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Four new premyrsinane-type diterpenes ( 1 – 4 ) were isolated from the methanol extract of the whole, undried plant of Euphorbia falcata . Their structures were determined by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR (COSY, HMBC, HSQC and NOESY) techniques and mass spectral data as di-, tetra-, penta- and hexaesters of diterpene polyols, esterified with acetic, benzoic, propanoic, isobutanoic and n -hexanoic acids. One of the compounds contains a rare hemiacetal moiety. This type of diterpenes was previously detected only in four Euphorbia species ( Euphorbia aleppica , Euphorbia decipiens , Euphorbia macroclada and Euphorbia pithyusa subsp. cupani ).

In this study, the antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts and latex of some Euphorbia species used for medical purposes in Turkey were investigated. The extracts of Euphorbia aleppica L., Euphorbia szovitsii Fisch.&Mey. var. harputensis Aznav. ex M. S. Khan, Euphorbia falcata L. sub. falcata var. falcata, Euphorbia denticulata Lam., Euphorbia macroclada Boiss., Euphorbia cheiradenia Boiss.&Hohen, Euphorbia virgata Waldst.&Kit., Euphorbia petiolata Banks&Sol. were prepared with methanol. The antimicrobial activities of these extracts were examined on test microorganisms as follows: Staphylococcus aureus COWAN 1, Bacillus megaterium DSM 32, Proteus vulgaris FMC 1, Klebsiella pneumonia FMC 5, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 50071, Candida albicans FMC 17, Candida glabrata ATCC 66032, Epidermophyton sp. and Trichophyton sp. by the disc diffusion methods and well agar method. The MIC values of extracts were determined according to the broth microdulitions method. Results indicated that extracts of Euphorbia species inhibited the growth of tested microorganisms in the different ratio. Also, the MIC values of extracts were determined as 31,2-1000 µg.

Four new pentacyclic polyfunctional diterpenes, euphoppins A-D [1-4], were isolated from whole plants of Euphorbia aleppica. Their structures were established by spectral methods as tetra esters [1-3] and a penta ester [4] of a hitherto unknown polyfunctional pentacyclic diterpene parent alcohol, structurally related to myrsinol.

Euphorbia aleppica Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 458. 1753. "Habitat in Creta, Aleppo." RCN: 3537. Lectotype (Turland in Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. London, Bot. 25: 136, f. 10. 1995): Herb. Linn. No. 630.46 (LINN). Current name: Euphorbia aleppica L. (Euphorbiaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part E), pp. 490-515 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 510, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Two pentacyclic diterpene esters, euphoreppines A and B with a novel carbon skeleton, have been isolated from whole plants of Euphorbia aleppica, and their structures have been elucidated by spectroscopic methods (MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR techniques). In addition, four known compounds have also been obtained.

Euphorbia aleppica, spec. nov. 38. Euphorbia umbella quinquefida: dichotoma, involucellis ovato-lanceolatis mucronatis, foliis inferioribus setaceis. Diss. euph.37. Tithymalus foliis inferioribus capillaceis; superioribus myrto similibus. Moris. hist. 3. p.338. Tithymalus cyparissius. Alp. exot. 65. t. 64. Habitat in Creta , Aleppo . ���, Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1753, Species plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 458, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3931989

Two new pentacyclic diterpene polyesters, aleppicatine A and B, have been isolated from the acetone extract of the whole plant of Euphorbia aleppica, in addition to five known cycloartane-type triterpenes (24-methylenecycloartanol, cyclolaudenol, cycloart-25-en-3 beta-ol-24-one, cycloart-22-en-3 beta,25-diol and cycloart-25-en-3 beta,24-diol), scopoletin, kaempferol and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and its methyl ether. The structures of the new compounds and their hydrolysis products have been extensively characterized by high-field NMR spectroscopic methods, including 2D NMR techniques.