. aureus , surpassing the efficacy of the plant extract alone. Furthermore, the AgNPs demonstrated remarkable enzyme inhibition, achieving impressive percentages of 77.98% against α-glucosidase and 88.54% against carbonic anhydrase II. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration values for enzyme inhibition were highly promising, including 78.09 ± 1.98 μM for α-glucosidase, 0.22 ± 0.10 μM for carbonic anhydrase II, and 7.11 ± 0.55 μM for xanthine oxidase., Conclusion: In this study, AgNPs were successfully synthesized using E. milii extract and characterized using various techniques. The AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial and enzyme-inhibitory activities, showcasing their potential for biomedical applications., Competing Interests: The author declares no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © International Journal of Health Sciences.)

Purpose: To determine the cytotoxic and antiviral potentials of Euphorbia milii var. splendens leaf against Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Methods: The methanol extract, as well as n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions of E. milii leaves were screened for cytotoxic and antiviral activities against PPRV using Vero cell line and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: Non-cytotoxic concentrations with cell survival rate (CSP) greater than 50 % were considered virucidal. Methanol extract and fractions produced significant (p < 0.05) effects at all test concentrations against PPRV. The 50 % cytotoxic concentration (CC50) calculated was ≤ 25 µg/mL for extract and fractions. In antiviral assay, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and n-butanol fractions at all test concentrations ranging from 1.56 - 800 µg/mL were non-virucidal; even at their non-cytotoxic concentrations these fractions did not show antiviral activities. However, the methanol extract and its chloroform fractions showed significant (p < 0.05) virucidal potential. Conclusion: The results suggest that further isolation of antiviral constituents from the fractions may open new horizons for the development of new antiviral agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Biological and chemical properties of Euphorbia milii different parts were investigated. • Six in-vitro antioxidant assays were performed. • Inhibition potential against key enzymes were also evaluated. • UHPLC-MS profiling revealed the presence of phenolic, flavonoid, coumarin, glycoside and alkaloids. • E. milii showed great potential as natural bioactive agent for industrial applications. Abstract The plants of Euphorbia genus have been extensively studied for their nutritive and therapeutic purposes. The present research is the foremost effort to investigate and compare the biological activities and chemical composition of dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH) solvent extracts of Euphorbia milli Des Moul aerial and root parts. Antioxidant potential was determined using six different (FRAP, CUPRAC, Phosphomolybdenum, DPPH, ABTS and ferrous chelation) methods. The enzyme inhibition effects of the tested extracts were evaluated against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-glucosidase, α-amylase and tyrosinase. Similarly, the amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed via spectrophotometric methods and individual secondary metabolites were also determined using UHPLC-MS analysis. Methanolic extracts from both aerial and root parts contained the highest contents for phenolic and flavonoids which tends to correlate with their significant DPPH, ABTS (radical scavenging), FRAP, CUPRAC (reducing power) and α-glucosidase inhibition potentials. While, both the DCM extracts containing the lowest bioactive contents were most active in the phosphomolybdenum assay, cholinesterases and tyrosinase inhibition. The root extracts proved to be a better source of bioactive antioxidant molecules. Additionally, UHPLC-MS profiling of both the methanolic extracts revealed the presence of total 16 secondary metabolites belonging to five major groups (phenolic, flavonoid, coumarin, glycoside and alkaloid). To conclude, our results suggest that E. milii can be considered as a promising lead origin for natural bioactive enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant compounds which could pave the way for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Multifunctional nanocarriers are in immediate need to develop anticancer activity for the treatment of cancers. In the present research, the graphene oxide was reduced via an efficient method which reduced to RGO by using Euphorbia milii leaves extract. Thus obtained RGO nanocomposites were subsequently characterized by means UV–Vis absorption technique. AFM imaging was further performed in order to analyze the surface morphology of GO nanosheet as well as to estimate the average thickness of the GO nanosheets before and after the addition of Euphorbia milii leaves extract. Furthermore, the anticancer effect of RGO-loaded PTX (RGO/PTX) on A549 (Human lung cancer cell lines) was evaluated by MTT assay. The results displayed that with the increase in the concentration of RGO/PTX to200 ??g/mL, the cell viability reduced to 29%. Even more increase in the concentration to 500 ??g/mL of RGO/PTX, the cell viability also showed rapid reduction to 10%. Based on this, we can conclude that the increased concentration of RGO/PTX decreased the cell viability of A549 cell lines tremendously and has the potential to serve in the lung carcinoma targeted chemotherapy. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Synthesis of RGO by using Euphorbia milii leaves extract. • Characterization of RGO using spectroscopic techniques • Loading of Paclitaxel onto fabricated RGO • Anticancer effect of RGO-loaded PTX on A549 cells [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CuO nanostructures were green synthesized using Vitex negundo and Euphorbia milii leaf extracts. • Experiential reflections of CuO nanostructures could be well indexed to pristine monoclinic unit cell structure. • EDS spectra depicted Cu and O elemental peaks presence with oxygen vacancies. • FESEM images disclosed hierarchical CuO nanoparticles/nanorods and sphere-like CuO nanoparticles formation. • CuO nanostructures disclosed higher antibacterial activity due to oxygen vacancy and more ROS generation. A facile and green route was followed to synthesize copper oxide (CuO) nanostructures using Vitex negundo and Euphorbia milii leaf extracts. Structural, elemental, chemical, spectral and morphological features of the CuO nanostructures were determined by XRD, EDS, FTIR spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectrophotometer and FESEM, respectively. The CuO nanostructures disclosed considerably higher antibacterial activity against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria over commercial antibiotic (Vancomycin). This enhanced antibacterial activity could be credited to the generation of more ROS associated with oxygen vacancy and size of the CuO nanostructures. Particularly, hierarchical CuO nanoparticles/nanorods prepared using V. negundo leaf extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity due to their lower size range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euphorbia milii (Euphorbiaceae) grows as a scrambling shrub with many branches. Here, we report and characterize the complete plastome of E. milii in an effort to provide genomic resources useful for promoting its systematic research. The plastome of E. milii is found to possess a total length of 160,806 bp with the typical quadripartite structure of angiosperms, contains two Inverted Repeats (IRs) of 26,695 bp, a Large Single-Copy (LSC) region of 90,211 bp and a Small Single-Copy (SSC) region of 17,205 bp. The plastome contains 114 genes, consisting of 80 unique protein-coding genes, 30 unique tRNA genes and four unique rRNA genes. The overall A/T content in the plastome of E. milii is of 64.10%. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that E. milii is close to E. tirucalli within Euphorbiaceae in this study. The complete plastome sequence of E. milii will provide a useful resource for the conservation genetics of this species as well as for the phylogenetic studies of Euphorbiaceae.

The diverse group of endophytic fungi was isolated from Euphorbia milii, an ornamental plant, plated on lignin-based potato dextrose agar. The laccase-producing fungi were screened with alpha-naphthol. Initially, one variable at a time method was used for optimization of the low-cost media for laccase production, and the following parameters were used: carbon source (glucose), nitrogen source (sodium nitrate), pH (7), agitation (120 rpm), amount of mineral solution (2 mL), incubation period (28∘C) and duration (5 days). The efficiency of media for laccase production was statistically analysed. The optimized laccase production in response surface model was predicted using an artificial neural network with net regression value of 0.98. The final optimum media conditions for laccase production were as follows: carbon source (sodium potassium tartrate (1.4 g/L)), nitrogen source (sodium nitrate (1 g/L)), mineral solution (1 mL), inducer (copper sulphate 0.1 g/L and potassium chloride 0.5/L), pH (5), incubation (120 rpm), temperature (28∘C) and duration (7 days). The lowest laccase production in response surface model was 38.25 U/L and the highest laccase production was 122 U/L on the 7th day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been emerged as significant wound healing agents because of their improved mechanical properties. However, the green synthesized silver nanoparticleshave reported significant wound healing action in Albino rats which was validated by the measurement of wound closure rate. Silver nanoparticles were efficiently synthesized using Euphorbia milii leaf extract. The UV–visible spectra recorded the effect of the reaction time on AgNPs synthesis and was indentified that the peak became shaper with an increase in time, which corresponds to increase in the number of nanoparticles formed from the reduction of silver ions present in the aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction technique and corresponding XRD patterns confirmed the biphasic nature of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles. However, low magnification TEM images presented monodispersed AgNPs with their size ranging from 20 to 30 nm while SAED diffraction pattern disclosed their crystalline nature. Furthermore, the wound healing activity of AgNPs was examined through the excision wound model by measuring the rate of wound closure and Group II (treated with 10% Ointment base with biosynthesized AgNPs) revealed significant wound healing activity over Control group and Group I (treated with Standard Nitrofurazone ointment) in Albino rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Better understanding of plant-bacteria interactions under stress is of the prime importance for enhancing airborne pollutant phytoremediation. No studies have investigated plant-epiphyte interactions compared to plant-endophyte interactions under airborne formaldehyde stress in terms of plant Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), ethylene, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and pollutant removal efficiency. Euphorbia milii was inoculated with native plant growth-promoting (PGP) endophytic and epiphytic isolates individually to investigate plant-endophyte compared to plant-epiphyte interactions under continuous formaldehyde fumigation. Under airborne formaldehyde stress, endophyte interacts with its host plant closely and provides higher levels of IAA which protected the plant against formaldehyde phytotoxicity by lowering intracellular ROS, ethylene levels and maintaining shoot epiphytic community; hence, higher pollutant removal. However, plant-epiphyte interactions could not provide enough IAA to confer protection against formaldehyde stress; thus, increased ROS and ethylene levels, large decrease in shoot epiphytic population and lower pollutant removal although epiphyte contacts with airborne pollutant directly (has greater access to gaseous formaldehyde). Endophyte-inoculated plant synthesized more tryptophan as a signaling molecule for its associated bacteria to produce IAA compared to the epiphyte-inoculated one. Under stress, PGP endophyte interacts with its host closely; thus, better protection against stress and higher pollutant removal compared to epiphyte which has limited interactions with the host plant; hence, lower pollutant removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoremediation could be a cost-effective, environmentally friendly approach for the treatment of indoor air. However, some drawbacks still dispute the expediency of phytotechnology. Our objectives were to investigate the competency of plant growth-promoting (PGP) endophytic Bacillus cereus ERBP (endophyte root blue pea), isolated from the root of Clitoria ternatea , to colonize and stabilize within Zamioculcas zamiifolia and Euphorbia milii as non-native hosts without causing any disease or stress symptoms. Moreover, the impact of B. cereus ERBP on the natural shoot endophytic community and for the airborne formaldehyde removal capability of non-native hosts was assessed. Non-native Z. zamiifolia was effectively inoculated with B. cereus ERBP through soil as the most efficient method of endophyte inoculation. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiling of the shoot endophytic community verified the colonization and stability of B. cereus ERBP within its non-native host during a 20-d fumigation period without interfering with the natural shoot endophytic diversity of Z. zamiifolia . B. cereus ERBP conferred full protection to its non-native host against formaldehyde phytotoxicity and enhanced airborne formaldehyde removal of Z. zamiifolia whereas non-inoculated plants suffered from formaldehyde phytotoxicity because their natural shoot endophytic community was detrimentally affected by formaldehyde. In contrast, B. cereus ERBP inoculation into non-native E. milii deteriorated airborne formaldehyde removal of the non-native host (compared to a non-inoculated one) as B. cereus ERBP interfered with natural shoot endophytic community of E. milii , which caused stress symptoms and stimulated ethylene biosynthesis. Non-native host inoculation with PGP B. cereus ERBP could bear potentials and challenges for airborne formaldehyde removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trimethylamine (TMA) is a volatile organic compound which causes not only unpleasant odor but also health concerns to humans. The average emission of TMA from food and fishery industries is 20.60 parts per billion (ppb) and emission from the gas exhausters is even higher which reaches 370 parts per million (ppm). In order to select the best plant TMA removal agent, in this study, 13 plants were exposed to 100 ppm of TMA and the remaining TMA concentration in their system was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Furthermore, plant metabolites from the selected plant were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The result showed that Euphorbia milii was the most superior plant for TMA removal and could absorb up to 90 % of TMA within 12 h. E. milii absorbed TMA via leaf and stem with 55 and 45 % uptake efficiency, respectively. Based on its stomatal movement during the exposure to TMA, it was implied that the plant switched the photosynthetic mode from crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)-cycling to CAM and CAM-idling. The switching of photosynthetic mode might reduce the stomata role in TMA absorption. Fatty acids, alkanes, and fatty alcohols in the plant leaf wax were also found to contribute to TMA adsorption. Leaf wax, stomata, and other leaf constituents contributed 58, 6, and 36 %, respectively, of the total TMA absorption by the leaf. The analysis and identification of plant metabolites confirmed that TMA was degraded and mineralized by E. milii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of fluorescent reagents for the histochemical detection of catecholamines or histamine, as well as luminescent antagonists of the intracellular neurotransmitters revealed that they can bind to certain cellular compartments. After the treatment with glyoxylic acid (a reagent used for the detection of catecholamines), blue fluorescence with maximum at 460-475 nm was visualized in nuclei and chloroplasts (in control preparations no emission in this spectral region was recorded), as well as an intense fluorescence, exceeding the control level, in the vacuoles. After the exposure to ortho-phthalic aldehyde (a reagent used for the histamine detection), blue emission was more noticeable in nuclei and chloroplasts, which correlates with previously observed effects on intact cells, such as pollen and vegetative microspores. A comparison of the intensities of the biogenic amine-related emission in various organelles showed that the greatest emission was in vacuoles and the weakest, in chloroplasts. Thus, on the surface, and possibly within the organelles, fluorescence could demonstrate the presence of biogenic amines. Antagonists of the neurotransmitters (dtubocurarine for acetylcholine; yohimbine for dopamine; norepinephrine and inmecarb for serotonin), which fluoresce in the blue and blue-green region and usually bind with the plasmalemma of intact cells, also interacted with the membranes of the organelles studied. Fluorescence intensity depended on the object; most prominent it was for yohimbine in the outer membrane of the nucleus, vacuoles, and chloroplasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nanotechnology has potential future for enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing the unwanted effects of herbal drugs. The biological research on Euphorbia species has been supported by the use of some plants in traditional medicines. Many species of Euphorbia have been reported as having strong sedative and analgesic effects. In the present research work gold nanoparticles of Euphorbia milii methanolic extract (Au-EM) were synthesized, characterized and tested for antinociceptive, muscle relaxant and sedative activities. Methods: Au-EM was prepared by stirring 1 mM warm trihydrated tetrachloroaurate solution with E. milii methanolic extract without using any external reducing agents. The gold nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, infrared spectrophotometery, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy while their stability was evaluated against varying pH and different volumes of sodium chloride (NaCl). The metal sensing capacity of Au-EM was tested towards cobalt, copper, lead, mercury and nickel. Au-EM was evaluated in BALB/c mice at a dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg for antinociceptive, muscle relaxant and sedative activities in comparison with the crude E. milii methanolic extract. Results: Au-EM showed remarkable stability in different NaCl and pH solutions. Au-EM produced significant (P < 0.01) antinociceptive effect at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg as compared to the crude E. milii methanolic extract. In the rotarod test, Au-EM showed significant muscle relaxant effect at 10 mg/kg (P<0.05) and 20 mg/kg (P< 0.01) after 30, 60 and 90 min. In an open field test significant sedative effect (P< 0.05) of Au-EM was observed at 10 and 20 mg/kg. Moreover significant detection sensitivity was demonstrated towards all the tested heavy metals. Conclusions: These results concluded that the gold nanoparticles improved the potency of E. milii methanolic extract and exhibited significant analgesic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties. The significant metals sensing ability and enhanced stability in different NaCl and pH solutions may enable us to explore different formulations of E. milii gold nanoparticles for potentially effective and safe nano-herbal therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to characterize the proteases present in Euphorbia milii latex and to evaluate the nematicidal potential of these enzymes. Results suggest that proteases present in E. milii latex concentrate samples are milin and miliin. Difference (p<0.01) between larvae number in the different groups was found, with 65.59% and 96.46% Panagrellus redivivus larvae reduction after 24 and 48 h, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Miliin is a serine protease purified from the latex of Euphorbia milii. This work reports the effect of pH and temperature on the catalytic activity of miliin, using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) substrates. Miliin displayed the highest activity at pH 9 and 35°C. Subsite mapping shows that subsites S2 to S2′ prefer uncharged residues. The S2 subsite prefers hydrophobic aliphatic amino acids (Val, Pro and Ile) and defines the cleavage site. This work is the first one that reports subsite mapping of Euphorbiacea proteases. The N-terminal sequence showed higher similarity (40%) with the serine protease LIM9 isolated from Lilium. The presence of Tyr, Pro and Lys at positions 2, 5 and 10 respectively, were observed for most of the serine proteases used for comparison. The N-terminal sequence has striking differences with those reported previously for milin and eumiliin, other serine proteases isolated from the latex of E. milii. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]