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Long-haul tourist arrivals depend on the airline market, its size, and the degree of competition. This article studies the entry and exit of full service carriers (FSCs), charter carriers (CCs) and low-cost carriers (LCCs) from two origins: the United Kingdom and Germany, and five sun-and-beach destinations in Spain. The relationship among all types of airlines is captured with a trivariate structural time series model to disentangle the airlines' responses under common shocks of airlines' entry and/or exit and provides estimates of immediate responses and indicators of responses over time. The results show that in the British market, the entry of LCCs has crowded out FSCs and CCs. However, in the German market, the results are heterogeneous and overall do not support the existence of such crowding out effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the tourists' destination choice there are multiple factors involved in their decision. Individuals or families with exactly the same socioeconomic and demographic characteristics may choose very different destinations. The paper deals with this heterogeneity problem, recognising that there are taste differences among tourists and that final destination choice is not an independent decision, but the last decision of a set of choices that are determining it. In this sense, it is argued that tourists face a five-stage decision process. First of all, people have to decide whether or not to travel within a period of time. Secondly, those who expect to travel need to estimate a budget for tourism expenses. Thirdly, given the budget, they need to determine the frequency and length of stay of their trip. Fourthly, once a date and the length of stay are proposed, tourists Heed to choose which kind of tourist destination to visit. Finally, from among all the available destinations that satisfy a tourist's conditions, final destination and mode of transportation are chosen. It is the purpose of this paper to propose a methodological framework for modelling each of these stages and their relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]