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Central nervous system involvement in multiple myeloma (CNS-MM) is a rare condition. Various manifestations of CNS-MM have been reported, including dural, parenchymal, and leptomeningeal involvement. Among them, leptomeningeal involvement is less common and intraventricular involvement is exceptional, with only one case reported in the literature. Herein, we report the first case of CNS-MM manifesting as an intraventricular mass with leptomeningeal involvement combined with perineural spread. We also describe characteristic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings of intraventricular multiple myeloma.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between moral distress, physical symptoms, and burnout among clinical nurses. Methods: Data were collected by self-report questionnaires targeting 140 nurses from a university hospital in Chungju. The data were analyzed by, Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Moral distress due to the general characteristics of the participants showed a statistically significant difference at the current working department (${chi}^2=36.01$, p

Intracranial lesions may show contrast enhancement through various mechanisms that are closely associated with the disease process. The preferred magnetic resonance sequence in contrast imaging is T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) at most institutions. However, lesion enhancement is occasionally inconspicuous on T1WI. Although fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences are commonly considered as T2-weighted imaging with dark cerebrospinal fluid, they also show mild T1-weighted contrast, which is responsible for the contrast enhancement. For several years, FLAIR imaging has been successfully incorporated as a routine sequence at our institution for contrast-enhanced (CE) brain imaging in detecting various intracranial diseases. In this pictorial essay, we describe and illustrate the diagnostic importance of CE-FLAIR imaging in various intracranial pathologic conditions.

Ethanol causes diverse neurologic conditions caused by acute and chronic brain damage. This review provides an overview of Wernicke encephalopathy and other ethanol-related brain changes, such as chronic brain atrophy, Marchiafava-Bignami disease, osmotic demyelination syndrome, chronic hepatic encephalopathy, and acute alcohol withdrawal. As clinical symptoms of this spectrum of diseases have nonspecific neurologic alterations, radiologists should have current radiologic information and understand the imaging findings pertaining to the pathophysiology to support diagnosis.

Wild soybeans (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.) are generally higher in protein and lower in oil with potential advantages as forage than cultivated soybeans. This study was conducted to evaluate forage yield and quality of wild soybeans. Three wild soybeans were compared to three cultivated soybeans for forage yield and quality at the full bloom stage, full pod stage, and full seed stage (R6) of development. The wild soybeans had significantly lower forage yield than cultivated soybeans at R6 which was determined to be the best stage to harvest based on forage quantity and quality. Wild soybean also had lower crude fat (2.0%) and crude protein (17.7%) concentration than cultivated soybean (5.7 and 21.3%, respectively) at the R6 stage. There were no significant differences for neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and relative feed value among growth stages between cultivated and wild soybean. The neutral detergent fiber was 40.2 and 40.4%, acid detergent fiber was 26.1% and 27.5%, and relative feed value was 161 and 158 at R6 stage for cultivated and wild soybean, respectively. Wild soybean had less forage yield at harvest time but had similar forage quality comparable to cultivated soybean. However, wild soybeans have smaller and softer stems for potentially improved palatability and feed intake than cultivated soybeans. Therefore, it will be a good genetic source to improve forage characteristics of soybean.

Differentiation between solitary metastatic lesions and glioblastomas, two of the most common malignant brain neoplasms, is often a diagnostic challenge. The purpose of this review is to emphasize the potential roles of advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, including diffusion-based techniques, such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), exponential DWI, and diffusion tensor imaging, MR perfusion, and MR spectroscopy, as well as conventional MRI, in making a distinction between glioblastomas and solitary metastases in peritumoural regions. Integration of advanced MRI features with conventional MRI, may provide valuable information for differentiating glioblastoma from solitary metastatic lesions.

Purpose: This study aimed to understand and explain the essences and structures of the experience of Korean nursing students` college life who have defected from North Korea. Korea. Methods: The data were collected in 2012 through individual in-depth interviews using open-ended questions. A total of 6 nursing students who have escaped from North Korea participated in the study. Each interview lasted about 2 hours. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using Phenomenological analysis. Results: Four theme clusters emerged by the analysis using Collaizzi`s method: a dream of passing, the stern realities of life, out of the frying pan into the fire, and passion for my dream. These theme clusters illustrate that although most participants faced very strange and strenuous situations in most aspects of college life, each of them had hope to be an a good nurse in the future. The essence of the experience of participants was "living as a star in the black night". Conclusion: This study provides deep understanding of college life of nursing students who defected from North Korea. Based on the results of the study, the Korean government, society, and college should support refugees in order to help settle well in Korean society.

Aim To describe characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities in hyperglycaemia-induced seizures, and evaluate the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging. Possible underlying mechanisms of this condition are also discussed. Materials and methods Eleven patients with hyperglycaemia-induced seizures and MRI abnormalities were retrospectively studied. Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, MRI findings, and clinical outcomes were analysed. Results All patients, except one, presented with focal seizures, simple or complex partial seizures, or negative motor seizures. All patients had long-standing uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. The MRI abnormalities observed acutely were focal subcortical hypointensities on T2-weighted imaging and FLAIR imaging in all patients with overlying cortical gyral T2 hyperintensities in five. Focal overlying cortical or leptomeningeal enhancement on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging or contrast-enhanced FLAIR imaging was observed in all patients. Contrast-enhanced FLAIR imaging was superior to contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging for detecting characteristic cortical or leptomeningeal enhancement. Diffusion-weighted imaging showed mildly restricted diffusion in four of five patients with cortical gyral T2 hyperintensity. In nine patients, the lesions were localised in the parietal or parieto-occipital lobes. The other two patients showed localised precentral gyral lesions. After treatment, the neurological symptoms, including the seizures, improved in all patients. On clinical recovery, the subcortical T2 hypointensity, gyral or leptomeningeal enhancement, and overlying cortical T2 hyperintensities resolved. Conclusion Recognition of these radiological abnormalities in patients with hyperglycaemia-induced seizures is important in restricting unwarranted investigations and initiating early therapy. These patients generally have a good prognosis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the current status of Asian research and suggest a direction for the future development of nursing research in Asian countries Methods: To examine the current status of Asian nursing research, 539 abstracts presented at the 2011 East Asian Forum of Nursing Scholars in Seoul were analyzed according to the structured analysis format. Results: The results showed that most of the studies (77.6%) were quantitative design, but qualitative design was also conducted. Most of quantitative studies were quasi experimental designs and questionnaires are most frequently used for data collection. Only 8.5% of the studies used physiological measures. Key words were categorized into four nursing metaparadigms: clients, environment, health and nursing. The most frequently mentioned domain was health. Main themes of research were elderly, chronic disease, health promotion, and nurse/nursing management. Most frequently used key words were elderly, social support, depression, and stress. Conclusion: Major trends were similar in Asian countries, and mostly conducted with quantitative designs. Research topics were varied and major interests in nursing research topics were elderly, health promotion, and mental health in all countries. We need to develop nursing science based on closer communication and cooperation among Asian countries.

Purpose: This study was to compare the influencing factors of clinical competence between associate and bachelor nursing students completing nursing courses. Method: The subjects were 429 students completing the nursing courses (172 bachelor course students, and 257 associate course students). The study design was cross sectional. Results: Bachelor students showed a significant higher score in clinical competence than associate students. There were significant influencing factors on clinical competence including critical thinking disposition, professional conduct, communication skill, theoretical education satisfaction, and practice education satisfaction. The strongest factor influencing clinical competence was critical thinking disposition. All the factors mentioned above explained 49% of clinical competence in associate courses, and 40.0% in bachelor courses excluding the factor of practice education satisfaction. The level of theoretical and practice education satisfaction of bachelor courses was significantly lower than associate. Conclusion: It is recommended that associate course nursing students should be encouraged in critical thinking disposition, professional conduct, and communication skill. Bachelor course nursing students should be encouraged in practical education including practical environments, instruction methods, and content for improving clinical competence.

The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the association between dietary intake of citrus fruits and gastric cancer risk. We searched electronic databases and the reference lists of publications on diet and stomach cancer studies until April 2007. All of the epidemiological studies that obtained individual data on dietary intake of citrus fruits and presented risk estimates of the association between intake of citrus fruits and risk of stomach cancer were identified and included in this review. Using general variance-based methods, study-specific odds ratio (OR)/ relative risk (RR) and associated confidence interval (CI)/ standard error (SE) for highest versus lowest intake of citrus fruits level were extracted from each article. Fourteen articles, including six hospital-based case-control studies, six community-based case-control studies, and two cohort studies, proved eligible. Overall summary OR using a fixed-effect model showed a 28% reduction in risk of stomach cancer associated with high intake of citrus fruits (summary OR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.64–0.81; P value