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β-Caryophyllene possesses potential anticancer properties against various cancers, including breast, colon, and lung cancer. Therefore, the essential oil of Ayapana triplinervis, which is rich in β-caryophyllene, can be a potential herbal remedy for treating cancer. However, molecular and genomic studies on A. triplinervis are still sparse. In this study, we obtained 14.7 Gb of RNA-Seq data from A. triplinervis leaf RNA and assembled 137 554 transcripts with an N50 value of 1437 bp. We annotated 72 436 (52.7%) transcripts and mapped 10 640 transcripts to 156 biochemical pathways. Among them, 218 were related to terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, while 27 were linked to sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid pathways. Ninety-four transcripts were annotated in the β-caryophyllene and lupeol pathways. From these transcripts, for the first time, we identified 25 full-length genes encoding all the 17 enzymes involved in β-caryophyllene biosynthesis and an additional five genes involved in lupeol biosynthesis. These genes will be useful for the metabolic engineering of β-caryophyllene and lupeol biosynthesis, not just in A. triplinervis but also in other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the aerial parts of Eupatorium fortunei, four thymol derivatives (1-4) were isolated and structurally elucidated by NMR and mass spectroscopic methods. Of which, a new dimeric thymol derivative (1) was characterized and its absolute configuration was established by electronic circular dichroism quantum method. In addition, the 1D and 2D NMR as well as HR-ESI mass spectral data of 2 were provided for the first time. Compounds 2-4 were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes. All tested compounds showed weak inhibition at the concentration range of 1–256 μg/mL in both enzymatic assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Based on the important findings of our research group about the chemical constituents of Eupatorium adenophorum, the present review shares an update about the research progress on the chemical constituents of Eupatorium and their biological activities in the last 10 years. For the first time, it also reviews some studies investigating the chemical constituents of the plant. Considering the multiple properties of this genus, the next step should be to strengthen the study of the action mechanism underlying the active components of this genus. Hopefully, this review can provide new insights for prompting future research on Eupatorium applications and drug development. The genus Eupatorium belongs to the Asteraceae (Compositae) family and has multiple properties, such as invasiveness and toxicity, and is used in folk medicine. The last review on the chemical constituents of this genus and their biological activities was published in 2015. The present review provides an overview of 192 natural products discovered from 2015 to the present. These products include 63 sesquiterpenoids, 53 benzofuran derivatives, 39 thymol derivatives, 15 fatty acids, 7 diterpenoids, 5 monoterpenoids, 4 acetophenones, and 6 other compounds. We also characterized their respective chemical structures and cytotoxic, antifungal, insecticidal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten sesquiterpenoids (1-10), including two new compounds 1 and 2, were isolated with the use of several chromatographic methods from the above-ground tissues of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. Comprehensive spectroscopic studies, such as single-crystal X-ray diffraction, 1D, 2D-NMR, and HRMS, were used to characterize their structures. The cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory actions and properties of the new compounds 1 and 2 were examined and briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Eupatorium japonicum Thunb. (Compositae: Eupatorieae: Eupatoriinae) is described and illustrated. The current synonymy is provided, together with type citations for each of the names and statements of the located type material, together with appropriate notes and comments on this material, including lectotypifications if present in the literature. A selection of verified illustrations of the species in the literature is provided. Statements of the species' distribution, habitat and ecological preferences, phenology, conservation status, and the etymology of both generic and specific epithets are given, along with an impressive array of vernacular names, reflecting its relatively wide distribution and long cultivation. Cultivation, propagation, and availability notes are provided. The probability of this plant having been 'exported' to China many centuries ago both for its scent and festival significance almost mirrors that of the Chrysanthemum, that came in the opposite direction a few centuries earlier. The author citation for this well‐known Japanese endemic is discussed, as is the long‐standing confusion between E. chinense L., E. japonicum and the separation of E. fortunei Turcz. in many references. Comments on Robert Fortune's Chinese collections relevant to the type material of Eupatorium fortunei are also provided. Included within the synonymy of E. fortunei is E. stoechadosmum Hance, published in a short paper, Manipulus ..., in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, the Monitum, is dated '7 kal. Februar. 1863', suggesting publication of Cahier 4 post that date when it was published. Hance's novelties (some collected as late as November 1862), and those of Triana & Planchon in their Prodromus florae Novo‐Granatensis ... (from Cahier 5) are listed in major databases as having been published in 1862; there is no other internal evidence in the relevant papers to suggest, or confirm, this is true. Any suggestion that Hance's Manipulis was published in early 1862 is similarly incorrect. Hance's plant supports other records, including the publication of E. fortunei Turcz., that E. japonicum had been long in cultivation in China, but never known to grow in the wild. Eupatorium japonicum, now with E. fortunei (fujibakama) in synonymy, is one of the seven plants, from the Festival of Seven Flowers or Herbs (nanakusa no sekku) that takes place in the autumn – the Autumn's Seven Flowers or Herbs (aki no nanakusa). The autumn tradition, dating back over a millennium, mirrors the spring festival (haru no nanakusa) – when a seven‐herb rice porridge is eaten – but in autumn the simplicity of the flowers is just for visual enjoyment, not eating. The herbal and medicinal uses of this species also have a long history, are wide‐ranging, and clearly have great potential in a number of fields, not least in preventing insect predation, as an insecticide, or as an ovicide, together with antifungal and antimicrobial activity, as well as showing good anti‐inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. The plant's Lavender‐like smell is akin to that produced in sakuramochi (Prunus speciosa (Koidz.) Ingram, of cherry blossom fame), but is based on coumarin and its derivatives, not linalool and related volatiles in Lavandula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new thymol derivatives (1–2) were isolated from the aerial parts of Eupatorium fortunei. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis as 8,9-dehydrothymol-3-O-β-glucoside (1), and 9-(acetyloxy)thymol-3-yl (3-methylbut-2-enoate) (2). All isolates were evaluated for cytotoxic activities with IC50 values greater than 50 μM in vitro against MCF-7, HeLa, A549, and Hep G-2 cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on encapsulating the drug with enhanced efficiency and characterizing the same environmental applications. Efficient encapsulation and conjugation of this remarkable drug with chitosan have never been attempted before. Loading into a nanocarrier extends the efficiency of the boneset from being general folk medicine to a specialized functional moiety that even works as potential nanomedicine and dye degeneration. Eupatorium perfoliatum 3C loaded in the chitosan nanocarrier was performed using an ionotropic gelation method. Physicochemical properties were analyzed using a pH meter, UV‐Vis spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A dye degradation assay was done for four commercially available dyes, namely, safranin, methyl red as well as orange, and methylene blue. Irrespective of chitosan's molecular weight, methyl orange is degraded the most by E. perfoliatum 3C formulation by 31.9% at 90 min. In terms of encapsulation efficiency, lower molecular chitosan shows 96% encapsulation of the drug within its surface. Thus, manifesting itself as a potential nanocarrier for therapeutic applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The Chromolaena congesta complex is an informal group of taxa native to grasslands from south-eastern South America with numerous identification problems, currently under study using an integrative approach. Recent studies with morphological data have aided in defining some taxa, but many questions remain to be assessed, and there is much to gain from combining morphological data with other lines of evidence. Aims: We investigated whether the species of the C. congesta complex could be circumscribed and differentiated according to climatic and distributional data and how these results compare to published morphological data. Methods: We used a SDM approach and climatic envelope estimates of 12 taxa belonging to the C. congesta complex. To achieve that, we compiled a distributional database from herbarium specimen information and produced distribution models for each taxon by using MaxEnt and 19 bioclimatic variables. Key results: We found that many species of the complex share similar predicted suitable distribution and climatic preferences, while also uncovering particular geographic and climatic patterns for C. ascendens and C. caaguazuensis. Our results also contributed with the circumscription of C. squarrulosa and provided data for further recognition of two taxonomic novelties. Conclusions: Climatic and distributional data yielded interesting results for the taxonomy of this species complex, particularly when confronted with morphological data. Implications: This study provided support for an apparently undescribed Chromolaena that merits recognition at species rank and the treatment of Eupatorium caaguazuense var. nervosum as a separate species from C. squarrulosa , while also supplying further evidence that morphologically diverse populations of C. squarrulosa should be treated as a single taxon. Representative of South American Chromolaena congesta species complex. Identifying patterns of geographical distribution of species can be an extraordinary tool to understand not only their biology, but also their own identity. With that in mind, we combined climatic data from south-eastern South America with information on the distribution of a group of species of difficult delimitationin an attempt to aid in their identification. Our results corroborated with findings from studies with different lines of evidence and indicated that geographical distribution is indeed invaluable to plant identification and classification. Photograph by Anderson Christ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the chemical analysis of petroleum ether extract of Eupatorium adenophorum was conducted which led to the identification of a previously unreported sesquiterpenoid, named eupatorione A (1). The structure of eupatorione A (1) was elucidated through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D, 2DNMR techniques, as well as HRMS. Additionally, X-ray diffraction was employed to further confirm the structure. The anti-inflammatory activity of compound 1 was assessed by measuring its inhibitory effects on the production of nitric oxide (NO), induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 LPS-activated macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Eupatorium belongs to the Asteraceae (Compositae) family and has multiple properties, such as invasiveness and toxicity, and is used in folk medicine. The last review on the chemical constituents of this genus and their biological activities was published in 2015. The present review provides an overview of 192 natural products discovered from 2015 to the present. These products include 63 sesquiterpenoids, 53 benzofuran derivatives, 39 thymol derivatives, 15 fatty acids, 7 diterpenoids, 5 monoterpenoids, 4 acetophenones, and 6 other compounds. We also characterized their respective chemical structures and cytotoxic, antifungal, insecticidal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive activities.

(−)‐Adenophorone (1), a caged polycyclic sesquiterpene featuring an unprecedented tricyclo[4.3.1.05,9]decane skeleton, was isolated from Eupatorium adenopharum Spreng. The structure of 1 was unambiguously established by a combination of spectroscopic analysis, X‐ray crystallography, and bioinspired total synthesis. Key synthetic features include a sequential Reformatsky/oxidation/regio‐ and stereoselective hydrogenation, and subsequent merged MBH–Tsuji–Trost cyclization. The concise synthetic sequence efficiently constructs the bicyclic skeleton of cadinene sesquiterpene (+)‐euptox A (2) in 8 steps from commercially available monoterpene (−)‐carvone (6), with outstanding performance on diastereocontrol. The bioinspired synthesis of 1 was achieved from 2, a plausible biogenetic precursor, via transannular Michael addition. This work provides experimental evidence of our proposed biosynthetic hypothesis of 1. Additionally, compound 1 showed potent neuroprotective activity in H2O2‐treated SH‐SY5Y and PC12 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eupatorium amambayense, an endemism of Paraguay, was originally described within Eupatorium sect. Cylindrocephalum. Nowadays, genus Eupatorium is restricted to species from North America and Eurasia, and section Cylindrocephalum is a synonym of Chromolaena (Praxelinae). The objective of the work is to determine the current taxonomic identity of E. amambayense. Detailed comparative analyses of morphological traits, the protologue and type materials have revealed that the species belongs to Chromolaena and can be differentiated from the other genera of Praxelinae, especially Praxelis. As result the transfer of Eupatorium amambayense as Chromolaena amambayensis is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight samples of Eupatorium heterophyllum leaves were collected at different locations in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China, and their chemical constituents were investigated. Thirteen previously undescribed sesquiterpene lactones—seven germacranolides, three eudesmanolides, two guaianolides, and a 2-norelemanolide—were isolated, and their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analyses. The major constituents in the six samples from northwestern Yunnan and Sichuan are hiyodorilactones A and B, whereas that in the two samples from the region near Kunming, Yunnan is eupatoriopicrin. These results and previously reported results suggest the presence of locality-dependent intra-specific diversity in the chemical constituents of E. heterophyllum leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Crofton weed toxicity, caused by Ageratina adenophora, has been recognized as a cause of fatal lung disease in horses for over a century. Despite its impact on horse health in many areas of the world, the toxic syndrome is poorly understood and understudied. This paper looks at the prior research on weed biology, the potential toxicology mechanisms, and the pathology in horses and other species, as well as the future directions to improve our understanding of this fatal toxic weed affecting horses. Crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora) is a global and highly invasive weed, with ingestion causing severe respiratory disease in horses, leading to irreversible and untreatable pulmonary fibrosis and oedema. While reports of equine pneumotoxicity remain common in Australia and New Zealand, equine pneumotoxicity may be underdiagnosed in other countries where Crofton weed is endemic but poorly differentiated. The pathogenesis of Crofton weed toxicity following ingestion has been well described in a number of different animal models, including rodents, rabbits, and goats. However, induced toxicity is organ-selective across different animal species, and these vastly differ from the pathogenesis described in horses, both clinically and after experimental exposure. Sources of variation may include species-specific susceptibility to different toxins present in the plant, different mechanistic processes of toxicity, and species differences in toxin biotransformation and bioactivation across different organs. Considering disease severity and Crofton weed's invasiveness globally, assessing published toxicological and exposure data is necessary to advance research, identify specific toxins for horses, and possible prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. This review presents an overview of the available literature on equine toxicity, parallels between toxicity in horses and other animal species, and important aspects to be included in the future research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is a plant pathogen that causes significant economic damage to important food crops. The nematicidal and insecticidal effects of the essential oil and extract of the root and stem of different species of Eupatorium have been studied in several countries. We investigated the impact of root stems and leaves of the E. adenophorum on the second-stage juveniles (J2s) of M. incognita. Nematode mortality decreased by root-stem treatment and increasing temperature and time. Nematodes (J2) were more sensitive to root-stem treatment than leaf treatment at all tested conditions. For example, the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) root-stems at 35 °C was estimated as 10.3 mg/g and in the 8th week as 7.8 mg/g, while the maximal effective concentration (ECmax) in leaf treatment is 20.3 and 10.1 mg/g, respectively. The E. adenophorum 40 mg/g concentration of root stems also produced the highest height of the cucumber stem and the highest cucumber fresh weight in the greenhouse. (E)-beta-farnesene, α-pinene and D-limonene, as the main identified components in fumigant plants, increased the mortality rate of J2s in root-stems treatment. We conclude that E. adenophorum dried root stems added to the soil in greenhouses have the potential as a bio-fumigant for M. incognita management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A previously undescribed sesquiterpene lactone, named eupalinolide N (1), was isolated from traditional Chinese medicine "Ye-Ma-Zhui" (Eupatorium lindleyanum) by ethanol reflux extraction, reduced pressure concentration, macroporous resin column chromatography, and C18 reversed-phase chromatography. Its structure was elucidated by a comprehensive interpretation of spectroscopy evidence as well as ECD calculations. 1 showed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the gene expressions of pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1ß, TNFa COX-2, and iNOS at the concentration of 7.5 µM, as well as attenuating the excretion of NO, IL-6, and TNF-a in Raw 264.7 macrophages at the concentration of 15 µM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Danaus plexippus (monarch butterfly) populations in North America east of the Rocky Mountains are in decline due to loss of habitat containing Asclepias spp. (milkweed) and blooming forbs. To support D. plexippus recovery, habitat restoration efforts use seed mixes designed to maintain a diversity of species that bloom over the breeding and migration periods. The extent to which these species are uniquely attractive to foraging D. plexippus is unclear. We conducted observational studies at areas in Iowa USA with varying densities and diversities of Asclepias spp. and floral resources to help inform conservation management practices. Forty-two blooming forb species were present across four sites (2-4-ha) in Boone and Story counties from June through September in 2020. Many of the species present are commonly found in pollinator seed mixes. The number of blooming forbs species per site varied from 12 to 24 across the four months; the minimum and maximum density of species-specific inflorescences ranged from 8.45 to 36.3 inflorescence/m2. We observed D. plexippus nectaring on 27 of the 42 species across the sites. Based on total feeding events observed and the species-specific density of inflorescences, Asclepias syriaca, Asclepias verticillata, Helianthus grosseserratus, and Cirsium vulgare were favored for nectaring at each site where they were present. Additional species were favored in some, but not all, sites including Symphyotrichum pilosum, Eupatorium altissimum, Trifolium pratense, Echinacea pallida, and Verbena urticifolia. Findings suggest variation in preference may be due, in part, to site-specific and surrounding landscape features. Future studies on D. plexippus foraging behavior could address the interacting roles of habitat and landscape features, as well as species-specific flower size and shape, scent, nutrition, and nectar abundance. While forb utilization is likely influenced by site- and plant-specific features, preferred species we observed are typically included in recommended native seed mix designed to ensure blooms from June through September to support migratory and non-migratory, breeding D. plexippus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of essential oils mainly containing Eupatorium fortune Turcz (EFCO, E. fortune Turcz extract, water calamus extract, grapefruit extract, lavender extract, mixed in the ratio of 6:1:1:1:0.1 by volume) on heart rate variability (HRV), forced vital capacity (FVC), and salivary hormones in 33 scientific researchers. The experimental design was a quasi‐experimental study with pre‐ and post‐testing and no control group. Subjects were tested for four immediate indicators before and after essential oils inhalation, for 30 s before each meal for the next 30 days, and for body mass index (BMI) after 30 days. For immediate effects, we observed significant increases in HRV (31%), spirometry (12%) and salivary oxytocin (26%), and a decrease in salivary cortisol (4.5%). BMI decreased by 1% after 1 month of intervention. Based on the observed changes in physiological parameters, EFCO helped to reduce stress, improve exercise performance and mood, and even promote weight loss. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eupatorium adenophorum is used as the raw material to produce valuable pyrolysis products by microwave pyrolysis (MP). The influence of pyrolysis parameters (pyrolysis temperature, pyrolysis time and nitrogen flow rate) on the yield of pyrolysis products is investigated to get the optimal pyrolysis condition. Eupatorium adenophorum is also conducted in the conventional pyrolysis (CP) to investigate the influence of heat mechanism on the generation process of pyrolysis products. A comparison of MP and CP indicates that MP produces more bio‐gas (48.14%), and less bio‐oil (26.35%) compared to CP. The less carboxylic acid and more phenol in bio‐oil of MP are observed in the condition of MP compared to CP, indicating that MP could upgrade the quality of bio‐oil. Bio‐gas of MP has larger content of H2 and syngas (H2 + CO) than those obtained from CP. The property of bio‐char from MP is better than that of CP in terms of heat value, oxygen content, and specific surface area, which could be utilized in the metallurgical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research reported a hydrogel loaded with the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Eupatorium glutinosum Lam. The E. glutinosum extracts were characterized by phytochemical screening, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and UV/Vis profile identification. This research also evaluated the pharmacological activity of the extracts using antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory assays prior to polymeric encapsulation. Results indicate that extracts inhibit the Escherichia colii DH5-α (Gram negative) growth; excellent antioxidant activity was evaluated by the ferric reducing power and total antioxidant activity assays, and extracts showed an anti-hemolytic effect. Moreover, the cotton and microcrystalline cellulose hydrogels demonstrate successful encapsulation based on characterization and kinetics studies such as FTIR, extract release, and swelling degree. Moreover, effective antibacterial activity was registered by the loaded hydrogel. The overall results encourage and show that Eupatorium glutinosum-loaded hydrogel may find a wide range of bandage and wound healing applications in the biomedical area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native herbivory may be detrimental to plant fitness and thus can contribute a biotic resistance to exotic plant invasion. Eupatorium adenophorum , a non-native species, has formed dense monocultures in many southern Provinces of China. Because several native generalist insects feed on E. adenophorum , we evaluated whether the lower level of induced defences and greater compensatory growth contributed to successful invasion of E. adenophorum by comparison with a native congener E. heterophyllum. Early events in the jasmonic acid cascade and chlorophyll fluorescence, non-target metabolomic profiles and recovery in biomass compensation of E. adenophorum and its native congener E. heterophyllum were measured during mechanical wounding and herbivory by the generalist insect Helicoverpa armigera. Mechanical and simulated chewing damage immediately initiated defences in the two species. However, E. heterophyllum was more sensitive to tissue loss, and it produced more metabolic defensive compounds than invasive E. adenophorum. Although H. armigera feeding amplified the effects of mechanical wounding on defence induction, the biomass of E. adenophorum was only weakly affected, as its higher compensatory growth could offset the biomass loss and metabolic cost. Overall, our results suggest that H. armigera herbivory and mechanical wounding could induce different physiological responses, and are often specific to invasive E. adenophorum and native E. heterophyllum. Moreover, lower metabolic defences and higher compensation growth may contribute to the invasion success of E. adenophorum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eupatorium fortunei Turcz, a perennial herb of the Asteraceae family, is one of the horticultural and medicinal plants used for curing various diseases and is widely distributed in China and other Asian countries. It possesses antibacterial, antimetastatic, antiangiogenic, and antioxidant properties along with anticancer potential. However, the intrageneric classification and phylogenetic relationships within Eupatorium have long been controversial due to the lack of high-resolution molecular markers, and the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequencing has not been reported with new evolutionary insights. In the present study, E. fortunei was used as an experimental material, and its genome was sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technology. We assembled the complete cp genome, and a systematic analysis was conducted for E. fortunei, acquiring the correspondence of its NCBI accession number (OK545755). The results showed that the cp genome of E. fortunei is a typical tetrad structure with a total length of 152,401 bp, and the genome encodes 133 genes. Analysis of the complete cp genomes of 20 Eupatorieae shows that the number of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) ranged from 19 to 36 while the number of long sequence repeats was 50 in all cases. Eleven highly divergent regions were identified and are potentially useful for the DNA barcoding of Eupatorieae. Phylogenetic analysis among 22 species based on protein-coding genes strongly supported that E. fortunei is more closely related to Praxelis clematidea and belongs to the same branch. The genome assembly and analysis of the cp genome of E. fortunei will facilitate the identification, taxonomy, and utilization of E. fortunei as well as provide more accurate evidence for the taxonomic identification and localization of Asteraceae plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chromolaena genus is composed by about 170 plant species widely distributed in tropical areas. Several kinds of secondary metabolites and different biological activities have been described for species belonging to Chromolaena. This work described, for the first time, the phytochemical analysis of different polarity leaf and flower extracts of the Colombian species Chromolaena scabra (LF) R. King & H. Rob. Conducted assays resulted in the purification and identification of fatty acids derivatives, steroids, a diterpene, and flavonoid metabolites. The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of the main groups of secondary metabolites: steroids, triterpenes, carotenoids, alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids. In parallel, the antifungal activity of these C. scabra leaf and flower extracts against the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, was determined.

The chemical constituents of two root samples of Eupatorium heterophyllum DC. collected in Yunnan Province, China, were investigated. Five new oligomeric benzofurans (1–5), nine new benzofuran/dihydrobenzofuran derivatives, and a new thymol analog were isolated, and their structures were determined using extensive spectroscopic techniques, such as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations of the CD spectra. Most of the new compounds, including oligomeric benzofurans (1–5), were obtained from only one of the root samples. Furthermore, this is the first example that produces oligomeric benzofurans in this plant. These results imply that diversification of secondary metabolites in E. heterophyllum is ongoing. Plausible biosynthetic pathways for 1–5 are also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, green synthesis-based nanoformulations using plants or microorganisms have attracted great interest because of their several advantages. Nanotechnology-based biological macromolecules are emerging materials with potential applications in cosmetics and medications for ameliorating and treating inflammatory skin diseases (ISDs). Eupatorium japonicum (EJ), a native Korean medicinal plant belonging to the family Asteraceae, has been traditionally used to prepare prescriptions for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. EJ-based gold nanoparticles (EJ-AuNPs) were biosynthesized under optimal conditions and characterized their physicochemical properties using various microscopic and spectrometric techniques. Additionally, the effects of EJ-AuNPs on ISDs as well as their underlying mechanisms were investigated in the tumor necrosis factor-α/interferon-γ (T+I)-induced skin HaCaT keratinocytes. The MTT and live/dead cell staining assays showed that EJ-AuNP treatment was considerably safer than EJ treatment alone in HaCaT cells. Moreover, EJ-AuNP treatment effectively suppressed the production of T+I-stimulated inflammatory cytokines (RANTES, TARC, CTACK, IL-6, and IL-8) and intracellular reactive oxygen species, and such EJ-driven anti-inflammatory effects were shown to be associated with the downregulation of intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways. The present study provides preliminary results and a valuable strategy for developing novel anti-skin dermatitis drug candidates using plant extract-based gold nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng is an invaded species found in the Western Ghats region, which is used for many diseases in our traditional medicinal system. The essential oil of the plant leaves was examined by Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy and evaluated for its biological performance. The antioxidant capacity was found by DPPH radical and ABTs assays. The anticancer activity was determined by MTT assay by using Jurkat E 6.1 cancer cell line along with commercial cancer drug Etoposide. Camphene (11.34%), Bornyl acetate (8.09%), Sabinene (6.75%), Iso borneol (7.96%), were identified as major constituents. It showed remarkable antioxidant performance against DPPH radical and ABTs with IC50 values of 66.7μg/mL and70.1μg/mL respectively. Essential oil exhibited the strongest cytotoxic effect on Jurkat E6.1cancer cells with an IC50 value of 29μg/mL compared to commercial cancer drug Etoposide with an IC50 value of 30μg/mL. This one is the first type of report on the chemical constituents of E. adenophorum leaves from the Western Ghats region and its pharmacological activities. E. adenophorum plant is existing throughout the year and is easily available for essential oil isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eupatorium plant has been well used in medication and as a decorative plant. Some studies have reported that this herb has biochemical compounds, such as sesquiterpenes, phenolics, polysaccharides, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Thus, it has pharmacological effects, including antifungal, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antinociceptive properties, that can be utilized for cosmetic purposes. However, only a few published works have summarized the active compounds and the application of Eupatorium plants as cosmetic agents. Therefore, this article aims to review the application of Eupatorium plants as a potential cosmetic agent. The active compounds of Eupatorium are contained in the whole plant, as well as the stems, leaves, roots, and aerial parts (flower, fruit, and seeds). In terms of cosmetic applications, the activities of Eupathorium are antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-melanin/melanogenesis, anti-acne, and anti-inflammatory. This review aims to contribute to a better understanding for expanding the utilization of this plant for cosmetic purposes by using these active compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new cadinane-type sesquiterpenes, eupatorinones A-C (1-3), along with seven known compounds (4-10), were obtained from the petroleum ether fraction of 95% ethanol extract of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. The structures of these new compounds were determined by NMR, MS, and ECD spectra analysis. The configuration of compound 3 was established by quantum chemical calculations of NMR chemical shifts and ECD spectra, that matched the experimental data. In addition, compounds 1, 3 and 5 increased the glucose uptake in L6 cells by 1.42, 1.21 and 1.60 times, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study employed computational pharmacology to explore the possible therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms of F1012-2, a novel sesquiterpene lactone from Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. (EL), against viral pneumonia. Methods: With network pharmacology, we first looked into various databases for genes and proteins related to viral pneumonia, as well as the potential targets of F1012-2. By overlapping these 2 groups of genes, we acquired the candidate targets of F1012-2 against viral pneumonia. Afterward, enrichment analysis was performed to elucidate the interactive targets in the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) database. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed through the STRING database, and the results were imported into Cytoscape software to search for the key genes by Network Analyzer. Finally, molecular docking analysis was used to further validate the candidate targets of F1012-2 against viral pneumonia. Results: A total of 110 target genes were found for the 3 compounds within F1012-2 (Eupalinolide G, [EG] Eupalinolide I, [EI] and Eupalinolide J [EJ]), while 4322 potential therapeutic targets were uncovered related to viral pneumonia, and the intersection of the 2 groups generated 78 target genes. Among the candidate genes, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), interleukin-1beta (IL1B), tyrosine-protein kinase SRC, Caspase-3 (CASP3), and transcription factor and oncoprotein JUN have the highest degree, betweenness, and closeness, which could fit into binding with EG, EI, and EJ. The enrichment analysis indicated that the major pathways involved were sphingolipid, neurotrophin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Conclusion: These findings showed that by the combination of network pharmacology and molecular docking, we could speculate on the possible mechanism of F1012-2's effect on viral pneumonia, with EGFR, IL1B, SRC, and CASP3 as the promising targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South American genus Praxelis Cass. (Asteraceae, Eupatorieae) includes 18 species and is the second-largest genus of subtribe Praxelinae. It is distributed from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas, to central Argentina, southern Brazil and north-western Uruguay. Over the past 40 years, one species, P. clematidea , has invaded several countries around the world. To understand Praxelis and its species, this study provides an updated taxonomy with the re-establishment of P. urticeafolim var. nanum as a synonym of P. ostenii , 16 lectotypifications, clarification of morphology and geographical distribution, brief descriptions, and the first key to all the species in the genus. Praxelis is a genus of weedy and invasive plants from temperate, warm areas of South America. This paper provides an updated taxonomy, clarifies the morphology and distribution, and provides the first key to all the species of the genus. This contribution is part of an ongoing study of the highly invasive P. clematidea , and the subtribe Praxeline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

F1012-2, a novel sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Eupatorium lindleyanum DC, exhibits an antitumor effect. In this study, we investigated the anticancer activities of F1012-2 on ten human breast cancer lines and demonstrated significantly lower IC50 values for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) than for non-TNBC cell lines. The transcription factors p53 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) are important regulators of tumorigenesis. F1012-2 not only depleted mutant p53, but also activated wild-type p53. F1012-2 reduced the expression of phosphorylated p65 and p105 NF-κB family members and coregulated p53, NF-κB members and their dependent targets. To further clarify the key role of p53, lentivirus small hairpin RNA (shRNA) infection was used to knockdown p53 in MDA-MB-231 cells. F1012-2 significantly reduced the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis, while the levels of p53, NF-κB family members and their dependent genes were not significantly different. F1012-2 exhibited a significant antitumor effect and reduced the expression of p53 in MDA-MB-231 xenografts. Taken together, our results show that F1012-2 exhibited an inhibitory effect on TNBC and affected the regulation of p53/NF-κB signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of natural admixtures as a sustainable alternative to cement and chemical admixtures in concrete has gained significant attention. Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng (EAS), commonly known as the 'forest killer' in Nepal, is a perennial and herbaceous invasive plant. This prompted an experimental investigation aimed at assessing the potential utilization of its liquid and burnt ashes as additives in cement mortar. EAS leaves were dried, burnt at wooden coal fire, and sieved through a 90 μm sieve to obtain EAS powder. EAS liquid was produced by hammering the fragmented leaves, followed by squeezing and filtering. The control mortar had a water-cement ratio of 0.35 and a cement-sand ratio of 1.0. EAS powder content ranged from 0 % to 15 % and EAS liquid from 0 % to 0.4 %, by weight of cement. The optimal content (10 %) of EAS powder resulted in decreases in flow table value, density, and elastic modulus of mortar by 2.3 %, 4.2 %, and 10.6 %, respectively, while increasing compressive strength and water absorption by 2.3 % and 14.6 %, respectively. As for EAS liquid, its optimal content (0.3 %) led to increases in flow table value, density, compressive strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, and splitting tensile strength by 11.0 %, 1.4 %, 13.0 %, 25.4 %, 28.4 %, and 33.0 %, respectively, while decreasing water absorption by 2.7 %. The observed increase in the compressive strength of mortar with the incorporation of EAS powder suggests its potential to substitute mineral admixtures. This can be achieved through improvements in the burning process, grinding to finer particles, and thorough micro-characterization, followed by detailed investigations into mortar properties. Additionally, the effectiveness of EAS liquid in replacing chemical admixtures to enhance various mortar properties has been confirmed. The collaborative use of EAS powder and liquid holds promise for supporting future sustainable infrastructure development, facilitating the production of eco-friendly green concrete. [Display omitted] • Eupatorium Adherephreng Spreng (EAS) is called forest killer in Nepal. • EAS powder reduces workability but boosts mortar compressive strength. • It also lowers elastic modulus and raises water absorption. • EAS liquid improves workability and all mortar mechanical properties. • Both EAS powder and liquid can substitute mineral and chemical admixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a successful natural regeneration of Japanese white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica), competitive vegetation should be managed. Here, we clarified how soil water condition modifies the competitiveness of Japanese white birch against perennial weeds, Eupatorium species, based on an ecophysiological approach combining a glasshouse experiment and a field survey. We investigated photosynthetic and growth responses to various water regimes from water deficit to waterlogging (two times-a-week irrigation, three times-a-week irrigation, half waterlogging, and full waterlogging) in pot-grown seedlings of Japanese white birch and the competitive weed Eupatorium makinoi. The ratio of seedling height of Japanese white birch to seedling height of E. makinoi showed a decreasing trend from two times-a-week irrigation to full waterlogging, which suggests a lower competitiveness for light resource in Japanese white birch with increasing soil wetness. The maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation (Vc,max) based on unit N was lower in waterlogging treatments than in two times- and three times-a-week irrigation in Japanese white birch, whereas E. makinoi showed the opposite response. This suggests that N partitioning into Rubisco and/or Rubisco activation might be suppressed in Japanese white birch but enhanced in E. makinoi under waterlogging. The maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was also lower in seedlings of Japanese white birch grown under waterlogging treatments. We further conducted a field survey on the relationship between Fv/Fm and topographic wetness index (TWI) in seedlings of Japanese white birch and E. glehnii (closely related to E. makinoi) naturally grown in a study site 5 years after canopy tree cutting. Lower Fv/Fm was observed in seedlings of Japanese white birch with increasing TWI, whereas no significant trend was observed in E. glehnii , in agreement with the glasshouse experiment. Thus, keeping soils not always humid might be favorable to photosynthetic performance and growth competitive ability of Japanese white birch against Eupatorium species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Seven new dihydrobenzofurans and 2 new propynyl thiophenes were isolated from the roots of Eupatorium heterophyllum together with 13 known compounds. The compounds were characterized using spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR, infrared, and mass spectrometric techniques. Aerial parts of this plant have been known to contain various sesquiterpenoids and displayed high chemical diversity (several compounds isolated and/or identified) among their chemical constituents depending on the collection site. Nevertheless, we found that the chemical diversity in the roots was lower than in the aerial parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxicity of some biopesticides evaluated against neonate larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubn.) revealed that Melia SFE was the most effective (LC50 and LC90 values being 0.010 and 0.07%, respectively) followed by Eupatorium SFE (0.012, 0.009%, respectively), and Neemarin 300 (0.056, 0.296%, respectively). Neemarin 300 showed maximum antifeedant activity (85.46%) followed by Melia SFE (77.59%). Panchagavya showed maximum repellent activity (83.33%) followed by agneyastra (66.67%). HaNPV and Melia drupe extract in cow urine showed maximum mortality (80.00%) through stomach action followed by Eupatorium leaf extract in cow urine (76.67%). The persistent toxicity values revealed that the order of effectiveness was: Neemarin 300 > Melia SFE > Eupatorium SFE > HaNPV > Melia drupe extract in cow urine > Eupatorium leaf extract in cow urine > panchagavya > agneyastra > cow urine. There was no mortality of Chelonus blackburni adults in HaNPV and cow urine treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has altered the phenological timing of plants across the globe. These changes are especially concerning for plants with small distributions and in unique ecological sites. Here, we examined changes in phenology with respect to temperature and year over a 125-yr span for 12 herbaceous species native to the lowlands of the New Jersey Pine Barrens using herbarium specimens and citizen science observations. Among early summer flowering species, flowering occurred on average 1.42 days/°C earlier in the spring of the corresponding year. Early summer flowering species flowered at an average rate of 0.071 days/yr earlier over the 125-yr study period, whereas no significant change was detected in flowering times of late summer species. Exploration of a set of sister taxa with differing range sizes resulted in no detectable shifts in phenology, which may be explained by evolutionary relatedness or flowering in late summer. The variation in responses to species in the New Jersey Pine Barrens may alter the balance of this ecosystem in the future, as some species respond to changing temperatures, whereas others do not. These results add to a growing body of work suggesting that variations in temperature due to climate change are affecting plant phenology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eupatorium plant has been well used in medication and as a decorative plant. Some studies have reported that this herb has biochemical compounds, such as sesquiterpenes, phenolics, polysaccharides, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Thus, it has pharmacological effects, including antifungal, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antinociceptive properties, that can be utilized for cosmetic purposes. However, only a few published works have summarized the active compounds and the application of Eupatorium plants as cosmetic agents. Therefore, this article aims to review the application of Eupatorium plants as a potential cosmetic agent. The active compounds of Eupatorium are contained in the whole plant, as well as the stems, leaves, roots, and aerial parts (flower, fruit, and seeds). In terms of cosmetic applications, the activities of Eupathorium are antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-melanin/melanogenesis, anti-acne, and anti-inflammatory. This review aims to contribute to a better understanding for expanding the utilization of this plant for cosmetic purposes by using these active compounds.

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are toxins having hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects on human health. A ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technique was developed for the first time for the simultaneous determination of eight pyrrolizidine alkaloids, including four diastereoisomers (intermedine, lycopsamine, rinderine, and echinatine) and their respective N‐oxide forms, in different parts of Eupatorium lindleyanum. The risk assessment method for pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Eupatorium lindleyanum was explored using the margin of exposure strategy for the first time based on a real‐life exposure scenario. Differences were found in all eight pyrrolizidine alkaloids in various parts of Eupatorium lindleyanum. Besides, the total levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Eupatorium lindleyanum followed the order of root > flower > stem > leaf. Moreover, the risk assessment data revealed that the deleterious effects on human health were unlikely at exposure times of less than 200, 37, and 12 days during the lifetimes of Eupatorium lindleyanum leaves, stems, and flowers, respectively. This study reported both the contents of and risk associated with Eupatorium lindleyanum pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The comprehensive application of the novel ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technique alongside the risk assessment approach provided a scientific basis for quality evaluation and rational utilization of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Eupatorium lindleyanum to improve public health safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. is a widely used Chinese herbal medicine in China. In this study, a gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine the contents of p-cymene, thymol, neryl acetate, and β-caryophyllene in roots, stems, and leaves of Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. harvested at different growth periods. All four constituents could be detected in leaves, three could be detected in stems except β-caryophyllene, and only thymol could be detected in roots. The order of the total contents of four constituents in different parts was leaves > stems > roots. It indicated that the leaves could be the proper medicinal parts of Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. The content of four constituents in leaves varied a lot among different growth periods and showed an M-shaped change trend with the growth of Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. The four constituents accumulated to the highest values in early July followed by mid-September. Accordingly, the best harvest time of Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. is early July and mid-September. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eupatorium dye extract has been used for dyeing cotton using rare earth (RE) metal mordants such as Cerrous sulphate, Lanthanum chloride and Yttrium chloride and compared with conventional metal mordant Alums. The metal salts were used forpremordanting. The cotton surface was modified beforepremordanting with an auxiliary. The enhancement in CIELab, K/S and E values were found to be very good. The betterment in dye exhaustion along with improvement in the wash and light fastnesses with the auxiliary mediated surface-modified cotton using rare earth salts as mordants has been highlighted in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ZnONPs were produced by green synthesis for Xyl immobilization. • The Xyl@ZnONPs retained approximately 82 % of its initial activity after 28 days. • The Xyl@ZnONPs exhibited high catalytic activity and thermal stability. • Moreover, 66.43 % transmittance in orange juice was achieved after 6 cycles. Juice production is one of the main components of the nutritional food industry. Therefore, improving fruit juice quality and preventing the formation of negative by-products is important for human health. The role of environmentally friendly, safe and economically more affordable green nanocarriers in improving the quality of fruit juice is increasing day by day. For this purpose, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were prepared from the aqueous extract of the Eupatorium cannabinum L. using the green synthesis method. After immobilization, structural and morphological characterizations of the prepared ZnONPs and xylanase (Xyl)@ZnONPs were carried out, which confirmed that both the synthesis of ZnONPs and the immobilization of Xyl enzyme on ZnONPs were successfully carried out. The biochemical parameters of Xyl@ZnONPs such as optimum pH and temperature, kinetic parameters, thermal stability, reusability, and storage stability were investigated and compared with free Xyl. After immobilization, the optimum pH of free Xyl shifted from 5.0 to an alkaline pH of 8.0, while no change in the optimum temperature (70 °C) was observed for both enzymes. While the activation energy of free Xyl was 5.56 kJ/mol, it was found to be 7.27 kJ/mol for Xyl@ZnONPs. Xyl@ZnONPs outperformed free Xyl due to its long-term storage stability and reusability. Moreover, Xyl@ZnONPs retained 50 % of its activity after 5 reuses and 87 % of its activity after 4 weeks of storage at room temperature. In addition, a decrease in Km value and an increase in Vmax value were observed after immobilization, which means the increased catalytic activity of the Xyl@ZnONPs. As a result of re-using Xyl@ZnONPs in orange juice for 6 cycles, clarification yield of 66.43 % was obtained under optimized conditions. Overall, this study prepared a suitable, environmentally friendly, and robust carrier support for Xyl immobilization and developed a biocatalyst that will provide high performance in the industrial field. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Eupatorium Adenophora Spreng leaves extract (EASLE) is an efficient inhibitor for steel in ClCH 2 COOH. • The inhibited steel surface is of hydrophobicity with little corrosion and low surface roughness from SEM, AFM and CLSM micrographs. • EDS, XPS and TOF-SIMS confirms that EASLE can efficiently adsorb on steel surface. • EASLE behaves as a hybrid inhibitor through "geometric blocking effect". • O -cresol, erucamide, vanilin, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, p -coumaric acid and adenine are active ingredients in EASLE. Traditional inhibitors are restricted due to their high price and high toxicity. Plant extracts as green inhibitors can be used as an alternative to traditional inhibitors due to their merits of low price, eco-friendly, and rich resources. The inhibitive action and mechanism of Eupatorium Adenophora Spreng leaves extract (EASLE) on the corrosion of cold rolled steel (CRS) in chloroacetic acid (ClCH 2 COOH) medium was investigated for the first time. The maximum inhibition efficiency of EASLE is 94.9% even at higher temperature of 50 °C. The surface micro-topography of inhibited CRS is relatively flat from SEM, AFM and CLSM images, and C/N/O elements contained in EASLE can form coordinated bonds with Fe atoms, as observed through XPS and TOF-SIMS. The adsorption of EASLE mainly occurs through chemisorption and is consistent with Langmuir isotherm. EASLE acts as a hybrid inhibitor, and its inhibitive mechanism is consistent with "geometric blocking effect". The charge-transfer resistance turns to be higher after adding EASLE, and there is a single time constant. All the main inhibiting components of o -cresol, erucamide, vanillin, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, p -coumaric acid, and adenine in EASLE exhibit the inhibition efficiency of approximately 80% in ClCH 2 COOH. Theoretical calculations suggest that benzene rings, heterocycles, and carboxyl groups are derived from these active components can be used as both electron acceptors and provider. The hydrophilic group can actively adsorb to CRS surface through heteroatoms of erucamide, while the hydrophobic group with a long carbon chain extends to the aqueous phase to form a protective barrier. EASLE can be an excellent substitute for traditional inhibitors, which are of both economic and environmental values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counter-current chromatography (CCC) target-guided by on-line HPLC with post-column DPPH assay was established for efficient screening and isolation of large amount of antioxidants from Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. On-line HPLC with post-column DPPH reaction was used to screen the antioxidants and optimize the biphasic solvent system of CCC, then the targeted peaks were purified using CCC. In the present study, three compounds, nepetin, cirsiliol and jaceosidin, were targeted and successively separated from n-butanol fraction of E. lindleyanum DC. by this strategy. All three compounds showed strong DPPH radical scavenging activity. These results confirmed that the strategy would be an efficient and effective method to isolate antioxidants from complex mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]