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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the factors associated with diabetes self-care behaviors (DSCB) in people with visual impairment (PVI), including demographics, disease-related characteristics, and psychosocial factors (self-efficacy, depression, and family support). Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Adults with visual impairment and diabetes were recruited online and through posting notices, and a total of 141 participants were included. Measurements were completed using email and telephone surveys. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to examine the factors associated with DSCB. Results: Higher self-efficacy and positive family support were significant predictors of better DSCB, whereas higher negative family support was a significant predictor of worse DSCB. Diabetes medication regimen was another major influencing factor on DSCB. However, depression was not associated with DSCB. Conclusion: Diabetes interventions for the visually impaired should have strategies to improve vulnerable areas of diabetes self-care, such as blood glucose monitoring. Health care providers are needed to consider diabetes education programs focused on improving self-efficacy or include family members in interventions to promote DSCB in PVI. Further studies are required to understand the problems and solutions for diabetes self-care in this population.

The current study examined characteristics of early-onset and late-onset disability in older adults and identified predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This is a secondary data analysis of the 2017 national survey in South Korea. Participants were 4,014 older adults with disabilities, who were divided into an early-onset group ( n = 2,229) and late-onset group ( n = 1,785). Data were analyzed using complex sample analyses. Difficulties during outdoor activity and transportation use, self-rated health, and stress were common predictors in both groups. Comorbidity was a significant predictor only in the early-onset group. Use of information technology devices, household income, and perceived social discrimination were significant predictors in the late-onset group. Characteristics and predictors of HRQoL were different between groups, despite sharing common characteristics. It is necessary to improve support systems and health care services for older adults with disabilities. [ Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 48 (3), 37–47.]

BACKGROUND The preferred devices to access the internet are changing from personal computers to mobile devices, and the number of older adults with or without disabilities is rapidly increasing in an aging society. However, little is known about the moderating effects of disability on mobile internet use among older adults. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the levels of mobile internet use and factors associated with this use among older adults according to their disabilities. In addition, moderating effects of disability on mobile internet use were investigated. METHODS This study consisted of a secondary data analysis using the 2020 Digital Divide Survey conducted in South Korea. The single inclusion criterion was participants being aged 55 years or older; accordingly, 2243 people without disabilities and 1386 people with disabilities were included in the study. Multiple regression analyses considering complex sample designs were conducted to identify mobile internet use factors and to test the moderating effects of disability on mobile internet use. RESULTS Older adults with disabilities used mobile internet less than older adults without disabilities. However, disability status had moderating effects on the relationships between mobile internet use and (1) operational skills regarding mobile devices (B=0.31, P=.004), (2) internet use skills (B=1.46, PP=.01), and (4) attitude toward new technology (B=0.50, P=.002). The results revealed that these positive relationships were stronger among older adults with disabilities than among adults without disabilities. CONCLUSIONS Although older adults and people with disabilities are considered vulnerable populations regarding technology adoption, disability creates a stronger association between several determinants and actual mobile internet use. Therefore, policy makers and practitioners should pay attention to older adults with disabilities to deliver appropriate information-literacy education. Older adults with disabilities could be the primary beneficiaries of mobile services and new technology.

Person-centered care is considered standard care in long-term care for individuals living with dementia. However, qualitative reviews that synthesize the staff experiences of the implementation of person-centered care are lacking.This review aims to synthesize the experiences of nursing staff members after the implementation of person-centered care for individuals living with dementia.A meta-synthesis was conducted.Overall, five electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library) were searched for the following terms: "dementia," "person-centered care," and "qualitative." The search was limited to articles published in English from January 1998 to December 2021, considering the period when person-centered care was applied in dementia care.Qualitative content analysis was conducted using a person-centered nursing framework. Meta-data analysis, meta-method, and meta-theory analysis were used to synthesize the results of the included studies. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool.Altogether, 19 studies were included in this review. Through meta-synthesis, 12 themes, including professionally competent, perspective shift, shared decision-making among staff, appropriate supportive system, understanding and respecting individuals living with dementia, interaction with persons living with dementia and their family members, collaboration among staff members, concern about the well-being of an individual living with dementia, meaningful relationship between staff members and individuals living with dementia, quality care, reflections for maintenance, and barriers to overcome, emerged.A person-centered nursing framework could be implemented in person-centered care for individuals living with dementia. However, the framework should be modified based on the characteristics of individuals living with dementia. Additionally, reflection strategies for maintenance and barriers are added to facilitate successful person-centered care implementation.The study was registered with PROSPERO (International prospective register of systematic reviews) in May 2022 (registration number: CRD42022316097).

Smartphone overdependence (SO) in mothers of preschoolers (MPs) reduces the parenting capacity of MPs. The current study aimed to identify associated factors of SO in MPs through a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using 10 electronic databases. A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. It was confirmed that SO in MPs is a coping strategy used to manage stress during childrearing. Parenting stress, depression, unemployment, and low household income were identified as risk factors that increased SO in MPs. Protective factors that reduced SO in MPs included resilience and parental intelligence. Findings emphasize the need to assess risk factors to prevent SO in MPs. It is suggested that programs to prevent SO in MPs be developed based on results of this study. [ Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 60 (3), 40–47.]

Background To determine the effects of implementing a rapid response system (RRS) on code rates and in-hospital mortality in medical wards. Methods This retrospective study included adult patients admitted to medical wards at Seoul National University Hospital between July 12, 2016 and March 12, 2018; the sample comprised 4,224 patients admitted 10 months before RRS implementation and 4,168 patients admitted 10 months following RRS implementation. Our RRS only worked during the daytime (7 AM to 7 PM) on weekdays. We compared code rates and in-hospital mortality rates between the preintervention and postintervention groups. Results There were 62.3 RRS activations per 1,000 admissions. The most common reasons for RRS activation were tachypnea or hypopnea (44%), hypoxia (31%), and tachycardia or bradycardia (21%). Code rates from medical wards during RRS operating times significantly decreased from 3.55 to 0.96 per 1,000 admissions (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10 to 0.87; P=0.028) after RRS implementation. However, code rates from medical wards during RRS nonoperating times did not differ between the preintervention and postintervention groups (2.60 vs. 3.12 per 1,000 admissions; aOR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.55 to 2.76; P=0.614). In-hospital mortality significantly decreased from 56.3 to 42.7 per 1,000 admissions after RRS implementation (aOR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.97; P=0.024). Conclusions Implementation of an RRS was associated with significant reductions in code rates during RRS operating times and in-hospital mortality in medical wards.

Although mobile devices are preferred as internet access devices, and the number of older adults with and without disabilities is rapidly increasing, little is known about the disability moderating effect on mobile internet use among older adults. This study examined the moderating effect of disability on older adults' mobile internet usage. This study was a secondary data analysis using 2020 Digital Divide Survey in South Korea. A total of 3,629 participants aged 55 and above were included. With the complex sample design in mind, multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify factors related to mobile internet use and test the moderating effects of disability on mobile internet use. Older adults with disabilities used mobile internet less than older adults without disabilities. However, disability status had a moderating effect on the relationships between mobile internet use and (1) operational skills of mobile devices (B=0.31, P=.004), (2) skills of internet use (B=1.46, P

Visual impairment can lead to limited accessibility and activities and a decreased quality of life. This study aimed to test a hypothetical model based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health to predict the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of people with visual impairment. Data from 202 people with visual impairment were collected from August 2020 to November 2020 via telephone or e-mail. The overall fitness indices of the model for physical HRQOL (Normed χ2=2.076, GFI=.878, TLI=.900, CFI=.928, RMSEA=.073) and the model for mental HRQOL (Normed χ2=2.232, GFI=.884, TLI=.904, CFI=.932, RMSEA=.078) complied with the recommended criteria of structural equation model fitness, indicating that the models were appropriate for predicting the HRQOL of people with visual impairment. The socioeconomic status, multimorbidity, perceived environmental barriers, and activity limitation/participation restriction directly affected the participants’ physical HRQOL. Moreover, depression, disability identity, and activity limitation/participation restriction directly affected participants’ mental HRQOL. Age, socioeconomic status, depression, social support, and perceived environmental barriers affected the participants’ physical and mental HRQOL by means of activity limitation/participation restriction. The findings of the study suggest that the strategies aimed at increasing the activity/participation of people with visual impairment will be helpful in improving their HRQOL. Based on the results of this study, nursing intervention programs and services for people with visual impairment should be developed and implemented to provide more comprehensive care for this group and expand nursing science.

The digital divide refers to the gap between those who are connected and those who are not connected to the internet and technologies. Although COVID-19 worsens the digital divide and health inequality, few studies have focused on the relationship between digital divide and difficulties in acquiring of health resources during the pandemic. This study aimed to identify the relationship between internet use and difficulties in acquiring health resources among older adults with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. This secondary analysis study included 4,871 older adults aged 55 and older among 7,025 total responders of the 2020 survey of people with disabilities in South Korea. As the results, only 23.7% of older adults with disabilities used the internet. Non-internet users are more likely to have difficulties in acquiring COVID-19-related information (aOR 1.59) and buying and using personal protective equipment (aOR 1.36). However, difficulties in using medical services (aOR 1.21) was not statistically significant. Considering that older adults with disabilities have triple burdens from old age, disabilities, and the digital divide amid COVID-19, healthcare providers need to pay more attention to mitigate gaps between internet users and non-non users among this population. By narrowing the digital divide, decreasing health gaps and increasing well-being among older adults with disabilities will be guaranteed.

BACKGROUND The Internet use rate of older adults, who were considered underprivileged in the digital world, is steadily increasing. Specifically, the Internet is considered an important channel for providing health information to older adults, who are the largest consumers of medical services. However, due to factors such as technical difficulties, lack of learning opportunities, and deterioration of eHealth literacy, the Internet is not usually a common factor of delivering health information to older adults. Therefore, we developed an intervention program to improve eHealth literacy in older adults according to the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) theory and Intervention Mapping. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze the effect of developed intervention on information, motivation, behavioral skills, and behaviors related to eHealth information in older adults. METHODS This study applied a single group pretest–posttest design. The participants were 46 older adults over the age of 65 recruited from two senior welfare centers in a city in South Korea. We divided the participants into 4 groups and conducted 4 interventions in the computer room of the Senior Welfare Center from March to December 2019. One intervention was performed once a week (2 hours/1 time) for 5 weeks, and the total lecture time was 10 hours. The instructors were all researchers involved in the development of this intervention, and the instructors for each intervention consisted of one lecture instructor and two assistant instructors who supported the participants in the computer practices. RESULTS Participants’computer/web knowledge (χ²= 60.04, P CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the application of the current theory based methodology can improve the quality of research in developing eHealth information literacy interventions. Additionally, it is necessary to develop and continuously apply various interventions to improve eHealth information literacy among older adults. Finally, measures to improve the Internet environment for older adults should be considered.

Aim To identify the characteristics of chronic disease interventions for people with visual impairment (PVI) and provide suggestions for future interventions. Background Chronic diseases are more common in PVI than people without visual impairment, and PVI have difficulty managing chronic diseases due to physical, social, and psychological problems associated with visual impairment. However, evidence regarding chronic disease intervention for PVI is limited. Methods This review was guided by the PRISMA methodology. Data were extracted and checked, and each study was evaluated to ensure their methodological quality using appropriate tools based on the study design. Findings were described through a qualitative synthesis, and the above process was carried out by all four researchers. Results 28 studies were selected. The intervention for mental disorders was the most common with about 39.3%, followed by stroke (25.0%), diabetes (17.8%), various chronic diseases (10.7%), chronic pain (3.6%), and scoliosis (3.6%). Most of the intervention was delivered individually, and the place of intervention often depends on the preference or convenience of PVI. A wide range of intervention materials was used, from large print, audio, or braille version reading materials to technology products. Based on the results, the main areas of the outcomes were daily living function, psychological conditions, and quality of life. Conclusions This review identified the components of interventions for PVI and provided intervention strategies. In particular, chronic disease interventions for PVI should be planned by considering how and where appropriate interventions are provided, various available materials, and the problems to be addressed.

AIMS This study aimed to compare the psychometric properties of two measures of eHealth literacy, namely, the Korean versions of the Digital Health Literacy Instrument (K-DHLI) and eHealth Literacy Scale (K-eHEALS), among older adults in South Korea. BACKGROUND Given the usefulness of eHealth information, measures of eHealth literacy have been developed. It is necessary to examine the validity of such tools among older adults who are likely to experience difficulties in using eHealth resources. METHODS A validation study was conducted using the secondary data of 180 older adults in South Korea. Two weeks after they had responded to the K-DHLI and K-eHEALS, 89 of them completed the assessments a second time so that the assessments' test-retest reliability could be examined. Using the collected data, their reliability (i.e. internal consistency, test-retest reliability) and validity (i.e. construct validity and criterion validity) were examined. RESULTS Both tools demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (α ≥ 0.90, item-total correlation coefficients = .39-.76) as well as good test-retest reliability with intraclass correlation coefficients .77 and .84, respectively. The 21 items of the K-DHLI loaded onto five factors, which accounted for 71% of the variance. The 10 items of the K-eHEALS loaded onto a single factor, which explained 58% of the total variance. The scores of both tools were strongly correlated (r = .63) and positively related to attitudes towards internet health information and subjective health status (r = .23-.50). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the K-DHLI and K-eHEALS are reliable and valid tools that can be used to assess the utilisation of eHealth resources by older adults. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The findings can help healthcare providers choose a suitable measure of eHealth literacy when working with older adults.

Different species of water striders match leg speeds to their body sizes to maximize their jump take off velocity without breaking the water surface, which might have aided evolution of leg structures optimized for exploitation of the water surface tension. It is not understood how water striders achieve this match. Can individuals modify their leg movements based on their body mass and locomotor experience? Here we tested if water striders, Gerris latiabdominis, adjust jumping behaviour based on their personal experience and how an experimentally added body weight affects this process. Females, but not males, modified their jumping behaviour in weight-dependent manner, but only when they experienced frequent jumping. They did so within the environmental constraint set by the physics of water surface tension. Females’ ability to adjust jumping may represent their adaptation to frequent increases or decreases of the weight that they support as mating bouts, during which males ride on top of females, start or end, respectively. This suggests that natural selection for optimized biomechanics combined with sexual selection for mating adaptations shapes this ability to optimally exploit water surface tension, which might have aided adaptive radiation of Gerromorpha into a diversity of semiaquatic niches.

Purpose This study aimed to understand and describe the diabetes self-management experience of visually impaired people with diabetes. Methods Ten participants were recruited through a website used by the visually impaired from February to March 2020. Data were collected through two focus group interviews conducted in June 2020; each group consisted of five participants. All interviews were recorded with the consent of the participants and transcribed verbatim. The transcribed data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results Seven categories were as follows; a two-faced, lifelong companion, an unprepared encounter, struggle to live, love-hate relationship with family, strategies to adapt, lessening attention to self-management, the desire to learn properly. Conclusion It can be concluded that the visually impaired have fewer opportunities for receiving diabetes self-management education than general diabetic patients. Consequently, plans to improve the education available to such patients are required. Additionally, psychological counseling and diabetes education for patients' families are necessary, and improving the perception of medical workers regarding the visually impaired will be prove useful.

Erosion is a mechanical process that determines the lifetime of many machine components, as well as the quality of the protective skins of some animals and plants. Here, we assess quantitatively the role of grooves on ductile erosive surfaces in reducing erosion caused by the impact of particle-laden flow. In particular, we focus on V-shape grooves that are much larger than the particles. The grooves can induce diversification of impingement angles, multiple impacts of a single particle, and air swirls. By measuring the erosion rates of smooth and grooved surfaces at different impingement angles, and imaging the particle motion with a high-speed camera, we show that the diversified impingement angle on the grooves plays a key role in reducing erosion. Further, we predict theoretically the optimal groove angle for maximal erosion reduction at different values of impact angle. Our findings provide a framework for the design of artificial anti-erosive surfaces and advance our understanding of the design principles that enable biological skins to display anti-erosive properties when subjected to particle-laden fluid streams.

Nanostructured transparent glass surfaces with self-cleaning and anti-fogging properties were fabricated using a non-lithographic, anisotropic etching technique. The superhydrophilic glass surface was achieved by nanostructuring pre-deposited SiO2 film in a glow discharge chamber. For superhydrophobicity, the surface energy of the nanostructured glass was lowered by treatment with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl trichlorosilane. The self-cleaning and anti-fogging behavior was compared for glasses with different wettabilities by measuring the optical transmittance as well as the surface morphology and contact angles. In measuring the anti-fogging behavior, we included the effects of air flow impinging on the glass surface to emulate many practical situations. The superhydrophobic glass was superior to the superhydrophilic glass when considering both the self-cleaning and anti-fogging behavior with durability, particularly under air flow. The work can be used to fabricate transparent glass products for which minimizing surface contamination is crucial, e.g., eyeglasses, solar cells, and optical instruments.

The purpose of the current study was to compare the factors associated with adults' eHealth literacy, which is vital for health consumers. A secondary data analysis was conducted with data collected from November 2017 to February 2018 for a project on the development of a Korean version of the eHealth Literacy Scale. Participants were recruited through an online survey for young adults ( n = 210, mean age = 25.5 [ SD = 4.7] years) and a face-to-face survey for older adults ( n = 187, mean age = 73.2 [ SD = 4.8] years). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to analyze data and determine eHealth literacy predictors. Older adults held more positive attitudes toward internet health information than young adults (mean = 16.49 [ SD = 2.54] and 17.04 [ SD = 2.41], respectively; p = 0.029); however, eHealth literacy levels were comparable (mean = 30.50 [ SD = 4.62] and 30.95 [ SD = 4.17], respectively; p = 0.305). Attitude toward internet health information was a significant predictor of eHealth literacy in both groups, and age was only a predictor among young adults. These results elucidate predictors of eHealth literacy and inform strategies to improve eHealth literacy among young and older adults. [ Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 46 (8), 46–56.]

Aim The integrated evidence on diabetes self-care behaviors in people with a disability is not commensurate with the growing number of people with both diabetes and a disability. This study aims to identify factors influencing self-care behaviors in adults with diabetes and a disability based on a thorough review of the current evidence. Methods This review followed the Cochrane guidelines for systematic review research and complies with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. To find eligible articles, five electronic databases-PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Psych-articles, and the Cochrane Library-were searched, from the beginning of the chronological period covered by each database to June 2017. Four researchers independently conducted study selections, extracted data, and assessed the data quality. Results Twenty studies were reviewed to identify barriers to and facilitators of diabetes self-care behaviors. For people with developmental disabilities, the most prominent facilitator of self-care behaviors was the support they received for the behaviors. For people with visual impairments, that facilitator was the use of helpful assistive devices that take advantage of another sense. The main barriers to self-care behaviors were mobility limitation for people with physical disabilities and lack of accessibility for people with visual impairments. Conclusions This review has identified barriers to and facilitators of diabetes self-care behaviors by type of disability. Healthcare services need to be tailored to these facilitators and barriers, and differentiated by type of disability.

How to walk and jump on water Jumping on land requires the coordinated motion of a number of muscles and joints in order to overcome gravity. Walking on water requires specialized legs that are designed to avoid breaking the surface tension during motion. But how do insects, such as water striders and fishing spiders, manage to jump on water, where extra force is needed to generate lift? Koh et al. studied water striders to determine the structure of the legs needed to make jumping possible, as well as the limits on the range of motion that avoids breaking the surface tension (see the Perspective by Vella). They then built water-jumping robots to verify the key parameters of leg design and motion. Science , this issue p. 517 ; see also p. 472

Some semi-aquatic insects, such as water striders and springtails, can jump off the water surface by exploiting the interfacial tension to escape from predators. We present a theoretical framework to analyze and predict the jumping of those insects.

Although the internet is helpful and considered a preferred channel to get health information, some vulnerable populations such as the elderly have a digital divide. The purpose of this study was to test the development and intervention of the eHealth program based on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) model for improving internet health information seeking, understanding and utilization behaviors in the elderly. This study was a single group pretest-posttest design, and the eleven elderly aged 67-87 (mean74.6, SD 6.9) participated in 5 session program at a senior welfare center from 25 January to 22 February 2019. Each theory-based constructs of IMB model such as computer/web knowledge (p

Water striders are water-walking insects that can jump upwards from the water surface. Quick jumps allow striders to avoid sudden dangers such as predators' attacks, and therefore their jumping is expected to be shaped by natural selection for optimal performance. Related species with different morphological constraints could require different jumping mechanics to successfully avoid predation. Here we show that jumping striders tune their leg rotation speed to reach the maximum jumping speed that water surface allows. We find that the leg stroke speeds of water strider species with different leg morphologies correspond to mathematically calculated morphology-specific optima that maximize vertical takeoff velocity by fully exploiting the capillary force of water. These results improve the understanding of correlated evolution between morphology and leg movements in small jumping insects, and provide a theoretical basis to develop biomimetic technology in semi-aquatic environments., How water striders escape from danger by jumping vertically from the water surface without sinking is an open question in biomechanics. Yang et al. show that water strider species with varying leg lengths and body masses tune their leg movements to maximize jump speeds without breaking the surface of the water.

Purpose In a comprehensive medication-education program at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, pharmacists provide medication education for hospitalized patients at high risk for nonadherence. This study assessed whether patients' ability to recall medication information after hospital discharge was influenced by the timing of education. Methods Patients who received medication education from pharmacists during a 10-week period were included. Patients were called 2 to 3 days after discharge and were asked to recall the indication, name, dose, frequency, and side effects for 2 medications that were reviewed by the pharmacist. After grouping patients by number of days between education and discharge, recall accuracy was compared between the groups. Results Of 270 patients who received education, 100 patients met inclusion criteria and were available for telephone follow-up. The highest recall responses were for frequency of administration (88%), medication name (78%), indication (78%), and dose (75%). In contrast, side effects were accurately recalled by only 34% of the patients. No significant differences were seen between the percentage of patients accurately recalling medication information and the time that education occurred; however, patients educated on the day of discharge tended to recall medication information less accurately. Conclusion Patients educated on the day of discharge did not recall medication information better than those educated prior to the day of discharge. It may be advantageous for medication education to occur 2 to 3 days prior to hospital discharge. Side-effect information was poorly retained; different strategies must be employed to improve patient recall of side effects.

Jumping on water is a unique locomotion mode found in semi-aquatic arthropods, such as water striders. To reproduce this feat in a surface tension-dominant jumping robot, we elucidated the hydrodynamics involved and applied them to develop a bio-inspired impulsive mechanism that maximizes momentum transfer to water. We found that water striders rotate the curved tips of their legs inward at a relatively low descending velocity with a force just below that required to break the water surface (144 millinewtons/meter). We built a 68-milligram at-scale jumping robotic insect and verified that it jumps on water with maximum momentum transfer. The results suggest an understanding of the hydrodynamic phenomena used by semi-aquatic arthropods during water jumping and prescribe a method for reproducing these capabilities in artificial systems.

The net carbon uptake rate and net production rate of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) were measured in phytoplankton from 2 different melt ponds (MPs; closed and open type pond) in the western Arctic Ocean using a (13) C stable isotope tracer technique. The Research Vessel Araon visited ice-covered western-central basins situated at 82°N and 173°E in the summer of 2012, when Arctic sea ice declined to a record minimum. The average net carbon uptake rate of the phytoplankton in polycarbonate (PC) bottles in the closed MP was 3.24 mg C · m(-3) · h(-1) (SD = ±1.12 mg C · m(-3) · h(-1) ), while that in the open MP was 1.3 mg C · m(-3) · h(-1) (SD = ±0.05 mg C · m(-3) · h(-1) ). The net production rate of total MAAs in incubated PC bottles was highest (1.44 (SD = ±0.24) ng C · L(-1) · h(-1) ) in the open MP and lowest (0.05 (SD = ±0.003) ng C · L(-1) · h(-1) ) in the closed MP. The net production rate of shinorine and palythine in incubated PC bottles at the open MP presented significantly high values 0.76 (SD = ±0.12) ng C · L(-1) · h(-1) and 0.53 (SD = ±0.06) ng C · L(-1) · h(-1) . Our results showed that high net production rate of MAAs in the open MP was enhanced by a combination of osmotic and UVR stress and that in situ net production rates of individual MAA can be determined using (13) C tracer in MPs in Arctic sea ice.