Search

Background: Rhinitis is a prevalent condition affecting individuals of all age groups, resulting from factors such as cold, nasal infections, allergies, inflammation, and sinusitis. The diverse compositions of bioactive essential oils, containing many chemical components, hold significant promise in preventing and treating numerous human diseases. Certain herbs exhibit favorable physiological and medicinal values when administered individually or in combination with others. Both eucalyptus oil and peppermint oil have been traditionally used to alleviate nasal congestion. Aim: Considering the synergistic effects of bioactive oils, the present study aimed to develop nasal microemulsion systems using bioactive oils. Materials and Methods: The microemulsion was prepared with eucalyptus oil and peppermint oil based on the pseudo-ternary phase diagram with different ratios of surfactant and co-surfactant. The microemulsions were evaluated for pH, electrical conductivity, viscosity, optical transparency, droplet sizes and stability studies. Results: The microemulsion droplets were nano-sized and stable at different temperature conditions. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the microemulsion was assessed by protein denaturation assay and showed a promising result compared to the standard drug. Conclusion: Eucalyptus oil and Peppermint oil blend microemulsion formulations could be an effective platform for nasal drug delivery system for the treatment of rhinitis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemistry is a branch of science closely related to daily life. Chemistry lessons are currently required to present real-life examples from the students' surrounding environment. A design for chemistry lesson is through ethnoscience-based learning. Ethnoscience cannot be separated from science and community traditions. The tradition of distilling eucalyptus oil (Melaleuca cajuputi) on Buru Island has been carried out traditionally for generations. This research aims to analyze and reconstruct the indigenous knowledge of the community in the eucalyptus oil distillation process into scientific knowledge that can be used as a source for learning chemistry. This research used a qualitative approach based on ethnoscience with interview, observation, and documentation methods. Data analysis employs the Miles-Huberman model, which consists of data reduction, data presentation, conclusion drawing, and verification. The results of the research showed that the eucalyptus oil distillation process can be explored in science materials or concepts related to separation techniques, differences in density, phase changes, and substance pressure. The ethnoscience study results indicated the potential of ethnoscience to be applied in chemistry education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dermatophytosis, a prevalent fungal infection, often exhibits treatment failure. It poses ongoing public health concerns, urging exploration of alternative treatment strategies. This study examines eucalyptol's in vitro activity and its interaction with antifungal agents against dermatophyte isolates. Methods: Overall, 489 patients clinically suspected of dermatophytosis were investigated, and the causative agents were molecularly identified. The antifungal activity of eucalyptol, itraconazole, terbinafine, and griseofulvin was assessed according to the guideline of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI M38 ed3). The interaction between eucalyptol and the aforementioned antifungals was determined using a checkerboard method. Results: Dermatophytosis was confirmed in 30 out of 489 (6.13%) patients, with a female-to-male ratio of 3:2 and an age range of 8–67 years. The most commonly observed clinical manifestation was tinea corporis (34.21%), and Trichophyton indotineae (n = 14, 46%) was the most common causative agent. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed that eucalyptol exhibited antidermatophyte properties with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 0.78 to 25 mg/mL. Itraconazole demonstrated the lowest geometric mean (GM) value (MIC range: 0.0019–0.25 µg/mL, GM: 0.015 µg/mL), while griseofulvin exhibited the highest GM value (MIC range: 0.125–8 µg/mL, GM: 2.37 µg/mL). The in vitro interaction of eucalyptol with antifungal drugs, except for its combination with terbinafine against two Trichophyton tonsurans isolates resulting in synergistic effects, showed indifference (n = 70, 77.77%) and antagonistic types (n = 18, 20%). Conclusion: Among the evaluated antifungals, itraconazole demonstrated the highest effectiveness against clinical isolates, while eucalyptol alone exhibited a more pronounced effect than when combined with antifungal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Even after allergic rhinitis is diagnosed and treated, various symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, and itchy nose recur periodically due to various environmental factors. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted to confirm the effectiveness of mask-based aromatherapy as a method of alleviating allergic rhinitis during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The study participants were adults between the ages of 19 and 60 who were diagnosed with allergic rhinitis and had a Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) of 2 or more. Participants were randomly assigned to an aromatherapy group that was provided aromatherapy essential oils and a control group that did not receive aromatherapy. Participants in the aromatherapy group were asked to drop an aromatherapy essential oil onto a disposable face mask and wear it twice a day for two weeks. Results: The aromatherapy group experience significant alleviation of allergic rhinitis symptoms (visual analogue scale, F = 11.22, p < .001; TNSS, F = 15.82, p < .001). The aromatherapy group also showed significantly higher improvements in fatigue (F = 8.28, p < .001), allergic rhinitis-specific quality of life (F = 11.12, p < . 001). Conclusion: The oils used in this study appeared to be effective in relieving the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. In particular, the mask drop inhalation method was applied in light of mandatory mask-wearing due to the global COVID-19 pandemic during this study period. Mask drop inhalation is a method of inhaling oil close to the nose and is considered an effective method for reducing the inconvenience of applying oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research evaluates the feasibility of using eucalyptus oil blended with conventional diesel fuel in diesel engines. Eucalyptus globulus is one of the main tree species cultivated for paper pulp in western European countries such as Portugal, and eucalyptus oil is one of the byproducts that so far has not been sufficiently evaluated as a biofuel. This study assesses the impact of using this additive on engine performance parameters and emissions as a means to contribute to reducing fossil fuel consumption and pollutant and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The analysis revealed that the addition of eucalyptus oil had a positive effect on torque, a critical performance parameter, with biofuel blends showing consistent torque increases at lower engine speeds. However, torque tended to decrease towards the higher range of engine speed for eucalyptus oil–diesel blends. Several blends showed lower brake specific fuel consumption compared to regular diesel at high engine loads and low engine speeds. Brake thermal efficiency did not vary substantially at lower engine speeds and loads but decreased at higher speeds and loads. Pollutant emissions, particularly unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, were influenced by fuel composition, with biofuel blends showing both increases and decreases compared to diesel. It is noteworthy that eucalyptus oil blends exhibited up to a 60% reduction in smoke opacity under specific operating conditions at low speed and high load for 10% incorporation (10EU90D), suggesting that in addition to the already positive effects of cutting down fossil CO2 emissions in proportion to the substitution of fossil diesel with nearly carbon-neutral eucalyptus oil, more environmental benefits may be expected from the incorporation of this product. Although the present economic viability of using eucalyptus oil as a biofuel is still not guaranteed, the present study seems to reinforce its technical viability. Future prospects for the improvement of oil yield through biotechnology, the economic interest of this product for several countries, and the updating and upscaling industrial processes may allow the viability of this biofuel to remain a possibility in the future [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic Otitis Media (COM) is defined as long term inflammation and colonization with pathogenic bacteria due to a defect or retraction of the tympanic membrane. Surgical interventions are often augmented by antibiotic resistance development and therefore, off-label treatment using the natural drug 1,8-Cineol was carried out. All COM patients underwent antibiotic therapy and middle ear surgery and developed antibiotic resistances. Microbiological investigations from the auditory canal and stool samples were performed in correlation with the clinical course. Therapy of COM patients with 1,8-Cineol revealed a clear reduction of inflammatory microbes P. aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis in ear samples as well as intestinal Prevotella copri, which was associated with an improved clinical outcome in certain individuals. The present off-label study revealed manifold anti-inflammatory effects of the natural monoterpene 1,8-Cineol in Otitis media patients. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms will improve the current treatment options and possible forms of application of this natural drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the use of eucalyptus oil as a remedy for agriculture crop protection. Topics discussed include variables that impacted eucalyptus oil's output and chemical make-up, pharmaceutical applications of eucalyptus oil, and antioxidant properties of the monoterpenoid-rich oil extract Eucalyptus teriticornis.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of early castration and eucalyptus oil (EUC) supplementation on dry matter intake (DMI), growth performance, and immune response of Holstein calves. Fifty-six male Holstein calves 52 d old and with an initial body weight (BW) of 63.5 ± 5.27 kg were used. The animals were blocked by BW and randomly assigned into 1 of the 4 treatment groups in a randomized complete block design with a 2 (no castration vs. castration) × 2 (without vs. with EUC) factorial arrangement of treatments. The treatments were (1) uncastrated calves fed without EUC, (2) uncastrated calves fed 0.5 g/d EUC (EUC group), (3) castrated calves (steers) fed without EUC (castrated group), and (4) steers fed with 0.5 g/d EUC (castrated + EUC). The experiment was 8 wk long, including pre- and postweaning (weaned at 72 d). The EUC × castrated interactions were not significant for DMI, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immune response. Castration did not affect the DMI, final BW, average daily gain (ADG), or feed efficiency, except that the ADG was greater for bull calves than for steers at postweaning. Supplementation with EUC increased DMI pre- and postweaning and increased the ADG of weaned calves. Digestibility in the total digestive tract was not affected by castration (except for organic matter digestibility), whereas adding EUC improved the digestibility of dry matter, acid detergent fiber, and crude protein. Blood concentration of IL-6 at d 94 was decreased by feeding EUC. These results indicate that the EUC could be fed to either intact or castrated dairy calves to promote growth and health postweaning; castration before weaning may reduce ADG and cause inflammatory stress without affecting feed intake or feed efficiency.

The article explores the ongoing impact of Long COVID on individuals, emphasizing its diverse symptoms and significant socioeconomic repercussions. It discusses the persistence of symptoms like fatigue, brain fog, and respiratory issues, affecting millions of Americans, particularly middle-aged individuals.

Antifungal azole drugs like fluconazole, itaconazole and ketoconazole are widely used for treatment of fungal related diseases including aspergillosis and mucormycosis. This study aimed at biosynthesis of fluconazole, itaconazole and ketoconazole containing oil/water (O/W) nanoemulsions (NE) using Eucalyptus essential oil and its effect against aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Nanoemulsions were synthesized having eucalyptus essential oil, surfactants: tween 80, and co-surfactant: ethanol. Zeta potential, pH, conductivity and droplet size of nano-formulations were studied by using Zeta sizer. Nanoemulsions were analyzed by UV–VIS, FT-IR and fluorescent techniques. Stability studies were conducted by storing the nanoemulsions at different conditions for 60 days. Anti-aspergillosis, anti-mucormycosis and drug release pharmokinetics were evaluated. Average size of nanoemulsions ranged from 245 to 415 nm along with zeta potential from − 9.20 to − 25.4 mV. Encapsulation efficiency of drug loaded nanoemulsions was ranged from 40 to 50%. Nano-droplets displayed stability after 60 days of storage. Considerable anti-aspergillosis and anti-mucormycosis activities were detected. Among all formulations, F1NEs depicted high antifungal activity against Aspergillus strains MTCC 277, MTCC 343 as observed by zone of inhibition (ZOI) values. Against Mucor spp strain MTCC 3373, visual pictures clearly showed substantial inhibition in fungal growth. Pharmokinetic study shown that all nanoformulations showed Korsmeyer–Peppas model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of early castration and eucalyptus oil (EUC) supplementation on dry matter intake (DMI), growth performance, and immune response of Holstein calves. Fifty-six male Holstein calves 52 d old and with an initial body weight (BW) of 63.5 ± 5.27 kg were used. The animals were blocked by BW and randomly assigned into 1 of the 4 treatment groups in a randomized complete block design with a 2 (no castration vs. castration) × 2 (without vs. with EUC) factorial arrangement of treatments. The treatments were (1) uncastrated calves fed without EUC, (2) uncastrated calves fed 0.5 g/d EUC (EUC group), (3) castrated calves (steers) fed without EUC (castrated group), and (4) steers fed with 0.5 g/d EUC (castrated + EUC). The experiment was 8 wk long, including pre- and postweaning (weaned at 72 d). The EUC × castrated interactions were not significant for DMI, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immune response. Castration did not affect the DMI, final BW, average daily gain (ADG), or feed efficiency, except that the ADG was greater for bull calves than for steers at postweaning. Supplementation with EUC increased DMI pre- and postweaning and increased the ADG of weaned calves. Digestibility in the total digestive tract was not affected by castration (except for organic matter digestibility), whereas adding EUC improved the digestibility of dry matter, acid detergent fiber, and crude protein. Blood concentration of IL-6 at d 94 was decreased by feeding EUC. These results indicate that the EUC could be fed to either intact or castrated dairy calves to promote growth and health postweaning; castration before weaning may reduce ADG and cause inflammatory stress without affecting feed intake or feed efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tylvalosin tartrate is a macrolide antibiotic that has antibacterial activity against Gram-positive, and some Gram-negative organisms, and mycoplasma. It acts by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacterial cells. Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in domestic poultry, especially in the presence of management stresses and other respiratory pathogens. The disease is characterized by cold, conjunctivitis, sneezing, and sinusitis, particularly in turkeys and game birds. It can result in loss of production and downgrading of meat-type birds, and loss of egg production. In the current study, the efficacy of tylvalosin on performance parameters, hematological and biochemical profile alone, and in combination with eucalyptus oil and bromhexine were studied. A total of 56-day, 15-days old chickens, chickens were used in the experiment and infection occurred by M. gallisepticum. The birds were classified into seven groups and treated as follows; non-infected non-treated group (control negative), infected non-treated group (control positive), group infected and treated by tylvalosin alone, group infected and treated by eucalyptus oil alone, group infected and treated by bromhexine alone, group infected and treated by tylvalosin plus eucalyptus oil, and group infected and treated by tylvalosin plus bromhexine. Clinical symptoms, bacterial re-isolation, mortality rate, hematobiochemical and histopathological parameters were investigated. The results showed a significant decrease in mortality & improved growth performance (increased weight gain and feed utilization efficiency) in combined treated groups compared to tylvalosin group as well as improvement in hematobiochemical and histopathological parameters of combined treated groups. Furthermore, the combination of tylvalosin and eucalyptus oil or bromhexine was more potent in the treatment of Mycoplasmosis in chickens than each treatment alone and alleviated or partially reduced the severity of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) induced by M. gallisepticum in broiler chickens. Finally, this protective effect could improve the use of antibiotics in poultry farms as well as reduce the problem of antibiotic residues and bacterial resistance to antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetaminophen is an analgesic antipyretic commonly used. Hepatotoxicity is one of the most common obstacles to acetaminophen therapy. Eucalyptus oil is an antioxidant with potent free radical-capturing activities. This research was designed to evaluate the inhibitory impact of Eucalyptus oil versus acetaminophen-triggered hepatotoxicity. The composition of Eucalyptus was detected utilizing gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. Forty-eight rats were assigned into six groups; control group, acetaminophen group (500mg/kg I.P twice on the 17th and, 20th of the experiment), silymarin group (50mg/kg, I.P once daily for three weeks), Eucalyptus oil group (30mg/kg orally once daily for three weeks), acetaminophen +silymarin group and Eucalyptus +acetaminophen group. gas chromatography mass spectroscopy discovered four compounds in Eucalyptus with eucalyptol representing the main compound. revealed that acetaminophen remarkably elevated serum alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin levels, whereas it declined serum albumin and total protein levels. In addition, hepatic oxidant/antioxidant imbalance was evident in acetaminophen-intoxicated rats by the rising of lipid peroxidation biomarker; malondialdehyde and the downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its transcriptional mediators; superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and reduced glutathione. Furthermore, following acetaminophen injection, there was a remarkable increase in transforming growth factor-β gene expression, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin1-β levels along with a decline in interleukin-10 levels. Immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations were in parallel with the abovementioned results. However, all these abnormalities were significantly abrogated in rats pretreated with Eucalyptus. We concluded that prior administration of Eucalyptus oil counteracted acetaminophen-mediated hepatotoxicity via powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Balikesir Health Sciences Journal / Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Balikesir Health Sciences Journal (BAUN Health Sci J) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: During non-surgical endodontic retreatment, gutta-percha (GP) solvents are indispensable in difficult cases when used with mechanical removal, however studies comparing their efficacy against different types of GP are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the softening effect of three solvents on the conventional (CGP), cross-linked carrier-based (CLGP), and thermoplasticized (TGP) and compare the effect of time on the softening effect of the solvents. Methods: Tested GP were embedded in cuboidal blocks of stone with their upper surfaces exposed (1 mm diameter). Three commercial GP solvents based on D-Limonene (DL), Eucalyptol oil (EO), and orange oil (OO) were added to the exposed GP before an indenter (weight = 1Kg) was applied. Using a digital camera, the indentation depth was measured (mm) directly after applying the solvent and indenter (T = 0), and after 1, 2, and 3 min of application (T = 1,2,3). The means of indentation depth were calculated and compared using a two-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post-hoc test to assess the effect of the types of solvent, GP for each application duration, and Friedman’s test to evaluate the effect of application duration on the softening effect of solvents. Results: The type of GP (F = 261.43, p

The article focuses on the Australian essential oil industry, highlighting key oils such as Tea Tree, Eucalyptus, Sandalwood, Lemon Myrtle, and Lavender, along with ongoing research initiatives. Topics include the production statistics of various essential oils, advancements in breeding programs, genomic studies, chiral assignments, and the discovery of novel compounds like acylphloroglucinols in Tea Tree seedlings, suggesting potential for new commercial opportunities.

Wound management is a key feature in saving people's lives, and regardless of the wound size, using appropriate wound dressing is crucial. Alginate-based topical gels loaded with 2 mL essential oils (eucalyptus, lavender and rosemary oil) in combination with 30 mg magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and 70 mg tranexamic acid were prepared. Carbopol was used as a gelling agent and as a surfactant to disperse the EO. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirmed the successful formation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the absence of a chemical interaction between the iron nanoparticles, tranexamic acid, essential oils and the gel matrix. The gel formulations displayed pH, spreadability and viscosity in the range of 6.8–7.2, 5.4–10.1 cm and viscosity (3444–1260 cp) after 120 s, respectively. The in vitro wound healing studies of the wound dressings revealed a wound closure of 99% on day 3. Their antibacterial and blood clotting potential was significant compared to the control. The wound healing capability of these formulations makes them potential wound dressings for treating bleeding and infected wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 affects the respiratory system and causes severe acute respiratory infections. Several cultures have influenced the use of home remedies to ease mild symptoms of COVID-19 sometimes alongside conventional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the usage of COVID-19 home remedies among the adult population in Brunei. Methods: The study design was a cross-sectional study using an online survey and distributed nationwide. The statistical analysis of the data included descriptive statistics describing the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents, their experience with COVID-19 infection, consumption of general home remedies and COVID-19 home remedy, their practice of COVID-19 home remedy use, and their attitude towards the general use of home remedy. Sub-group analysis including Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test was computed for the variables in relation to the COVID-19 home remedy use and the perceived effectiveness of the types of home remedy. Multivariate analysis including Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied to determine the correlations between the factors and outcomes measured. P-value less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant. Results: There was a total of 864 eligible responses included in the study. The primary findings showed COVID-19 home remedy was used by 72.2% of the study participants. Most frequently used types of COVID-19 home remedy were cloves (37%), lemon (37%), and honey (23%). There was an infrequent usage of coconut (4.6%), eucalyptus oil (3.7%), habbatussauda (3.5%), traditional/ herbal cough syrup (2.4%), and turmeric (2.2%). The PLS-SEM demonstrated that 'Experience' appears to be a central endogenous variable that affects the decision on the use of COVID-19 home remedy. This relationship is mediated by 'Safety', 'Source', and 'Opinion' which have significant contributions to the outcome, accounting for 98.2% of the variance explained (R-square = 0.982). Conclusions: The outcome of this study establishes the baseline prevalence of COVID-19 home remedy consumption among Bruneian residents and compared the previous study on Brunei's general use of traditional medicine. The present findings could help nurses and other healthcare professionals in Brunei understand the practice of Bruneian adults on the consumption of home remedies for COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During non-surgical endodontic retreatment, gutta-percha (GP) solvents are indispensable in difficult cases when used with mechanical removal, however studies comparing their efficacy against different types of GP are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the softening effect of three solvents on the conventional (CGP), cross-linked carrier-based (CLGP), and thermoplasticized (TGP) and compare the effect of time on the softening effect of the solvents. Tested GP were embedded in cuboidal blocks of stone with their upper surfaces exposed (1 mm diameter). Three commercial GP solvents based on D-Limonene (DL), Eucalyptol oil (EO), and orange oil (OO) were added to the exposed GP before an indenter (weight = 1Kg) was applied. Using a digital camera, the indentation depth was measured (mm) directly after applying the solvent and indenter (T = 0), and after 1, 2, and 3 min of application (T = 1,2,3). The means of indentation depth were calculated and compared using a two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test to assess the effect of the types of solvent, GP for each application duration, and Friedman's test to evaluate the effect of application duration on the softening effect of solvents. The type of GP (F = 261.43, p < 0.001), type of solvent (F = 3.57, p = 0.015), and application duration (F = 53.088, p < 0.001) were all found to significantly affect GP softening. DL exhibited the highest and only significant effect on CGP after 1 min (p < 0.05), while OO had the only significant effect against CLGP when applied for at least 2 min (p < 0.05). Both OO and EO had significant softening effects on TGP instantly or after 1 min of application, respectively. The results of this study revealed that the softening effect of GP solvents varies depending on their type, their application duration, and the type of GP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the use of nanopesticides has shown significant efficacy in the control of many pests. However, the effect of nanopesticides, especially nanoemulsions, on suppressing termites, Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki, 1909) (O. formosanus), has not been studied yet. Therefore, this study aimed to produce nanoemulsions of the essential oils of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill; E- EO) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt; N-EO) to suppress O. formosanus. The analysis of eucalyptus nanoemulsion (E-NE) and nutmeg nanoemulsion (N- NE) was confirmed by using UV-Vis, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. In addition, chemical analysis by Gas Chromatography with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) exhibited the major constituents of E-NE and N-NE. The principal chemical components of E-NE included D-limonene, eucalyptol, 1,5-cyclooctadiene,3,4-dimethyl, benzene, and 1-methyl-3-(1 methylethyl)-, while the main constituents in N-NE were cyclohexane,1- methylene-4-(1 methylethenyl)-, eucalyptol, and L-. alpha. -terpineol. The mortality rates were 100% and 99.53%, respectively, after 24 hours of treatment with a concentration of 140 mg/mL, compared to 23.43% and 43.55%, respectively, from E-EO and N-EO treatment. These results refer to the essential oils' nanoemulsion as far more effective than the essential oils themselves. Furthermore, the effects of E-NE and N-NE on detoxification enzymessuchasacetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, acid and alkaline phosphatase were investigated, as well as total protein concentrations, and the results have been found to be significantly increasing or decreasing in comparison with control. Besides, histological and morphological alterations found post exposure to E-NE and N-NE were shown. Overall, the results from this study clearly indicate that the nanopesticide-formulated nanoemulsions may have great potential to be used as novel, environmentally safe insecticides for controlling O. formosanus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to test the effectiveness of castor and eucalyptus oil against the causative agent of wilting and root rot in pepper caused by the fungus Fusarium solani. 3) %, The eucalyptus oil treatment outperformed the rest of the treatments with significant differences at a concentration of 3%, as the percentage of inhibition in the laboratory reached 64.5%, compared to the control treatment, as the percentage of inhibition reached 0%. The eucalyptus oil treatment at a concentration of 3% was superior to the rest of the treatments in reducing the severity of infection on the vegetative and root system, reaching (0.9, 4.92%), followed by the castor oil treatment at a concentration of 3%, as the severity of infection on the vegetative and root system reached (7.88, 1.6). % compared to the control treatment It reached (11.54, 2.56)%, respectively. The results also showed that all control treatments had a positive effect on plant growth parameters after 30 days of planting and differed significantly from the comparison treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Canfor oil applied at rates of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 ml/L and Bifenthrin applied at rates of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 ml/L on the roles of adults and eggs of two-spot mites (Acariformes: Tetranychidae)) ) Tetranychus urticae on the cowpea plant Vigna unguiculata. L. The results of the practical experiment showed that eucalyptus oil at concentrations 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 ml / L, respectively, caused the morality of adult mites at a rate of 37.21, 67.43, 83.72 and 95.34 % after 72 hours of treatment.It led to a reduction in the egg hatching rate to 63.33, 43.33, 30 and 20% at the same mentioned concentrations, respectively, after 7 days of treatment, while the comparison treatment recorded a hatching rate of 100% after the same mentioned time period. As for Bifenthrin, at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 ml / L, respectively, it morality Mite adult by 37.21, 93.02, 100 and 100% after 72 hours of treatment, and it reduced the hatchability rate of eggs to 63.33, 43.33, 40. and 26.66% at the same concentrations mentioned, respectively, after 7 days of treatment, The control treatment recorded a hatching rate of 100% after the same mentioned time period. The practical results indicated that the interaction between Canfor oil and Bifenthrin applied at an average of 0.75 ml/liter of oil + 2 ml/L of pesticide and 1 ml/L of oil + 2 ml/L of pesticide, respectively. It led to the Mite of T. urticae adults with a percentage of 97.77 and 100% after 24 hours of treatment, respectively, and it led to a reduction in the percentage of eggs hatching to 20 and 10% at the same mentioned concentrations, respectively, after 7 days of treatment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Australia produces celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) for both home and international markets. Celery can be exported to other countries after postharvest treatment, which terminates springtail infestation. In the field, celery bunches act as a home for the springtail (Hypogastrura vernalis) (Collembola: Hypogastruridae), a native of Australia. Springtails are insects that dwell inside celery bunches but do not destroy the produce. However, springtails, which are regarded as a quarantine pest and have significantly affected exports of celery, are a concern. This experiment tested the effects of essential oils and cold treatments on springtail mortality in fresh celery. Eucalyptus and rosemary and their mixture at the concentration of 5% as well as four different cold treatment treatments 3, 5, 10, and 15ºC were used over four treatment periods 3, 5, 7, and 14 days. Springtail mortality in rosemary essential oil was 21.66, followed by 18.66 in the mixture of eucalyptus and rosemary compared with eucalyptus essential oil and was 15.33 mortality. The mortality of springtail was not affected by the 3, 5, 10, and 15ºC treatments for the treatment periods of 3, 5, 7 and 14 days. Phytotoxicity on celery bunches was absent with the use of essential oils. However, cold treatment damage was observed most noticeably on celery in the 3 and 5ºC treatments.

This research evaluates the feasibility of using eucalyptus oil blended with conventional diesel fuel in diesel engines. Eucalyptus globulus is one of the main tree species cultivated for paper pulp in western European countries such as Portugal, and eucalyptus oil is one of the byproducts that so far has not been sufficiently evaluated as a biofuel. This study assesses the impact of using this additive on engine performance parameters and emissions as a means to contribute to reducing fossil fuel consumption and pollutant and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The analysis revealed that the addition of eucalyptus oil had a positive effect on torque, a critical performance parameter, with biofuel blends showing consistent torque increases at lower engine speeds. However, torque tended to decrease towards the higher range of engine speed for eucalyptus oil–diesel blends. Several blends showed lower brake specific fuel consumption compared to regular diesel at high engine loads and low engine speeds. Brake thermal efficiency did not vary substantially at lower engine speeds and loads but decreased at higher speeds and loads. Pollutant emissions, particularly unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, were influenced by fuel composition, with biofuel blends showing both increases and decreases compared to diesel. It is noteworthy that eucalyptus oil blends exhibited up to a 60% reduction in smoke opacity under specific operating conditions at low speed and high load for 10% incorporation (10EU90D), suggesting that in addition to the already positive effects of cutting down fossil CO2 emissions in proportion to the substitution of fossil diesel with nearly carbon-neutral eucalyptus oil, more environmental benefits may be expected from the incorporation of this product. Although the present economic viability of using eucalyptus oil as a biofuel is still not guaranteed, the present study seems to reinforce its technical viability. Future prospects for the improvement of oil yield through biotechnology, the economic interest of this product for several countries, and the updating and upscaling industrial processes may allow the viability of this biofuel to remain a possibility in the future

A dramatic surge of H3N2 influenza virus is of grave concern worldwide and particularly in India. H3N2 cause acute respiratory infection, however, a few drugs are available for its mitigation. Subsequently, researchers have been involved in efforts to discover novel antiviral mechanisms that can lay the basis for new anti-influenza drugs. Influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) is a multi-functional hetero-trimer, implicated in the production of viral mRNA, hence plays a major role in viral infectivity thus directly associated with survival of the virus. RdRP have been cited as anappropriate target for therapeutic drug design. In the present study molecular docking was designed to estimate the effect of potent bioactive moleculesfrom essential oils from Eucalyptus polybrachtea (eucalyptus oil, EO), Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass essential oil, LEO) and Cymbopogon khasianus (palmarosa essential oil, PEO) against RdRP protein. GC-FID (gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection) based composition profile, and in-silico docking study was conducted by using CB-dock 2 analysis followed by 2D interactions. GC-FID revealed eucalyptol, geranial and geraniolas major phytocompounds in EO, LEO and PEO respectively. The docking score indicated effective binding of ligands to RdRP. Interactions results indicated that, RdRP/ligand complexes form hydrogen, van der waals forces, pi-alkyl, alkyl, and pi-Sigma interactions. Based on above findings of aroma profile and docking, therefore, it was recommended that essential oils from above mentioned aromatic cropsmay represent potential herbal treatment to mitigate H3N2 infections.

Essential oil (EO) from Eucalyptus polybrachtea is used as complementary and traditional medicine worldwide. The present study aimed at compositional profiling of EO and molecular docking of EO’s bioactive compound 1,8 cineole against fungal enzymes involved in the riboflavin synthesis pathway, namely riboflavin synthase (RS), riboflavin biosynthesis protein RibD domain-containing protein (RibD), and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase (DBPS) as apposite sites for drug designing against aspergillosis and mucormycosis, and in vitro confirmation. The compositional profile of EO was completed by GC-FID analysis. For molecular docking, the Patch-dock tool was used. The ligand-enzyme 3-D interactions were examined, and ADMET properties (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) were calculated. GC-FID discovered the occurrence of 1,8 cineole as a major component in EO, which was subsequently used for docking analysis. The docking analysis revealed that 1,8 cineole actively bound to RS, RibD, and DBPS fungal enzymes. The results of the docking studies demonstrated that the ligand 1,8 cineole exhibited H-bond and hydrophobic interactions with RS, RibD, and DBPS fungal enzymes. 1,8 cineole obeyed Lpinsky’s rule and exhibited adequate bioactivity. Wet-lab authentication was achieved by using three fungal strains: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae , and Mucor sp. Wet lab results indicated that EO was able to inhibit fungal growth.

Recently, the use of nanopesticides has shown significant efficacy in the control of many pests. However, the effect of nanopesticides, especially nanoemulsions, on suppressing termites, Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki, 1909) (O. formosanus), has not been studied yet. Therefore, this study aimed to produce nanoemulsions of the essential oils of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill; E-EO) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt; N-EO) to suppress O. formosanus. The analysis of eucalyptus nanoemulsion (E-NE) and nutmeg nanoemulsion (N-NE) was confirmed by using UV-Vis, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. In addition, chemical analysis by Gas Chromatography with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) exhibited the major constituents of E-NE and N-NE. The principal chemical components of E-NE included D-limonene, eucalyptol, 1,5-cyclooctadiene,3,4-dimethyl, benzene, and 1-methyl-3-(1 methylethyl)-, while the main constituents in N-NE were cyclohexane,1-methylene-4-(1 methylethenyl)-, eucalyptol, and L-. alpha. -terpineol. The mortality rates were 100% and 99.53%, respectively, after 24 hours of treatment with a concentration of 140 mg/mL, compared to 23.43% and 43.55%, respectively, from E-EO and N-EO treatment. These results refer to the essential oils’ nanoemulsion as far more effective than the essential oils themselves. Furthermore, the effects of E-NE and N-NE on detoxification enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, acid and alkaline phosphatase were investigated, as well as total protein concentrations, and the results have been found to be significantly increasing or decreasing in comparison with control. Besides, histological and morphological alterations found post exposure to E-NE and N-NE were shown. Overall, the results from this study clearly indicate that the nanopesticide-formulated nanoemulsions may have great potential to be used as novel, environmentally safe insecticides for controlling O. formosanus.

The Eucalyptus tree, belonging to the myrtle family, grows all over the world for its pharmaceutical and industrial benefits. In this article, we present a comparative analysis of the chemical composition of the hydrodistilled oils obtained from three different Eucalyptus species growing in Egypt viz. E. citriodora, E. camaldulensis, and E. ficifolia. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric guided analysis resulted in the identification of a total of 20 metabolites in E. citriodora oil with citronellal (54.9%) and citronellol (25.4%) being the most dominant components. β-cymene (12.7%) and 1,8-cineole (11.7%) were the major volatile constituents identified in E. camaldulensis oil, while trans-β-ocimene (22.4%), 1,8-cineole (13.5%), and L-trans-pinocarveol (12.5%) were the dominating components in the oil of E. ficifolia. The essential oils of the studied species were evaluated for their in vitro anti-inflammatory, antiviral including anti-SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2), antibacterial, and antifungal activities. E. citriodora oil displayed the highest inhibitory activity on the release of the superoxide radical (32%) and elastase enzyme (31%) in human neutrophils, while E. ficifolia oil had enhancing effects on elastase. The latter showed significant antiviral effects against hepatitis A, herpes simplex, and coxsackie viruses with IC50 values at 2.1, 2.5, and 5.6 μg/mL, respectively. Moderate antibacterial and antifungal activities were observed for Eucalyptus oils with Staphylococcus aureus being the most susceptible bacterial strain. E. ficifolia oil, similarly, displayed the best antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value at ca. 25 μg/mL (for S. aureus). On the contrary, E. camaldulensis oil was the most active against Candida albicans with an MIC value at 45 μg/mL. In silico studies were performed with a number of macromolecular drug targets for confirming the biological activities of the identified compounds and for interpreting their ADME (absorption-distributionmetabolism-elimination) parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Current treatment of Alzheimer's disease is provided by cholinesterase inhibitors. Salvia triloba L. (syn. Salvia fruticosa Mill.), a species mostly consumed as refreshing herbal tea in traditional medicine, is rich in 1,8-cineole that is known to have cholinesterase inhibiting effects. In this study, we investigated cognitive enhancer effects of S. triloba essential oil inhalation on healthy control rats and rats with scopolamine induced memory impairment. Materials and Methods: S. triloba samples from different geographical locations of Turkey were hydro-distilled and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The optimum sample with the highest 1,8-cineole and lowest camphor, a-thujone and p-thujone content was selected. In vitro cholinergic and antioxidant potentials of the selected essential oil were calculated. Cognitive enhancer and anti-amnestic effects of the inhaled essential oil on rats were assessed by means of Morris water maze. The bioavailability of 1,8-cineole in blood of rats was measured by GC-MS. Results: The group that inhaled S. triloba significantly outperformed control group, namely faster achieving peak escape latency performance in Morris water maze. However, S. triloba inhalation failed to restore scopolamine induced learning impairment. Conclusion: In this study, we report positive effects of inhaling S. triloba essential oil as a complementary treatment for supporting cognitive functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mupirocin (MUP) is an effective topical antibiotic with poor skin permeability; however, its skin permeability can be improved by a nanoemulsion formulation based on eucalyptus oil or eucalyptol. Despite this improvement, the nanoemulsion has limitations, such as low viscosity, low spreadability, and poor retention on the skin. To overcome these limitations, the aim of this study was to develop a nanoemulgel formulation that would enhance its rheological behaviour and physicochemical properties. The MUP nanoemulgel was prepared by incorporating a preprepared MUP nanoemulsion into Carbopol gel at a concentration of 0.75% in a 1:1 ratio. The nanoemulgel formulations were characterised and evaluated for their physicochemical and mechanical strength properties, rheological behaviour, and in vitro skin permeation and deposition, as well as antibacterial studies. Both nanoemulgels exhibited stability at temperatures of 4 and 25 °C for a period of 3 months. They had a smooth, homogenous, and consistent appearance and displayed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behaviour, with differences in their viscosity and spreadability. However, both nanoemulgels exhibited lower skin permeability compared to the marketed control. The local accumulation efficiency of MUP from nanoemulgel after 8 h was significantly higher than that of the control, although there was no significant difference after 24 h. Micro-CT scan imaging allowed visualisation of these findings and interpretation of the deposited drug spots within the layers of treated skin. While there were no significant differences in the antibacterial activities between the nanoemulgels and the control, the nanoemulgels demonstrated superiority over the control due to their lower content of MUP. These findings support the potential use of the nanoemulgel for targeting skin lesions where high skin deposition and low permeability are required, such as in the case of topical antibacterial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 15-year-old male teenager experiencing severe hypotension possibly due to an interaction between guanfacine and eucalyptus oil from over-the-counter cough drops. Topics discussed include the mechanism of guanfacine, its adverse effects, and the importance of considering drug interactions in clinical practice.

The Eucalyptus tree, belonging to the myrtle family, grows all over the world for its pharmaceutical and industrial benefits. In this article, we present a comparative analysis of the chemical composition of the hydrodistilled oils obtained from three different Eucalyptus species growing in Egypt viz. E. citriodora, E. camaldulensis, and E. ficifolia. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric guided analysis resulted in the identification of a total of 20 metabolites in E. citriodora oil with citronellal (54.9%) and citronellol (25.4%) being the most dominant components. β-cymene (12.7%) and 1,8-cineole (11.7%) were the major volatile constituents identified in E. camaldulensis oil, while trans-β-ocimene (22.4%), 1,8-cineole (13.5%), and L-trans-pinocarveol (12.5%) were the dominating components in the oil of E. ficifolia. The essential oils of the studied species were evaluated for their in vitro anti-inflammatory, antiviral including anti-SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2), antibacterial, and antifungal activities. E. citriodora oil displayed the highest inhibitory activity on the release of the superoxide radical (32%) and elastase enzyme (31%) in human neutrophils, while E. ficifolia oil had enhancing effects on elastase. The latter showed significant antiviral effects against hepatitis A, herpes simplex, and coxsackie viruses with IC50 values at 2.1, 2.5, and 5.6 μg/mL, respectively. Moderate antibacterial and antifungal activities were observed for Eucalyptus oils with Staphylococcus aureus being the most susceptible bacterial strain. E. ficifolia oil, similarly, displayed the best antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value at ca. 25 μg/mL (for S. aureus). On the contrary, E. camaldulensis oil was the most active against Candida albicans with an MIC value at 45 μg/mL. In silico studies were performed with a number of macromolecular drug targets for confirming the biological activities of the identified compounds and for interpreting their ADME (absorption-distribution-metabolism-elimination) parameters.

• There have been no studies that examine the use of aromatherapy to relieve the discomforts related to COVID-19 vaccines. • The results revealed a potential benefit of aromatherapy to relieve swelling, injection side pain, lump, fever, and muscle ache caused by COVID-19 vaccines. • Most of the participants self-reported that the use of aromatherapy for post-vaccination symptom management was slightly or quite effective. Aromatherapy is considered a mild and non-invasive complementary treatment to relieve post-vaccination discomforts. There have been no studies that examine the use of aroma-Tea Tree oil and Eucalyptus oil to relieve the discomfort side effects related to COVID-19 vaccines. This study examined the use of two aroma-essential oils to relieve discomfort side effects of COVID-19 vaccination. The study used experimental design to match two groups of participants. The participants' home. Adults who had not yet been vaccinated against COVID-19 but were planning to receive it were recruited. The current study included 87 control participants matched to 83 experimental participants. The participants in the experimental group used Tea tree and Eucalyptus while the control group did not. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the topical and systematic symptoms related to COVID-19 vaccines. Both groups were asked to complete the online questionnaire and report their health status 24 h (T1) and 48 h (T2) after vaccination. The results revealed a statistically significant difference between the groups in swelling, injection side pain, lump, fever, and muscle ache (p =.05, 0.04, <0.00, 0.02, 0.02, respectively) for T1; but for T2, a significant difference between the two groups was found only in lump and fever (p =.05, 0.03). Aroma-Tea Tree oil and Eucalyptus oil may be recognized and accepted by more people worldwide to provide a safe and healthy option not only for post-vaccination care but also to relieve pain, fever, and skin lumps associated with other diseases or conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a pilot project that aimed to evaluate a 5-week smell training protocol incorporating acupressure tapping and aromapots with essential oils to address anosmia, particularly in long COVID-19 patients, offering a potential way to alleviate the distressing effects of this condition. The chosen essential oils and acupressure technique were used to enhance smell training in a group of 18 volunteers.

Military personnel are exposed to several harsh conditions and mosquitos in mountains and wild forests. Mosquito-repellent textiles can help them to cope with such conditions. The present research work established a sustainable approach for fabricating microcapsules from Eucalyptus oil, Moringa oleifera, and Arabic gum via a complex coacervation method. Moringa oleifera and Arabic gums were utilized as the outer shell of the microcapsules, whereas the core part was made of Eucalyptus oil in different concentrations. The military camouflage-printed polyester/cotton (PC) blended fabric was coated with the as-prepared microcapsules using the pad–dry–cure technique. The surface morphology of the microcapsules was examined using an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the coated fabric's mosquito-repellent property was investigated using a specified cage test according to a standard testing protocol. The water absorbency and air permeability of the treated samples were also evaluated in order to learn about the comfort properties. The cage test results revealed that the coated fabric had a good tendency to repel the mosquitoes used in the cage test. In addition, the coated fabric showed significant durability even after several rigorous washing cycles. However, the application of microcapsules to the fabric slightly affected the water absorbency and air permeability of the fabric. This study presents a novel sustainable approach for fabricating microcapsules from the mentioned precursors and their application in the field of textiles, particularly for military purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electroplating & Finishing is the property of Electroplating & Finishing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to compare the antioxidant activity of litsea cubeba oil (LCO), cinnamon oil (CO), anise oil (AO), and eucalyptus oil (EUC) in vitro. The chemical compositions of the essential oils (EOs) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity of the four EOs was evaluated through scavenging DPPH free radicals, chelating Fe2+, scavenging hydroxyl free radicals, and inhibiting yolk lipid peroxidation. The results showed that the major compounds found in LCO, CO, AO, and EUC are citral (64.29%), cinnamaldehyde (84.25%), anethole (78.51%), and 1,8-cineole (81.78%), respectively. The four EOs all had certain antioxidant activity. The ability to scavenge DPPH radical was ranked in the order of LCO > CO > AO > EUC. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability was ranked in the order of EUC > CO > LCO > AO. The chelating Fe2+ capacity was ranked in the order of EUC > AO > CO > LCO. The yolk lipid peroxidation inhibition ability was ranked in the order of CO > AO > EUC > LCO. In different antioxidant activity assays, the antioxidant activity of the EOs was different. It was speculated that the total antioxidant activity of an EO may be the result of the joint action of different antioxidant capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of an essential oil from the leaves and twigs of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (eucalyptus oil) when used as a sensory additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the use of eucalyptus oil is safe at the following concentrations in complete feed: 12 mg/kg for chickens for fattening, 18 mg/kg for laying hens, 16 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 22 mg/kg for piglets, 26 mg/kg for pigs for fattening, 32 mg/kg for sows, 55 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer), 48 mg/kg for cattle for fattening, sheep, goats and horses, 31 mg/kg for dairy cows, 19 mg/kg for rabbits, 55 mg/kg for salmonids, 58 mg/kg for dogs, 10 mg/kg for cats and 75 mg/kg for ornamental fish. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive was considered safe at 10 mg/kg complete feed. No concerns for consumers were identified following the use of eucalyptus oil up to the highest safe level in feed. The additive under assessment should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes and the respiratory tract and as a skin sensitiser. The use of eucalyptus oil at the proposed use level in feed was not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since E. globulus and its preparations were recognised to flavour food and its function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus oil is prominent for its health-promoting and cosmetic utilizations. Thus, pure eucalyptus oil containing products are abundant in Turkish market. Natural products may be regarded as safe however, it is only accurate if the accessible products meet the international quality criteria. Türkiye is legally bounded to European Pharmacopoeia (EP) and there are various monographs for herbal products, including eucalyptus oil. Hence, for this study 16 eucalyptus oil samples obtained from different sources were investigated for their compliance with latest version of EP. Appearance, fatty oils and resinified essential oils, relative density, refractive index, optical rotation and aldehydes properties of the samples evaluated. For superior insight for chemical ingredients of the products, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were employed. Results denoted that all samples obtained from Turkish Market incompatible with the standards of EP. In view of these data, it was shown that enriched regulation mechanisms are required. When the variance between the sources of purchase evaluated, pharmacies are more accurate sources for purchasing such products nonetheless developments are yet needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils (EOs) have gained economic importance due to their biological activities, and increasing amounts are demanded everywhere. However, substantial differences between the same essential oil samples from different suppliers are reported—concerning their chemical composition and bioactivities—due to numerous companies involved in EOs production and the continuous development of online sales. The present study investigates the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of two to four samples of five commercially available essential oils (Oregano, Eucalyptus, Rosemary, Clove, and Peppermint oils) produced by autochthonous companies. The manufacturers provided all EOs' chemical compositions determined through GC-MS. The EOs' bioactivities were investigated in vitro against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The antibacterial and antibiofilm effects (ABE% and, respectively, ABfE%) were evaluated spectrophotometrically at 562 and 570 nm using microplate cultivation techniques. The essential oils' calculated parameters were compared with those of three standard broad-spectrum antibiotics: Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, Gentamycin, and Streptomycin. The results showed that at the first dilution (D1 = 25 mg/mL), all EOs exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against all Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested, and MIC value > 25 mg/mL. Generally, both effects progressively decreased from D1 to D3. Only EOs with a considerable content of highly active metabolites revealed insignificant differences. E. coli showed the lowest susceptibility to all commercially available essential oils—15 EO samples had undetected antibacterial and antibiofilm effects at D2 and D3. Peppermint and Clove oils recorded the most significant differences regarding chemical composition and antibacterial/antibiofilm activities. All registered differences could be due to different places for harvesting the raw plant material, various technological processes through which these essential oils were obtained, the preservation conditions, and complex interactions between constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus grandis still not much used, especially the leaves. Besides being used as an industrial material, Eucalyptus is also used as a medicinal plant to cure infectious diseases, fever and rheumatism as well as being an antiseptic and can be applied in the form of bath soap. The purpose of this study was to determine the best combination of liquid body soap with the addition of eucalyptus leaf extract with various concentrations. The research method used was a laboratory experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) method with the addition of eucalyptus oil A = 1% (w/w), B = 2% (w/w), C = 3% (w/w), D = 4% (w/w) and E = 5% in total VCO 80 oil, 40% KOH = 35 g, glycerin = 60 g, propyleneglycol = 35 g, three times the repetition. The parameters observed were the physicochemical properties of soap based on SNI Liquid Bath Soap 06-4085-1996 including free alkali content, namely A = 0.072%, B = 0.052%, C = 0.078%, D = 0.090$, E-), 104% , pH value, A= 8.36, B= 8.78, C= 8.80, D= 8.85 and E=8.94, Specific Gravity A= 1.008, B= 1.018, C= 1.009, D= 1.190, E = 1.014.