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Koalas in captivity are often provided with food from purpose-grown eucalypt plantations. In this study the growth/establishment of a long-term koala food plantation and the foliage chemistry of three Eucalyptus species (Eucalyptus microcorys, E. propinqua and E. tereticornis) that had applications of soil treatments (Terracottem™, mycorrhiza or a combination of both, and a control) at the time of planting were investigated. As well as tree growth, the foliage chemistry measured included total nitrogen (N), available N, ash, and moisture contents, and dry matter digestibility. Shortly after planting, the soil treatments had significant effects on tree growth but after approximately 2.5 years, they did not impact either tree growth or foliage chemistry. However, foliage age affected foliage chemistry, with new foliage having higher moisture and total N concentrations and lower ash contents than mature foliage. There were significant differences in tree growth and foliage chemistry between replicate blocks, which may have been related to environmental or geographical variables. This research provided critical information concerning the establishment of a suitable feed source for captive koalas and, more generally, furthered knowledge of Eucalyptus foliage chemistry. Future studies should investigate impacts of soil treatments on plant secondary metabolites including formylated phloroglucinol compounds. Understanding dietary selection is an important consideration when selecting species and managing food plantations for koalas. Providing captive koalas with a variety of different Eucalyptus species and foliage maturity ensures that they can select species and nutrients that they require. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose micro/nanofibril (MNFC) films are an interesting alternative to plastic-based films for application in biodegradable packaging. In this study, we aimed to produce and characterize MNFC films obtained from alkaline-pretreated rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) waste and Eucalyptus sp. commercial pulp. MNFC and films were evaluated regarding microstructure; crystallinity; stability; and physical, optical, mechanical, and barrier properties. A combined quality index (QI) was also calculated. Eucalyptus MNFC suspensions were more stable than H. brasiliensis. Both films had a hydrophobic surface (>90°) and high grease resistance (oil kit 12). H. brasiliensis films had lower transparency (26.4 %) and high crystallinity (∼89 %), while Eucalyptus films had lower permeability and higher mechanical strength. The QI of MNFC was 51 ± 5 for H. brasiliensis and 55 ± 4 for Eucalyptus, showing that both types of raw material have potential for application in the packaging industry and in the reinforcement of composites, as well as for high value-added applications in products made from special materials., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

An innovative binary biol-based deep eutectic solvent (DES), specifically ethylamine hydrochloride-ethylene glycol (EaCl-EG), was developed for efficient pretreatment of eucalyptus biomass. This DES exhibited superior performance in achieving high delignification (85.0%) and xylan removal (80.0%), while preserving a significant amount of cellulose (94.5%) compared to choline chloride-based DES. Notably, the pretreated eucalyptus residues showed a remarkable glucose yield of over 92.5%, representing a substantial enhancement of up to 15 times compared to untreated eucalyptus. Furthermore, the pretreated liquor yielded high-purity lignin with a yield of 97.8%, characterized by well-preserved β-O-4 structure and nanoscale dimensions. These lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were subsequently self-assembled into lignin nanobottles (LNBs), adding further value to the pretreatment process. The proposed novel binary EaCl-EG DES presented great potential as an efficient pretreatment solvent for future biomass fractionation processes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Research on fungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has increased worldwide in the last 10 years, but marine fungal volatilomes remain underexplored. Similarly, the hormone-signaling pathways, agronomic significance, and biocontrol potential of VOCs in plant-associated fungi make the area of research extremely promising. In the current investigation, VOCs of the isolates-Aspergillus sp. GSBT S13 and GSBT S14 from marine sediments, and Bulbithecium sp. GSBT E3 from Eucalyptus foliage were extracted using Head Space solid phase microextraction, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, identification, statistical analyses, and prediction of functions by KEGG COMPOUND and STITCH 5.0 databases. The significance of this research is fingerprinting VOCs of the isolates from distinct origins, identification of compounds using three libraries (NIST02, NIST14, and W9N11), and using bioinformatic tools to perform functional analysis. The most important findings include the identification of previously unreported compounds in fungi-1-methoxy naphthalene, diethyl phthalate, pentadecane, pristane, and nonanal; the prediction of the involvement of small molecules in the degradation of aromatic compound pathways and activation, inhibition, binding, and catalysis of metabolites with predicted protein partners. This study has ample opportunity to validate the findings and understand the mechanism or mode of action, the interspecies interactions, and the role of the metabolites in geochemical cycles., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The use of botanical insecticides has increased in recent years due to the demand for effective products, particularly against insects resistant to conventional insecticides. Among these is Aedes aegypti, a well-adapted mosquito to urban environments that opportunistically feeds on humans and animals, contributing to the spread of virus. We evaluated the potential of essential oils (EOs) extracted from Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus staigeriana, Eucalyptus caryophyllus, and Mentha arvensis in terms of their larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti. EOs' compounds were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Bioassays were performed on third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti to evaluate the larvicidal effects of EO dilutions in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at different concentrations. Mortality rates were observed over a 72-hour period to determine the efficacy of the treatments. Citronellal (86.64) predominated in E. citriodora, limonene in E. staigeriana (41.68), eugenol in E. caryophyllus (87.76), and menthol in M. arvensis (51.53%). EOs exhibited larvicidal activity from 10 ppm, with notable efficacy at 85 ppm, in which those from E. staigeriana and M. arvensis caused maximum mortality to Ae. aegypti larvae. Results revealed distinct efficacy patterns among EOs, with E. staigeriana displaying high toxicity within 24 h, achieving LC50 and LC95 values of 47.04 ppm and 97.35 ppm, respectively. Larvicidal effects within 1 h were observed for E. citriodora and E. caryophyllus. This study underscores larvicidal efficacy against Ae. aegypti, notably E. staigeriana, which had the lowest LC50 value. The findings indicate that the tested samples have potential for use as bioinsecticides.

Amyloid fibril formation is associated with various amyloidoses, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Despite the numerous studies on the inhibition of amyloid formation, the prevention and treatment of a majority of amyloid-related disorders are still challenging. In this study, we investigated the effects of various plant extracts on amyloid formation of α-synuclein. We found that the extracts from Eucalyptus gunnii are able to inhibit amyloid formation, and to disaggregate preformed fibrils, in vitro. The extract itself did not lead to cell damage. In the extract, miquelianin, which is a glycosylated form of quercetin and has been detected in the plasma and the brain, was identified and assessed to have a moderate inhibitory activity, compared to the effects of ellagic acid and quercetin, which are strong inhibitors for amyloid formation. The properties of miquelianin provide insights into the mechanisms controlling the assembly of α-synuclein in the brain., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry.)

An ointment containing larch turpentine, turpentine oil, and eucalyptus oil has been used for almost a century for the symptomatic treatment of mild, localized, purulent inflammations of the skin. Its clinical efficacy in the treatment of skin infections has been shown in clinical trials, but the mode of action of the active ingredients on inflammation is not known. We studied the anti-inflammatory properties of the active ingredients of the ointment and their mixture in a human monocyte cell model, in which the cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and incubated with the test substances. The cytotoxic threshold of each test substance and the mixture was identified using the alamarBlue assay, and their anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by measuring the release of interleukins IL-1 β , IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, prostaglandin E 2 , and TNF- α . Cell toxicity was observed at a mixture concentration of 10 µg/mL. All immunological assays were carried out at nontoxic concentrations. Larch turpentine decreased IL-1 β , monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and prostaglandin E 2 release at a concentration of 3.9 µg/mL and TNF- α at concentrations > 1.95 µg/mL, whereas eucalyptus oil and turpentine oil had no relevant inhibitory effects. The mixture dose-dependently inhibited IL-1 β , IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, prostaglandin E 2 , and TNF- α release at concentrations > 1 µg/mL. IL-8 release was only marginally affected. The anti-inflammatory activity of the herbal ingredients and their mixture was confirmed in this model. This effect seems to be mediated mainly by larch turpentine, with turpentine oil and eucalyptus oil exerting an additive or possibly synergistic function., Competing Interests: Christian Zimmermann and Nils Günnewich are employees of Cesra Arzneimittel GmbH. Kurt Appel and Thorsten Rose work for VivaCell Biotechnology GmbH, a contract research organization that specializes in preclinical research. All authors report no other conflicts of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

The conveniently recoverable piezocatalyst with self-floating and stable performance has drawn wide attention. Herein, MoS 2 was anchored on 1-cm-square eucalyptus wood blocks via a facile hydrothermal/solvothermal process to fabricate two floating piezocatalysts, i.e., MoS 2 /unpretreated wood (MUW) and MoS 2 /pretreated wood (MPW). FeCl 3 solution was used as a Lewis acid to pretreat the wood through partial hydrolyzing cellulose and hemicellulose for an purpose to creat rich micropores for MoS 2 loading in the wood and to form MoFe heterojunction. The piezocatalytic properties and performance of the prepared wood were systematically studied. The scanning electron microscopy confirms MoS 2 was anchored on wood surface. The macroscopic photos show that MoS 2 penetrated through the MPW interior whereas it was only loaded on the wood surface layer. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the shift of Mo 3d and S 2p, verifying the heterojunction formation of MPW. The Fourier transform infrared spectra prove the partial hydrolysis of wood matrix. In comparison to MUW, MPW had excellent piezocatalytic property, wide pH adaptability, convenient recyclability and high stability. Sildenafil and Cr 6+ ions could be completely removed in 20 and 15 min, respectively, by MPW. Contrastly, the removal efficiency of sildenafil and Cr 6+ by MUW was 78.6 % and 68.3 % in 20 and 15 min, respectively. After five cycles of use, the removal ratio of sildenafil was 62.4 % by MUW and 90.5 % by MPW in 20 min. The mineralization efficiency of sildenafil reached 99.2 % in 30 min by MPW, and various types of N/S-containing intermediates were effectively degraded. The electron spin resonance characterization and active species scavenging experiments displayed that e - and • O 2 - were major active species responsible for Cr 6+ piezoreduction by MUW and MPW, while • O 2 - and • OH were the dominant species accounting for sildenafil degradation by MUW and MPW, respectively. And • OH was not generated in the MUW piezocatalysis process. MPW had higher piezoelectric current and lower resistance at the electron transfer interface than MUW. Conclusively, this study paves a new pathway for preparing new floating piezocatalysts with easy recyclability and high stability from biomass for wastewater treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that can have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The encapsulation of essential oils (EOs) in protein-based biopolymeric matrices stabilized with surfactant ensures protection and physical stability of the EO against unfavorable environmental conditions. Accordingly, this study prepared zein nanoparticles loaded with eucalyptus essential oil (Z-EEO) and Litsea cubeba essential oil (Z-LEO), stable and with antifungal activity against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, responsible for substantial damage to bean crops. The nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation with the aid of ultrasound treatment and characterized. The nanoparticles exhibited a hydrodynamic diameter close to 200 nm and PDI < 0.3 for 120 days, demonstrating the physical stability of the carrier system. Scanning electron microscopy and Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the nanoparticles were smooth and uniformly distributed spheres. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed interaction between zein and EOs through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated the thermal stability of the nanoparticles compared to pure bioactive compounds. The nanoparticles exhibited a dose-dependent effect in inhibiting the fungus in in vitro testing, with Z-EEO standing out by inhibiting 70.0 % of the mycelial growth of C. lindemuthianum. Therefore, the results showed that zein has great potential to encapsulate hydrophobic compounds, improving the applicability of the bioactive compound as a biofungicide, providing protection for the EO., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The frequency, duration, and size of wildfires have been increasing, and the inhalation of wildfire smoke particles poses a significant risk to human health. Epidemiological studies have shown that wildfire smoke exposure is positively associated with cognitive and neurological dysfunctions. However, there is a significant gap in knowledge on how wildfire smoke exposure can affect the blood-brain barrier and cause molecular and cellular changes in the brain. Our study aims to determine the acute effect of smoldering eucalyptus wood smoke extract (WSE) on brain endothelial cells for potential neurotoxicity in vitro. Primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) and immortalized human brain endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3) were treated with different doses of WSE for 24 h. WSE treatment resulted in a dose-dependent increase in IL-8 in both HBMEC and hCMEC/D3. RNA-seq analyses showed a dose-dependent upregulation of genes involved in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathways and a decrease in tight junction markers in both HBMEC and hCMEC/D3. When comparing untreated controls, RNA-seq analyses showed that HBMEC have a higher expression of tight junction markers compared to hCMEC/D3. In summary, our study found that 24 h WSE treatment increases IL-8 production dose-dependently and decreases tight junction markers in both HBMEC and hCMEC/D3 that may be mediated through the AhR and NRF2 pathways, and HBMEC could be a better in vitro model for studying the effect of wood smoke extract or particles on brain endothelial cells.

The hydrothermal pretreatment process stands out as a pivotal step in breaking down the hemicellulosic fraction of lignocellulosic biomasses, such as sugarcane bagasse and eucalyptus sawdust. This pretreatment step is crucial for preparing these materials for subsequent processes, particularly in food applications. This technique aims to disintegrate plant wall components like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, and facilitating access in later phases such as enzymatic hydrolysis, and ultimately making fermentable sugars available. In this study, sugarcane bagasse and eucalyptus sawdust biomass underwent hydrothermal pretreatment at specific conditions, yielding two key components: dry biomass and hemicellulose liquor. The primary focus was to assess the impact of hydrothermal pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis, using the Celic Ctec III enzyme cocktail, to obtain fermentable sugars. These sugars were then transformed into membranes via strain Gluconacetobacter xylinus bacterial biosynthesis. Notably, the addition of a nitrogen source significantly boosted production to 14.76 g/ in hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse, underscoring its vital role in bacterial metabolism. Conversely, in hydrolyzed eucalyptus, nitrogen source inclusion unexpectedly decreased yield, highlighting the intricate interactions in fermentation media and the pivotal influence of nitrogen supplementation. Characterization of membranes obtained in synthetic and hydrolyzed media through techniques such as FEG-SEM, FTIR, and TGA, followed by mass balance assessment, gauged their viability on an industrial scale. This comprehensive study aimed not only to understand the effects of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis but to also evaluate the applicability and sustainability of the process on a large scale, providing crucial insights into its feasibility and efficiency in practical food-related scenarios, utilizing nanocellulose bacterial (BNC) as a key component., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Methylene blue (MB) is a prevalent pollutant in organic wastewater. For this research, eucalyptus wood was used as a template, into which quartz powder dissolved in NaOH was grown, resulting in a low-cost and efficient porous silica adsorbent material (PSAM). This PSAM successfully replaces expensive materials for MB removal from water. Through the application of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, it became evident that PSAM displays a porous slit pore structure characterized by numerous active sites, leading to an impressive maximum specific surface area of 88.05 m²/g. The central objective of this research was to investigate the impact of experimental temperature, initial dye concentration, and pH on the adsorption process. The adsorption kinetics were analyzed using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, as well as the Langmuir model. Remarkably, PSAM exhibited a substantial maximum adsorption capacity of 90.01 mg/g at 293 K, achieving an adsorption rate of over 85% within a mere 10-minute timeframe. The thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption of MB onto PSAM was characterized by spontaneity and accompanied by heat absorption. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and SEM comparisons of PSAM before and after adsorption indicated that MB adsorption primarily occurred through electrostatic gravitational binding. In comparison to other adsorbents, PSAM exhibited exceptional efficacy in removing MB from water.

Australian honey samples from four botanical genera (Lophostemon, Eucalyptus, Macadamia and Corymbia) were investigated for their phenolic content. An improved phenolic extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis method allowed for the rapid and reliable identification of phenolic compounds. A concentrated liquid-liquid extraction method with an acidified aqueous solution and acetonitrile was optimised to isolate phenolic compounds from the honey matrix. The concentrated extraction method improved sensitivity and permitted the identification of phenolics present at low concentrations (LOD: 0.012-0.25 mg/kg and LOQ: 0.040-2.99 mg/kg). The optimised HPLC-DAD chromatographic conditions gave stable retention times, improved peak separation and allowed for the inexpensive detection of each of the 109 phenolic compounds at their maximum absorbance wavelength. Out of the 109 phenolic compounds included in this study, 49 were identified in the Australian honeys tested. Furthermore, 25 of the 49 compounds were determined to be markers specific to honey floral origin., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Forest species are characterized by their wealth of essential oils (EOs), which play key requested for alternative control methods against weeds, fungi and pests. This study reports the chemical composition and highlight the antioxidant, antifungal and phytotoxic properties of the EOs obtained from Eucalyptus populifolia Desf, Eucalyptus woollsiana and Eucalyptus exserta . The EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Their antioxidant, antifungal and phytotoxic properties were investigated. All EOs displayed a specific richness in eucalyptol (75.94-7.01%), camphene (6.97-0.4%) globulol (5.20-5.83%) and α-pinene (0.71-12.82 %). EOs isolated from E. populifolia exhibited significant antioxidant activity. Furthermore, all investigated EOs displayed significant antifungal properties against four phytopathogenic fungi belonging to Fusarium genus. The phytotoxic activity against five weeds showed varying effectiveness on seed germination and seedling growth, which exhibited greater effectiveness compared to glyphosate. Eucalyptus EOs have the potential to be used in the formulation of biopesticides.

The most prominent insect pest harming eucalyptus trees in China was Endoclita vietnamensis, which resulted in considerable losses to the environment and economy. This study examined the hair brush on the postpedes of male E. vietnamensis using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The finding revealed that the hair brush was made up of many large, flattened, pale yellow, specialized scales that were highly elongated. These scales were firmly affixed to the epidermis at their base, and at the attachment site, there was a swollen hair follicle. The interior of the pencil was hollow with ducts, and the surface featured rows of pores and longitudinal ridges. Numerous features, including mitochondria, lipid droplets, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and microvilli, were present in the tissue cells of the tibial segment of postpedes of male moths. The tibial segment of postpedes of male moths exhibited thicker epidermis, cavities, and voids in the tissue cortex, suggesting the presence of secretory activities in the tissue cells. With the location and structure of the pheromone gland determined, a theoretical foundation for future research into the communication between the female and male E. vietnamensis as well as the development of sex-specific pheromone-based catching and killing methods will be available. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Endoclita vietnamensis Buchsbaum & Grehan, 2022 is the most prominent insect pest harming eucalyptus trees in China. With the location and structure of the pheromone gland determined, a theoretical foundation for future research into the communication between the female and male E. vietnamensis as well as the development of sex-specific pheromone-based catching and killing methods will be available., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The aim of this study was to investigate the insecticidal properties of essential oil derived from Eucalyptus cinerea leaves and its main component, 1,8-cineole, against two significant pests of stored dates, Ectomyelois ceratoniae and Ephestia kuehniella (Pyralidae). The impact of the treatment on the sensory characteristics of date fruits was assessed to verify the complete absence of off-odours and off-flavours. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis of E. cinerea essential oil revealed that the primary compound was 1,8-cineole (74.5%). Fumigant toxicity of the two pests, indicated that first instar larvae (L1) exhibited greater tolerance to E. cinerea EO and 1,8-cineole than L5, while adult forms were more susceptible than larvae. The E. cinerea EO had a noticeable pest contact activity when used at a concentration of 0.35 µL/cm 2 caused 100 and 88.3% mortality to E. ceratoniae and E. kueheniella , respectively, after 1 hour of exposure. Hedonic evaluation showed that consumers' appreciation of fumigated dates was not significantly different to the no treated dates.

Eucalyptus species play an important role in the global carbon cycle, especially in reducing the greenhouse effect as well as storing atmospheric CO₂. Thus, assessing the amount of CO₂ released by the soil in forest areas can generate important information for environmental monitoring. This study aims to verify the relation between soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux (FCO₂), spectral bands, and vegetation indices (VIs) derived from a UAV-based multispectral camera over an area of eucalyptus species. Multispectral imageries (green, red-edge, and near-infrared) from the Parrot Sequoia sensor, derived vegetation indices, and the FCO₂ data from a LI-COR 8100 analyzer, combined with soil moisture and temperature data, were collected and related. The vegetation indices ATSAVI (Adjusted Transformed Soil-Adjusted VI), GSAVI (Green Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index), and SAVI (Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index), which use soil correction factors, exhibited a strong negative correlation with FCO₂ for the species E. camaldulensis, E. saligna, and E. urophylla species. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance showed significance (p < 0.01) for the species factor, which indicates that there are differences when considering all variables simultaneously. The results achieved in this study show a specific correlation between the data of soil CO₂ emission and the eucalypt species, providing a distinction of values between the species in the statistical data., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Understanding how environmental variables influence biofilm formation becomes relevant for managing Vibrio biofilm-related infections in shrimp production. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of temperature, time, and initial inoculum in the biofilm development of these two Vibrio species using a multifactorial experimental design. Planktonic growth inhibition and inhibition/eradication of Vibrio biofilms, more exactly V. parahaemolyticus (VP87 and VP275) and V. cholerae (VC112) isolated from shrimp farms were evaluated by Eucalyptus and Guava aqueous leaf extracts and compared to tetracycline and ceftriaxone. Preliminary results showed that the best growth conditions of biofilm development for V. parahaemolyticus were 24 h and 24°C (p <0.001), while V. cholerae biofilms were 72 h and 30°C (p <0.001). Multivariate linear regression ANOVA was applied using colony-forming unit (CFU) counting assays as a reference, and R-squared values were applied as goodness-of-fit measurements for biofilm analysis. Then, both plant extracts were analyzed with HPLC using double online detection by diode array detector (DAD) and mass spectrometry (MS) for the evaluation of their chemical composition, where the main identified compounds for Eucalyptus extract were cypellogin A, cypellogin B, and cypellocarpin C, while guavinoside A, B, and C compounds were the main compounds for Guava extract. For planktonic growth inhibition, Eucalyptus extract showed its maximum effect at 200 μg/mL with an inhibition of 75% (p < 0.0001) against all Vibrio strains, while Guava extract exhibited its maximum inhibition at 1600 μg/mL with an inhibition of 70% (p < 0.0001). Both biofilm inhibition and eradication assays were performed by the two conditions (24 h at 24°C and 72 h at 30°C) on Vibrio strains according to desirability analysis. Regarding 24 h at 24°C, differences were observed in the CFU counting between antibiotics and plant extracts, where both plant extracts demonstrated a higher reduction of viable cells when compared with both antibiotics at 8x, 16x, and 32x MIC values (Eucalyptus extract: 1600, 3200, and 6400 μg/mL; while Guava extract: 12800, 25600, and 52000 μg/mL). Concerning 72 h at 30°C, results showed a less notorious biomass inhibition by Guava leaf extract and tetracycline. However, Eucalyptus extract significantly reduced the total number of viable cells within Vibrio biofilms from 2x to 32x MIC values (400-6400 μg/mL) when compared to the same MIC values of ceftriaxone (5-80 μg/mL), which was not able to reduce viable cells. Eucalyptus extract demonstrated similar results at both growth conditions, showing an average inhibition of approximately 80% at 400 μg/mL concentration for all Vibrio isolates (p < 0.0001). Moreover, eradication biofilm assays demonstrated significant eradication against all Vibrio strains at both growth conditions, but biofilm eradication values were substantially lower. Both extract plants demonstrated a higher reduction of viable cells when compared with both antibiotics at 8x, 16x, and 32x MIC values at both growth sets, where Eucalyptus extract at 800 μg/mL reduced 70% of biomass and 90% of viable cells for all Vibrio strains (p < 0.0001). Overall results suggested a viable alternative against vibriosis in the shrimp industry in Ecuador., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Jara-Medina et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

This work presents a new process, based on the green nanoparticles Fe 3 O 4 and magnetization coupling for the treatment of saline well water. In this context, iron nanoparticles were synthesized using Eucalyptus globulus leaves. The nanomaterials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and infrared for identification. Batch experiments were conducted to illustrate the optimal parameters related to contact times and the mass of nanoparticles. The latter marked an optimal contact time of 100 min and a mass of 56 mg/L accompanied by a magnetic treatment for a contact time of 48 min. The results showed a significant (R 2  = 0.93) water salinity reduction (67%) and a potential for improvement in the germination of tomato seeds (81%) through the investigation of the evolution of the length of the roots, the stems, and the number of germinated seeds., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Background: Chicken coccidiosis is an intracellular parasitic disease that presents major challenges to the development of the commercial poultry industry. Perennial drug selective pressure has led to the multi-drug resistance of chicken coccidia, which makes the prevention and control of chicken coccidiosis extremely difficult. In recent years, natural plant products have attracted the attention of researchers due to their inherent advantages, such as the absence of veterinary drug residues. The development of these natural products provides a new direction for the prevention and treatment of chicken coccidiosis., Methods: The anticoccidial effect of a natural plant product combination formulation (eucalyptus oil + apigenin + eugenol essential oil) was tested against Eimeria tenella in broilers. To search for the optimal concentration of the combination formulation, we screened 120 broilers in a chicken cage trial in which 100 broilers were infected with 5 × 10 4 sporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts; broilers receiving a decoquinate solution was set up as a chemical control. The optimal anticoccidial concentration was determined by calculating the anticoccidial index (ACI), and the suitable concentration was used as the recommended dose for a series of safety dose assessment tests, such as feed conversion ratio (FCR), hematological indices and serum biochemical indices, as well as liver and kidney sections, at onefold (low dose), threefold (medium dose) and sixfold (high dose) the recommended dose (RD)., Results: The results showed that this combination formulation of three plant natural products had a better anticoccidial effect than formulations containing two plant natural products or a single one, with an ACI of 169.3. The dose gradient anticoccidial test revealed that the high-dose formulation group had a better anticoccidial effect (ACI = 169.2) than the medium- and low-dose groups. The safety evaluation test showed that concentrations of the formulation at one-, three- and sixfold the RD were non-toxic to Arbor Acres broilers, indicating the high safety of the combination formulation., Conclusions: The combination formulation showed not only a moderate anticoccidial effect but also had a high safety profile for broilers. The results of this study indicate a new alternative for the prevention and control of coccidiosis in broilers., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Formulating a nanoemulsion (NE) of essential oil (EO) could enhance its efficiency while requiring lower concentrations. Eucalyptus cladocalyx F. Muell EO was rich in monoterpenes hydrocarbons. NE was prepared and the effect of surfactant (Tween 20, 40 and 80) and shearing time were investigated. The results showed that the best NE was formed using Tween 80 after 25 min of emulsification. Small droplet size (40 nm), low polydispersity index PDI (0.49), and stable zeta potential highlighted the excellent NE stability which was tested under storage conditions for 4 months. The results showed that the antioxidant and anticancer activities of NE were enhanced compared to free EO. Furthermore, NE and EO exhibited high anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factors alpha (TNF-α) production in liposaccharides (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. In conclusion, a stable Eucalyptus cladocalyx -NE was produced, with improved biological activities.

The global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had profoundly detrimental effects on our society. To combat this highly pathogenic virus, we turned our attention to an abundant renewable natural aromatic polymer found in wood. Through a chemical modification of Eucalyptus and Japanese cedar wood via acidic microwave solvolysis in equivolume mixture of 2 % (w/w) aqueous H 2 SO 4 , ethylene glycol, and toluene at 190 °C. Subsequently, we separated the resulting solvolysis products through extractions with toluene, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Among these products, the ethyl acetate extract from Eucalyptus wood (eEAE) demonstrated the highest inhibition effects against the novel SARS-CoV-2. We further divided eEAE into four fractions, and a hexane extract from the ethanol-soluble portion, termed eEAE3, exhibited the most substantial inhibitory rate at 93.0 % when tested at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Analyzing eEAE3 using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that its primary components are derived from lignin. Additionally, 1 H- 13 C edited-heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that the solvolysis process cleaved major lignin interunit linkages. Considering the abundance and renewability of lignin, the lignin-derived anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent presents a promising potential for application in suppressing infections within our everyday environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All of authors have no competing financial and non-financial interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) produced through enzymatic hydrolysis exhibit physicochemical properties that make them attractive as eco-friendly reinforcing agents in polymer composites. However, the extent of their efficacy within a polymeric matrix is yet to be fully established. This study investigated the reinforcing capabilities of enzymatic CNC (approximately 3 nm in diameter) isolated from bleached eucalyptus Kraft pulp (BEKP), focusing on its application in polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites produced by injection molding. The study compared the performance of this enzymatic CNC (1-5 % wt) with PP composites reinforced with micro-sized cellulose fibers (BEKP at 10-30 % wt, approximately 13 μm) and additionally with commercial CNC produced by sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Despite enzymatic CNC experiencing agglomeration during spray-drying, leading to an average diameter increase to 3 μm, it still significantly increased the crystallization and glass transition temperature of the PP matrix. However, this agglomeration likely hindered the improvement of the mechanical properties within the nanocomposites. The results also showed that enzymatic CNC provided higher thermal stability at lower reinforcement levels compared to BEKP, but this came with a reduction in stiffness, posing a significant consideration in composite design. The addition of a coupling agent greatly enhanced the dispersion of reinforcements and the interfacial adhesion within the matrix, contributing to the enhanced performance of the composite properties. Additionally, enzymatic CNC demonstrated potential for superior reinforcement efficacy compared to commercially available CNC produced by sulfuric acid hydrolysis. In conclusion, enzymatic CNC exhibited a promising role as nano-reinforcement for thermoplastic polymer nanocomposites, exhibiting higher thermal properties at lower reinforcing loads than traditional micro-sized fiber reinforcements. The absence of sulfur, coupled with its higher thermal stability and sustainable potential, positions enzymatic CNC as a particularly favorable choice for applications involving direct contact with food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical materials., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A facile biphasic system composed of choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) was developed to realize the furfural production, lignin separation and preparation of fermentable glucose from Eucalyptus in one-pot. Results showed that the ChCl/1,2-propanediol/MIBK system owned the best property to convert hemicelluloses into furfural. Under the optimal conditions (MR ChCl:1,2-propanediol  = 1:2, raw materials:DES:MIBK ratio = 1:4:8 g/g/mL, 0.075 mol/L AlCl 3 ·6H 2 O, 140 °C, and 90 min), the furfural yield and glucose yield reached 65.0 and 92.2 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the lignin with low molecular weight (1250-1930 g/mol), low polydispersity (D M  = 1.25-1.53) and high purity (only 0.08-2.59 % carbohydrate content) was regenerated from the biphasic system. With the increase of pretreatment temperature, the β-O-4, β-β and β-5 linkages in the regenerated lignin were gradually broken, and the content of phenolic hydroxyl groups increased, but the content of aliphatic hydroxyl groups decreased. This research provides a new strategy for the comprehensive utilization of lignocellulose in biorefinery process., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

One of the most damaging pests of agricultural crops across the globe is the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. A wide variety of arthropods and plant pathogens can be controlled by essential oils, which are secondary metabolites produced by plants. It is possible to enhance the stability as well as the anti-pest efficiency of plant essential oils by encapsulation. Water distillation was used to extract the essential oils from Eucalyptus globulus and Ferula assafoetida. The chitosan nanoparticles were used to load both essential oils into nanoformulations. Studies were conducted on T. urticae life table characteristics under experimental circumstances to determine the sublethal impacts of essential oils and their nanoformulations. Intrinsic growth rate (r) for population exposed to E. globulus, F. assafoetida essential oils, their nanoformulations and the control were 0.1, 0.069, 0.051, 0.018 and 0.21 per day, respectively. F. assafoetida and E. globulus nanoformulations resulted the lowest fecundity compared to the other treatments. According the result of the lethal and sublethal effects of purified essential oils and nanoformulations of F. assafoetida and E. globulus, they would be recommended for controlling the two-spotted spider mites, T. urticae., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Cerium oxide nanoparticles possess unique properties that make them promising candidates in various fields, including cancer treatment. Among the proposed synthesis methods for CNPs, biosynthesis using natural extracts, offers an eco-friendly and convenient approach for producing CNPs, particularly for biomedical applications. In this study, a novel method of biosynthesis using the aqueous extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves was used to synthesize CNPs. Scanning electron microscopy and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques revealed that the synthesized CNPs exhibit a flower-like morphology. The particle size of CNPs obtained using Powder X-ray diffraction peaks and TEM as 13.43 and 39.25 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the effect of biomolecules during the synthesis process and the formation of CNPs. The cytotoxicity of biosynthesized samples was evaluated using the MTT method demonstrating the potential of these samples to inhibit MCF-7 cancerous cells. The viability of the MCF-7 cell line conducted by live/dead imaging assay confirmed the MTT cytotoxicity method and indicated their potential to inhibit cancerous cells. Furthermore, the successful uptake of CNPs by MCF-7 cancer cells, as demonstrated by confocal microscopy, provides evidence that the intracellular pathway contributes to the anticancer activity of the CNPs. In general, results indicate that the biosynthesized CNPs exhibit significant cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cancerous cell line, attributed to their high surface area., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In the contemporary landscape, the reuse of wastewater holds paramount significance. Concurrently, wastewater carries an array of pollutants encompassing chemical dyes and heavy metals. This study delves into the potential of Tamarix aphylla (TA) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EC) species for mitigating heavy metals in soil and eliminating methylene blue dye (MB) from wastewater. The research begins with assessing the dye adsorption process, considering pivotal factors such as initial pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and contact time. Outcomes reveal EC's superiority in dye removal compared to TA. As a bioremediation agent, EC exhibits a 90.46% removal efficacy for MB within 15 min, with pH 7.0 as the operative condition. Equilibrium analysis employs Temkin (T), Freundlich (F), and Langmuir (L) isotherms, revealing an excellent fit with the L isotherm model. The study delves further by probing surface adsorption kinetics through pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) models. Furthermore, to discern the divergent impacts of EC and TA on soil heavy metal reduction, soil samples were collected from three distinct zones: an untouched control area, alongside areas where EC and TA were cultivated at the Yazd wastewater site in Iran. Heavy metal levels in the soil were meticulously assessed through rigorous measurement and statistical scrutiny. The findings spotlight TA-cultivated soil as having the highest levels across all examined factors. Ultimately, EC emerges as the superior contender, proficiently excelling in both MB eliminations from wastewater and heavy metal amelioration in the soil, positioning it as the preferred phytoremediation agent., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Black liquor (BL) is the major bioproduct and biomass fuel in pulp mill processes. However, the high viscosity of BL makes it a challenging material to work with, resulting in issues with evaporators and heat exchangers during its transport and processing. The thermal and rheological properties of BLs from Pinus sp. (PBL) and Eucalyptus sp. (EBL) were studied. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of the characteristic functional groups and the chemical composition in liquors. TGA/DTG curves showed three characteristic degradation stages related to evaporation of water, pyrolysis of organic groups, and condensation of char. Rheologically, liquors are classified as non-Newtonian and with comportment pseudoplastic. Their rheological dynamic shear properties included a linear viscoelastic region up to 1% shear strain, while frequency sweeps showed that storage modulus (G') > loss modulus (G''), thus confirming the solid-like behavior of both BLs. The rheological study demonstrated that increasing the temperature and oscillatory deformations of PBL and EBL decreased their degree of viscoelasticity, which could favor their pumping and handling within the pulp mill, as well as the droplet formation and swelling characteristics in the recovery furnace., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This study was to compare glutaminase and Na + , K + -ATPase inhibitory activities of 20 herbal extracts and investigate the isolation, structural elucidation and those inhibitory activities of three triterpenes from the selected extract of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Three triterpenes, ursolic acid ( 1 ), robustanic acid ( 2 ) and ursolic acid lactone ( 3 ), were identified by analyzing their NMR and MS spectral data and comparison of these with reported data. The IC 50 values of 1 - 3 and the control compound against glutaminase, 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON), were 443 μM, 334 μM, 963 μM and 134 μM, respectively. The IC 50 values of 1 , 2 and the control compound against Na + , K + -ATPase and ouabain, were 180 μM, 56 μM and 0.5 μM, respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 may serve as potential lead compounds for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative and lifestyle-related diseases by targeting glutaminase and Na + , K + -ATPase. This is the first report on glutaminase and Na + , K + -ATPase inhibitory activities of 2., (© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

Eucalyptus was pretreated with diethylene glycol catalyzed by 0.02 mol/L CrCl 3 for 10 min, resulting in 91 % delignification and 98 % cellulose recovery, with trace fermentation inhibitors generated. After the mild pretreatment, the accessibility and affinity of cellulase to eucalyptus was enhanced, especially since enzyme adsorption rate increased by 1.6-fold. Therefore, glucose yield of pretreated eucalyptus was 7.9-fold higher than that of untreated eucalyptus after hydrolyzed 48 h, in which the maximum glucose concentration reached 62 g/L from eucalyptus by adding Tween 80. According to the characterization analysis, the structure of the eucalyptus lignin-carbohydrate complexes structure was destroyed during the pretreatment, while lignin fragments was likely reacted with diethylene glycol to form the stabilized aromatic ethers. Moreover, the extracted Deg-lignin exhibited better performances than commercial alkali lignin such as higher fluorescence intensity, less negative surface charge, and lower particle size. The mild pretreatment method with diethylene glycol and CrCl 3 provided a promising approach for co-production of fermentable sugars and high activity lignin from lignocellulosic biomass., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

An efficient in situ condensation of citronellal, the main constituent of Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil (51%), with different amine derivatives of 2,3-diaminomaleonitrile and 3-[(2-aminoaryl)amino]dimedone has led to novel chiral benzodiazepine structures. All reactions were precipitated in ethanol and pure products were obtained in good yields (58-75%) without any purification. The synthesized benezodiazepines were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, namely 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, 2D NMR and FTIR. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and HPLC were used to confirm the formation diastereomeric mixtures of benzodiazepine derivatives.

Eucalyptus essential oil has remarkable industrial importance and biological properties due to its effectiveness against various diseases, reported throughout human history. Despite the extraordinary bioactivities of essential oil, its applications are limited due to volatility, insolubility in water, and less stability. Formulation of nanoemulsion is the best way to enhance the bio-efficacy of this essential oil and eliminate the factors responsible for limited application. This review article compiles the information regarding formulation of Eucalyptus essential oil-based nanoemulsion and their several biological activities and medicinal properties including antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidal, insecticidal, and cytotoxic activities etc. The bio-efficacy of essential oil-based nanoemulsion has also been found to be enhanced as compared utilization of essential oil alone. This review can be beneficial for researchers working on medicinal plant-based natural products, specifically containing Eucalyptus essential oil, to explore new research horizons in this emerging field., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Enzymatic hydrolysis is important for lignocellulosic biomass conversion into fermentable sugars. However, the nonproductive adsorption of enzyme on lignin was major hinderance for the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. In this study, non-productive adsorption mechanism of cellulase component cellobiohydrolase (CBH) onto lignin was specific investigated. Research revealed that the adsorption behavior of CBH on eucalyptus alkali lignin (E uA ) was affected by reaction conditions. As study on the adsorption kinetic, it was indicated that the adsorption cellulose binding domain (CBD) of CBH onto E uA well fitted with Langmuir adsorption model and pseudo second-order adsorption kinetics model. And the tyrosine site related to the adsorption of CBD onto lignin was proved by the fluorescence and UV spectra analysis. The results of this work provide a theoretical guidance to understanding the nonproductive adsorption mechanism and building method to reduce the adsorption of cellulase on the lignin., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The chemical composition and biological activities of Eucalyptus essential oils (EOs) have been documented in numerous studies against multiple infectious diseases. The antibacterial activity of individual Eucalyptus EOs against strains that cause ear infections was investigated in our previous study. The study's antibacterial activity was promising, which prompted us to explore this activity further with EO blends., Methods: We tested 15 combinations (9 binary combinations and 6 combinations of binary combinations) of Eucalyptus EOs extracted by hydrodistillation from eight Tunisian Eucalyptus species dried leaves against six bacterial strains responsible for ear infections: three bacterial isolates (Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and three reference bacteria strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ATTC 9027; Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 6538; and Escherichia coli, ATCC 8739). The EOs were analyzed using GC/FID and GC/MS. The major compounds, as well as all values obtained from the bacterial growth inhibition assay, were utilized for statistical analysis., Results: The antibacterial activity of the EO blends exhibited significant variation within Eucalyptus species, bacterial strains, and the applied methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), based on the diameters of the inhibition zone, facilitated the identification of two major groups and ten subgroups based on the level of antibacterial activity. The highest antibacterial activity was observed for the mixture of EOs extracted from E. panctata, E. accedens, and E. cladoclayx (paac) as well as E. panctata, E. wandoo, E. accedens, and E. cladoclayx (pwac) using the disc diffusion method. Additionally, significant activity was noted with EOs extracted from E. panctata, E. wandoo (pw) and E. panctata, E. accedens (pa) using the broth microdilution method., Conclusion: Our findings suggest that certain EO combinations (paac, pwac, pw, and pa) could be considered as potential alternative treatment for ear infections due to their demonstrated highly promising antibacterial activities., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Owing to their beneficial functional capabilities, essential oils were largely used. However, their low aqueous solubility, instability, and high volatility urged scientists to their encapsulation with cyclodextrins (CDs) to tackle their shortcomings. In this study, the co-precipitation method was used to prepare β-CD/Eucalyptus globulus essential oil (EGEO) inclusion complexes (ICs). β-CD/EGEO ICs were prepared at ratios (w:w) 1:2 and 1:4 with an encapsulation efficiency of 93 and 96%, respectively. The ICs characterization using the Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, Dynamic Light Scattering, and Laser Doppler Velocimetry confirmed the formation of β-CD/EGEO ICs. The insecticidal activity of the free EGEO and ICs was explored and displayed that the complex β-CD/EGEO 1:4 had the highest activity with the lowest LC 50 against Ephestia kuehniella larvae (5.03 ± 1.16 mg/g) when compared to the free oil (8.38 ± 1.95 mg/g). Molecular docking simulations stipulated that the compound α-Bisabolene epoxide had the best docking score (ΔG = -7.4 Kcal/mol) against the selected insecticidal target α-amylase. Additionally, toxicity evaluation of the studied essential oil suggested that it could be safely used as a potent bioinsecticide as compared to chemical insecticides. This study reveals that the formation of β-CD/EGEO ICs enhanced the oil activity and stability and could be a promising and safe tool to boost its application in food or pharmaceutical fields., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the latest arisen contagious respiratory pathogen related to the global outbreak of atypical pneumonia pandemic (COVID-19). The essential oils (EOs) of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. ficifolia F. Muell., E. citriodora Hook, E. globulus Labill, E. sideroxylon Cunn. ex Woolls, and E. torquata Luehm. were investigated for its antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. The EOs phytochemical composition was determined using GC/MS analysis. Correlation with the explored antiviral activity was also studied using multi-variate data analysis and Pearson's correlation. The antiviral MTT and cytopathic effect inhibition assays revealed very potent and promising anti SARS-CoV-2 potential for E. citriodora EO (IC 50  = 0.00019 µg/mL and SI = 26.27). The multivariate analysis revealed α-pinene, α-terpinyl acetate, globulol, γ -terpinene, and pinocarvone were the main biomarkers for E. citriodora oil. Pearson's correlation revealed that globulol is the top positively correlated compound in E. citriodora oil to its newly explored potent anti SARS-CoV-2 potential. A molecular simulation was performed on globulol via docking in the main active sites of both SARS-CoV-2 viral main protease (Mpro) and spike protein (S). In silico predictive ADMET study was also developed to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile and predict globulol toxicity. The obtained in silico, in vitro and Pearson's correlation results were aligned showing promising SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory activity of E. citriodora and globulol. This study is a first record for E. citriodora EO as a novel lead exhibiting potent in vitro, and in silico anti SARS-CoV-2 potential and suggesting its component globulol as a promising candidate for further extensive in silico, in vitro and in vivo anti-COVID studies., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The increasing emissions of gaseous pollutants of anthropogenic origin, such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), which causes global warming, have raised great interest in developing and improving processes that allow their mitigation. Among them, adsorption on porous materials has been proposed as a sustainable alternative. This work presents a study of CO 2 equilibrium adsorption at low temperatures (0, 10, and 20 °C) over a wide range of low pressures, on activated carbon derived from Eucalyptus (ES) and Patula pine (PP) forest waste, and carbonaceous material derived from waste tires (WT). The precursors of these materials were previously prepared, and their physicochemical properties were characterized. ES and PP were thermochemically treated with phosphoric acid, and WT was oxidized with nitric acid. Additionally, these materials were used to obtain monoliths using uniaxial compaction techniques and different binding agents, with better results obtained with montmorillonite. A total of six adsorbent solids had their textural and chemical properties characterized and were tested for CO 2 adsorption. The highest specific surface area (1405 m 2  g -1 ), and micropore properties were found for activated carbon derived from Eucalyptus whose highest adsorption capacity ranged from 2.27 mmol g -1 (at 0 °C and 100 kPa) to 1.60 mmol g -1 (at 20 °C and 100 kPa). The activated carbon monoliths presented the lowest CO 2 adsorption capacities; however, the studied materials showed high potential for CO 2 capture and storage applications at high pressures. The isosteric heats of adsorption were also estimated for all the materials and ranged from 16 to 45 kJ mol -1 at very low coverage explained by the energetic heterogeneity and weak repulsive interactions among adsorbed CO 2 molecules., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Numerous factors influence insect colonization and development on decomposing remains and can influence postmortem interval (PMI) estimations when insects are used in investigations of suspicious deaths. This study aimed to determine whether insect repellent influences insect colonization of decomposing remains. Pig feet were divided into 4 groups: a control not sprayed with repellent, 40% DEET repellent, 98% DEET repellent, and lemon eucalyptus repellent. The feet were placed in containers, and insect visitation was observed over the course of 3 days, then insects were collected at the end of the third day. This was repeated twice a month from April through November 2022. The analysis focused on the order Diptera. Pairwise comparison determined that there was a significant delay in visitation time for remains with 98% DEET compared to remains with no repellent and 40% DEET. There were significantly fewer adult Diptera collected and more remains with no larvae or eggs present among remains treated with 98% DEET. It was concluded that low concentrations of DEET and lemon eucalyptus repellent did not delay colonization, but that high concentrations of DEET delayed visitation, reduced the number of adult flies collected from the remains, and reduced the likelihood of collecting eggs or larvae from the remains. This contributes to the understanding of factors that can influence insect colonization and development that allow for more accurate PMI estimations by suggesting that insect repellent does not need to be accounted for in PMI estimation, but a high concentration of DEET can deter insects in the short term., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Thermo-mechanical pulping produces well-individualized fibers compared to wood particles and less fragile fibers compared to Kraft pulping, besides presenting higher volume, higher yield, and lower production cost, which can be an exciting alternative for the fiber-cement industries. This study evaluated the impact of soak and dry-aging cycles on the performance of extruded composites reinforced with non-bleached eucalyptus fibers. The cement matrix comprised cement (70%) and limestone (30%). Composites were reinforced with 1 to 5% of eucalyptus fiber by cement mass and tested on the 28th day of cure at 99% relative humidity and after 400 accelerated aging cycles. The water absorption and apparent porosity gradually increased with the reinforcement level. Composites with 4 and 5% fibers showed the highest toughness (0.21 and 0.23 kJ/m 2 , respectively). The aging by 400 soak-dry cycles reduced the composites' water absorption and apparent porosity. The modulus of elasticity (MOE), rupture (MOR), and toughness increased, except for toughness for composites reinforced with 1 and 5% fibers, explained by the cementitious matrix's continuous hydration, fiber mineralization, and natural carbonation. In general, eucalyptus thermo-mechanical fibers were suitable for producing cementitious composites. Cementitious composites with 3% fibers presented a higher MOR, MOE, low water absorption, and apparent porosity after 400 accelerated aging cycles. In addition, the composites with 4% fibers also presented remarkable improvements in these properties. The aging cycles did not result in composites with less resistance, a positive fact for their application as tiles and materials for external use in civil construction., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The main objective of this work is to develop biodegradable active films through the combination of the extracts with different solvents sourced from Eucalyptus citriodora leaves, with films made of chitosan (Cs) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Chromatographic profiling investigations were carried out to examine the antibacterial characteristics of E. citriodora extracts before their direct incorporation into the polymer films. At this point, the potent antimicrobial properties of the phenol compounds and bioactive components demonstrated an antibacterial activity that was particularly noticeable at a hexane resolution. Different morphological characteristics were seen on films made from these solvent extracts, such as Cs/PVP-AE, Cs/PVP-EAE, and Cs/PVP-HE, when scanning electron microscopy was used. Numerous other outcomes of all the interactions between the extract particles and the film were shown by the pores defined by the Cs/PVP film's porous nature. The addition of the extracts, either alone or in combination, greatly enhanced the Cs/NC/PVP films' mechanical characteristics. It has also been shown that adding plant extracts greatly increased the antibacterial activity of these films. These findings reveal that Cs/PVP films loaded with extract may be utilized as more environmentally acceptable substitutes for possible food packaging application by increasing shelf life of food products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Mohamed El-Newehy reports financial support was provided by King Saud University. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Wood fiber as a natural and renewable material has low cost and plenty of functional groups, which owns the ability to adsorb dyes. In order to improve the application performance of wood fiber in dye-pollution wastewater, Eucalyptus wood fiber loaded nanoscale zero-valent iron (EWF-nZVI) was developed to give EWF magnetism and the ability to degrade dyes. EWF-nZVI was characterized via FTIR, XRD, zeta potential, VSM, SEM-EDS and XPS. Results showed that EWF-nZVI owned a strong magnetism of 96.51 emu/g. The dye removal process of EWF-nZVI was more in line with the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. In addition, the Langmuir isotherm model fitting results showed that the maximum removal capacities of Congo red and Rhodamine B by EWF-nZVI were 714.29 mg/g and 68.49 mg/g at 328 K, respectively. After five adsorption-desorption cycles, the regeneration efficiencies of Congo red and Rhodamine B were 74 % and 42 % in turn. The dye removal mechanisms of EWF-nZVI included redox degradation (Congo red and Rhodamine B) and electrostatic adsorption (Congo red). In summary, EWF-nZVI is a promising biomass-based material with high dye removal capacities. This work is beneficial to promote the large-scale application of wood fiber in water treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study evaluated the potential repellent and acaricidal effects of 4 essential oils (clove, eucalyptus, lavender, and mint) against the Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, a vector of various tick-borne diseases in medical and veterinary contexts. Selected for their potential repellent and acaricidal properties, the 4 essential oils were tested on adult and nymph H. longicornis ticks at different concentrations. The experiment assessed mortality rates and repellency, particularly during tick attachment to host skin. There was a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in tick mortality and repellency scores across all groups. At a 1% concentration, adult tick mortality ranged from 36% to 86%, while nymph mortality ranged from 6% to 97%. Clove oil exhibited notable efficacy, demonstrating high mortality rates of nymphs and adults. Clove oil also displayed strong repellency properties, with a repellency index of 0.05, surpassing those of mint, eucalyptus, and lavender oils. Clove oil showed the highest effectiveness in deterring nonattached adult ticks (90%) and nymphs (95%) when applied to skin. Clove oil was the most effective against adult and nymph ticks, achieving mortality rates of 86% and 97%, respectively, and led to the highest nonattachment rates when applied to skin. In conclusion, essential oils such as clove, eucalyptus, lavender, and mint oils present promising results for tick population control.

Multivariate models were developed to classify cellulose nanofibril (CNF) fibrillation by a quality index from near infrared (NIR) spectra. Commercial pulps of Eucalyptus spp. were used to produce cellulose nanofibrils by means of a fibrillator mill. After each of the five passes through the mill, samples were collected and analyzed for energy consumption and fiber classification. As a standard, pulps were oxidized with TEMPO reagent followed by a single pass through the mill to compare the resulting quality of CNFs produced by each method. NIR spectra of CNFs were associated with quality indices determined by conventional laboratory analyses that included morphology, turbidity, mechanical properties, X-ray diffraction and quality index measurements. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to the spectral and experimental data. Fibrillator milling to obtain CNFs was efficient and resulted in gel formation following the third pass through the mill. NIR spectroscopy combined with PLS-DA was used successfully to create a model to classify quality of CNFs with 96 % certainty in 3 wt% solutions. These findings suggest that NIR spectroscopy holds promise for estimating CNF quality in suspension, particularly in real-time industrial applications where reliable estimates are crucial., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Three new formyl phloroglucinol meroterpenoids, eumaidials A-C (1-3), were isolated from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii, along with ten known analogues (4-13). Their chemical structures were determined by various spectral data and electronic circular dichroism calculations. Eumaidial A (1) is the first β-caryophyllene-based formyl phloroglucinol meroterpenoids from the genus Eucalyptus. Compounds 1-4 and 10 exhibited ATP-citrate lyase inhibitory activities, and compounds 2 and 3 suppressed the hepatocyte lipogenesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Myrtaceae is one of the most important plants families, being regarded as the eighth largest flowering plant family. It includes many genera of utmost ecological and economical importance distributed all over the world. This review aimed to report the latest studies on this family focusing on certain widely used plants including Eucalyptus sp., Eugenia sp. ( Eugenia uniflora, Eugenia sulcata) , Syzygium sp. ( Syzygium aromaticum and Syzygium cumini) , Psidium sp., Pimenta dioica , Myrtus sp. ( Myrtus communis ), Myrciaria sp. and Melaleuca alternifolia. The extraction of bioactive compounds has been evolving through the optimization of conventional methods and the use of emerging technologies. Supercritical CO 2 was applied for essential oils and ultrasound for polyphenols leading to extracts and essential oils rich in bioactive compounds. Advances in the field of encapsulation and delivery systems showed promising results in the production of stable essential oils nanoemulsions and liposomes and the production of plant extracts in the form of nanoparticles. Moreover, a significant increase in the number of patents was noticed especially the application of Myrtaceae extracts in the pharrmacuetucal field. The applications of ceratin plants ( Pimenta dioica , Melaleuca alternifolia , Syzygium aromaticum essential oils or Myrciaria cauliflora peel extract) in food area (either as a free or encapsulated form) also showed interesting results in limiting microbial spoilage of fresh meat and fish, slowing oxidative degradation in meat products, and inhibiting aflatoxin production in maize. Despite the massive literature on Myrtaceae plants, advances are still necessary to optimize the extraction with environmentally friendly technologies and carry out risk assessment studies should be accomplished to harness the full potential in food, industrial and pharmaceutical applications.

Acylphloroglucinols are well-known Eucalyptus secondary metabolites which exhibit a variety of structures and bioactivities. The investigation of a crude acetone extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves led to the isolation of two new acylphloroglucinols, eucalypcamals O and P ( 1 and 2 ) together with seven phloroglucinols ( 3 - 9 ), and a benzene derivative ( 10 ). Their chemical structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. The absolute configurations of compounds 1 and 2 were established by comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. In the putative biosynthetic pathway, eucalypcamals O and P should be derived from hetero-Diels-Alder reaction between grandinol and trans -isoeugenol.

This study was conducted to examine the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) from six Tunisian Eucalyptus species and to evaluate their anti-enzymatic and antibiofilm activities. The EOs were obtained through hydro-distillation of dried leaves and subsequently analyzed using GC/MS. The main class of compounds was constituted by oxygenated monoterpenes, particularly prominent in E. brevifolia (75.7%), E. lehmannii (72.8%), and E. woollsiana (67%). Anti-enzymatic activities against cholinesterases, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. Notably, the E. brevifolia , E. extensa , E. leptophylla , E. patellaris , and E. woollsiana EOs displayed potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition (IC 50 : 0.25-0.60 mg/mL), with E. lehmannii exhibiting lower activity (IC 50 : 1.2 mg/mL). E. leptophylla and E. brevifolia showed remarkable α-amylase inhibition (IC 50 : 0.88 mg/mL), while E. brevifolia and E. leptophylla significantly hindered α-glucosidase (IC 50 < 30 mg/mL), distinguishing them from other EOs with limited effects. Additionally, the EOs were assessed for their anti-biofilm properties of Gram-positive ( Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes ) and Gram-negative ( Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli ) bacterial strains. The E. extensa EO demonstrated the main antibiofilm effect against E. coli and L. monocytogenes with an inhibition > 80% at 10 mg/mL. These findings could represent a basis for possible further use of Eucalyptus EOs in the treatment of human microbial infections and/or as a coadjutant in preventing and treating Alzheimer's disease and/or diabetes mellitus.

A green and effective method is proposed for the pretreatment of eucalyptus by freeze-thaw assisted maleic acid tactic, wherein the effects of freeze-thaw, maleic acid concentration, reaction time, and temperature on the fractionation were examined. Results showed that under optimal conditions (60% maleic acid, 120 °C, and 2 h), a remarkable removal of 74.5% lignin and 95.2% hemicellulose was achieved after freeze-thaw treatment. The resulting cellulose-rich solid residues were further processed with maleic acid to prepare cellulose nanocrystals, which displayed uniform sized rod-like structures and high crystallinity (62.51%). Moreover, maleic acid pretreatment resulted in lignin with low molecular weight (2110-2530) and excellent homogeneity (PDI ≤ 1.86), while maintaining a relatively intact structure. The lignin had high β-O-4 aryl ether bond contents (≥77.5%) and abundant phenolic hydroxyl contents (2.33-3.63 mmol/g). Overall, the process exhibits notable benefits in effectively separating lignocellulose for high valorization., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Farm foresters and other growers are establishing a ground-durable hardwood resource, including the emerging plantation species Eucalyptus bosistoana in New Zealand. The foliage of this species contains essential oils in quantity and quality suitable for commercial extraction. Essential oil production could improve the economic viability of E. bosistoana plantations, diversifying the grower's income and providing an early revenue stream. This study assessed the economic potential for essential oil production from New Zealand grown E. bosistoana plantations. A sensitivity analysis indicated that uncertainty of leaf biomass availability, genetic as well as seasonal changes in oil content, and fluctuations in essential oil price are equally important on the viability of an essential oil operation. Small-scale essential oil production could be sustainably supplied with foliage from thinning and pruning operations sourced from the envisaged regional planting programmes and commence in 3-5 years. A large-scale operation could be supplied when trees will be harvested. Lastly, based on the operational costs of a domestic small-scale essential oil producer, oil value from E. bosistoana would exceed the cost of production., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

Three new bis-formyl phloroglucinol-meroterpenoids ( 1 - 3 ), three new euglobal type formyl phloroglucinol-meroterpenoids ( 4 - 6 ), and one new dimeric formyl phloroglucinol ( 7 ) were isolated from the leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis . Camaldulensal A ( 1 ) is the first bis-isovaleryl-formyl-phloroglucinol-sesquiterpenoid. It features a novel 6/6/10/3/6/6 fused ring system and contains six stereogenic centers. Camaldulensals B ( 2 ) and C ( 3 ) are the first bis-isovaleryl-formyl-phloroglucinols, each conjugated to a monoterpene. Formyl phloroglucinol compounds (FPCs) containing two spatially separated formyl phloroglucinols conjugated to a terpene core such as 1 - 3 have not been reported previously. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and computational analysis. Camaldulensals B ( 2 ) and C ( 3 ) exhibited significant antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Structure activity relationships are discussed in relation to previously reported antibacterial activities of other molecules from the FPC structure class.