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The study was performed to investigate the effect of Eucalyptus camldulenses wood lignosulfonate on concrete properties. several concrete mixtures were used with the variables (cement: 500, 600, and 700 gm.), (water: 35, 40, 45, and 50%). (Lignosulfonate: zero. 3, and 5%). A compression test on all samples was used to evaluate the effect of the Eucalypt wood lignosulfonates on concrete properties. There were a highly significant effects of the studied main variables on compression test, specially cement, water percentage, lignin derivative (lignosulfonate) and the interactions between cement with water percentage, cement with lignin derivatives, water with lignin and cement with water and lignin derivatives. The interaction between cement and lignin derivative didn’t show any significant effect on compression test. After Duncan's test on all the study factors showed that cement amount of 600gm had a highest average of compression test with 130.28 kg/ cm2. water percent (35, 40, 45, and 50%) gave the highest values (112.34, 115.73, and 117.2 kg) respectively.Consequently lignin derivative percentages had a significant effect on the compression test specially at (3, 5%) percent (114, 118, 8 kg / cm2) respectively. Averages of 600gm of cement samples and 45% water interactions had a highest average (147, 81 kg/cm2) values, 40% percent of water & 3% lignin (Lignosulfonates) had compression values of (142, 84 kg / cm2).All samples of 600 gm. Cement, 45% water percentage and 3% lignin derivative had best compressed value 182.44 kg/ cm2.

Rencoret, Jorge et al.-- 13 pages, 7 figures, 6 tables, 49 references., The chemical structure of milled-wood lignins from Eucalyptus globulus, E. nitens, E. maidenii, E. grandis, and E. dunnii was investigated. The lignins were characterized by analytical pyrolysis, thioacidolysis and 2D-NMR that confirmed the predominance of syringyl over guaiacyl units and only showed traces of p-hydroxyphenyl units. E. globulus lignin had the highest syringyl content. The heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) NMR spectra gave information about relative abundances of inter-unit linkages in the whole polymer. All the lignins showed a predominance of β-O-4' ether linkages (66-72% of total side-chains), followed by β-β' resinol-type linkages (16-19%) and lower amounts of β-5' phenylcoumaran-type (3-7%) and β-1' spirodienone-type linkages (1-4%). The analysis of desulphurated thioacidolysis dimers provided additional information on the relative abundances of the various carbon-carbon and diaryl ether bonds, and the type of units (syringyl or guaiacyl) involved in each of the above linkage types. Interestingly, 93-94% of the total β-β' dimers included two syringyl units indicating that most of the β-β' substructures identified in the HSQC spectra were of the syringaresinol type. Moreover, three isomers of a major trimeric compound were found which were tentatively identified as arising from a β-β' syringaresinol substructure attached to a guaiacyl unit through a 4-O-5' linkage., This study has been funded by the Spanish project AGL2005-01748, the CSIC project 2006-4-0I-039 and the BIORENEW EU-Project (NMP2-CT-2006-026456). Javier Romero (ENCE, Pontevedra, Spain) is acknowledged for providing the wood samples. J.R. thanks the CSIC for a I3P fellowship and the COST Action E-41 for funding an stay at KTH; and GM thanks the Spanish MEC for a FPI fellowship.

E-mail address: delrio@irnase.csic.es (J.C. del Río), The lipid and lignin composition of woods from the eucalypt species Eucalyptus globulus, E. nitens, E. maidenii, E. grandis, and E. dunnii has been characterized. The lipid composition was analyzed by GC and GC/MS equipped by short- and medium-length high-temperature capillary columns which allowed the detection of intact high molecular weight compounds. Similar lipid compositions were observed in all eucalypt woods, which were dominated by sitosterol, sitosterol esters and sitosteryl 3β-D-glucopyranoside. These substance classes are mainly responsible for pitch deposition during kraft pulping of eucalypt wood. However, some quantitative differences were found in the abundances of different lipid classes, the wood from E. globulus having the lowest amounts of these pitch-forming compounds. The lignins of all eucalypt woods were analyzed “in situ” (without previous isolation) by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). A predominance of syringyl (S) over guaiacyl (G) lignin units was observed and the S/G ratio was in the range from 2.7 to 4.1. The E. globulus wood had the highest S/G ratio, a finding which together with its low lignin content explains its easy delignification under kraft cooking conditions.

Sabe-se da existência de influência do local de crescimento nas propriedades da madeira e que estas são influenciadas principalmente pela sua estrutura anatômica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar parâmetros quantitativos da estrutura anatômica da madeira de eucalipto de um clone de híbrido natural de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex-Maiden, ocorrentes na localidade de Rio Claro-SP, com 64 meses de idade. As 138 árvores foram cultivadas nos os municípios de Aracruz, Domingos Martins, Alto Rio Novo e São Mateus - ES e Mutum e Aimorés - MG. Os parâmetros anatômicos mensurados foram o diâmetro e a frequência vascular, o comprimento, a largura, o diâmetro do lume e a espessura da parede das fibras e ainda a altura, largura e frequência de raios. De acordo com os resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que relativo aos vasos houve diferenças significativas entre as regiões. Quanto aos raios, também foram verificadas diferenças significativas relativas à altura, largura e frequência diversas regiões. As madeiras produzidas na região de Aracruz possuem fibras de comprimento e espessura de paredes muito inferiores às produzidas nas demais regiões estudadas. It is known the influence of the growth place in the properties of the woods and that they are affected mainly by the anatomical structures. The objective of this work was to evaluate the quantitative parameters of the anatomical structure of the eucalypt wood of one clone of the natural hybrid of Eucalyptus grandis at 64 months of age occuring in Rio Claro, state of São Paulo. The 138 trees were grown in Aracruz, Domingos Martins, Alto Rio Novo, São Mateus in the state of Espírito Santo and in Mutum and Aimorés in the state of Minas Gerais. The anatomical parameters measured were diameter and vessel frequency, length, fiber and diameter of the fiber, fiber wall thickness and width, height and frequency of the rays. According to the results, it can be concluded that, in relation to the vessels, there were significant differences among all regions. It was also observed significant differences in the parameters related to the rays in all regions. The wood produced in the Aracruz region had fibers with length and wall thickness with a much lower quality than the wood in the other studied regions.

As variações na retratibilidade no lenho das árvores são as principais causas dos defeitos de secagem, como o empenamento e fendilhamento das peças de madeira. Os tipos de madeira presentes em um tronco estão relacionados com as variações dessa importante propriedade física. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a retratibilidade da madeira de sete espécies de eucaliptos. Os parâmetros de retratibilidade, bem como a sua variação na direção radial da medula em direção à periferia do tronco de sete espécies de eucaliptos, foram avaliados de acordo com a Norma brasileira. De modo geral, os resultados indicaram que as espécies de eucaliptos estudados possuíam madeira com elevada retratibilidade. À exceção das madeiras de Eucalyptus tereticornis e E. pilularis, as demais espécies estudadas apresentaram valores menores de retratibilidade na região próxima da medula. The variation of the retratibility in lumber is the main cause of the occurrence of drying defects, especially those characterized by warped and split wood. The different wood types present in the stem are related to the variation of these important physical properties. This work aimed to study the retratibily of seven eucalypt species. The retratibility parameters such as the variation in the pith to bark direction in the peripheral of the trunk were studied according the Brazilian Standard for the seven eucalypts. In general the results showed that the species of eucalypts studied have a high retratibility. Except for Eucalyptus tereticornis and E. pilularis the others species studied showed lower values of retratibility in the pith region.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:51:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de Renata Mauri.pdf: 3555035 bytes, checksum: 91fc0c39f9106e59f43ee07fcd18ef07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 Este trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização da estrutura anatômica da madeira de dois clones de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla, com aproximadamente seis anos de idade que cresceram em duas regiões do Estado de Minas Gerais, com cada região apresentando duas combinações topográficas, sendo uma plana outra inclinada. Avaliou-se o comportamento dos clones, no sentido radial (variação medula-casca) e nas distintas condições de crescimento. Na caracterização da madeira determinou-se a densidade básica e anidra, as propriedades anatômicas e a morfologia das fibras. Os resultados permitem observar que todos os parâmetros avaliados sofreram variações entre as condições de plantio, entre clones e ainda variações no sentido radial. Os resultados possibilitam a detalhada caracterização do comportamento dos clones entre topografias e regiões, a saber: (i) podem ser observadas variações quantitativas da densidade, dos elementos anatômicos e morfologia das fibras da madeira entre topografias, regiões e clones; (ii) a variação radial da densidade e dos elementos anatômicos da madeira seguiu comportamento esperado para a espécie, onde alguns parâmetros aumentam e outros diminuem no sentido medula-casca; (iii) quanto ao padrão de variação radial da densidade e dos parâmetros quantitativos dos elementos anatômicos da madeira, não são verificadas diferenças significativas entre topografias, regiões e clones. Estes resultados permitem entender o comportamento anatômico e físico da espécie às diversas condições de crescimento, fornecendo assim subsídios para as empresas do setor de celulose no que diz respeito à consolidação de material genético e seu comportamento em diferentes condições de crescimento para atender suas demandas de qualidade de madeira This work had as objective the characterization of the anatomical structure of the wood of two clones of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla, with approximately six years old that grown in two regions of the Minas Gerais state, with each region presenting two topographical combinations; plain and inclining. The behavior of clones was evaluated in the radial direction (variation pith to bark) and in the distinct conditions of growth. In the characterization of the wood it was determined specific gravity and dry density, the anatomical properties and fiber morphology. The results allow to observe that all the evaluated parameters had suffered variations between the conditions from plantation between clones and still variations in the radial direction. The results allow detailed characterization of the clones among topographya and regions, in which: (i) can be observed qualitative variations of the density, wood anatomical elements and fiber morphology between topographies, regions and clones; (ii) the radial variation of the density and the anatomical elements followed expected behavior for the specie where some parameters increase and others decrease in the pith to bark sense; (iii) the pattern of radial variation of density and quantitative parameters of the anatomical elements of wood, not presented significant differences among topographies, regions and clones. These results allow to understand the anatomical and physical behavior of the specie to the diverse conditions of growth and thus supplying subsidies to the pulp wood companies about consolidation of genetic material and its behavior in different conditions of growth to attend the wood quality requirement

Bu çalışmada, kalınlığı 30 mm’den küçük, 30–60 mm arasında ve 60 mm’den büyük okaliptüs (Eucalyptus camadulensis) kerestelerinin, hazırlanan bilgisayar programı aracılığı ile kurutma cetvelleri oluşturulmuştur. Program, “kuruma eğimi” esasına göre işlem yapmaktadır. Program içerisinde okaliptüs dışında dünyada ticari öneme sahip yüzün üzerinde ağaç türüne ait veriler (özgül ağırlık, LDN derecesi, ısıtma ve kurutma evresinde uygulanabilecek sıcaklıklar, %20’nin altında ve üstündeki kurutma eğimleri) hazır olarak bulunmaktadır. Bu programın avantajı kereste kalınlığı, başlangıç ve sonuç rutubeti, fırın tipi, hava hareket hızı ve kurutma kalitesi gibi parametrelerin kullanıcı tarafından girilebilmesi ve bu verilere göre kurutma cetvellerini yeniden oluşturabilmesidir. Ayrıca bu bilgisayar programı ile muhtemel kurutma süresi de tahmin edilebilmektedir. In this study, computer aided drying schedules were created for Eucalyptus camadulensis lumber as less then 30 mm thick, between 30-60 mm thick and larger then 60 mm. The software Works on drying gradient basis. In this software users can find more then hundred other species’ data (density, fiber saturation point, temperatures far warming up and drying periods, drying gradients for moisture contents above and fewer than 20%). Users can choose lumber thickness, initial and final moisture content, kiln type, air velocity and drying quality. It is an advantage of this software. The drying schedule can be shaped according to this data. Moreover, possible total drying duration can be predicted by this software.

Submitted by Morgana Andrade (morgana.andrade@ufes.br) on 2011-01-26T12:40:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 a19v29n6.pdf: 222142 bytes, checksum: b37736352ef380aa5e4b0d3e7ee0556a (MD5) license_rdf: 21504 bytes, checksum: cfe16b28a928230b24b965de15e8a5ff (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros(patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2011-02-08T20:23:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 a19v29n6.pdf: 222142 bytes, checksum: b37736352ef380aa5e4b0d3e7ee0556a (MD5) license_rdf: 21504 bytes, checksum: cfe16b28a928230b24b965de15e8a5ff (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2011-02-08T20:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 a19v29n6.pdf: 222142 bytes, checksum: b37736352ef380aa5e4b0d3e7ee0556a (MD5) license_rdf: 21504 bytes, checksum: cfe16b28a928230b24b965de15e8a5ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11 A resistência natural ao apodrecimento se constitui numa importante propriedade da madeira. Em se tratando das madeiras provenientes do gênero Eucalyptus, tal atributo se torna ainda mais importante, uma vez que tais madeiras são, na grande maioria das vezes, de difícil tratabilidade pelos métodos de tratamento convencionais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a resistência natural da madeira de sete espécies de eucalipto em ensaio acelerado de laboratório ao fungo causador da podridão-parda Gloeophyllum trabeum. Foram ensaiadas madeiras das espécies de Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus tereticornis, E. paniculata, E. pilularis, E. cloeziana, E. urophylla e E. grandis com 16 anos de idade, que cresceram na Estação Experimental de Anhembi, em São Paulo, pertencente ao Departamento de Ciências Florestais da ESALQ/USP. No que diz respeito ao apodrecimento causado pelo fungo Gloeophyllum trabeum, a madeira de eucalipto das sete espécies pode ser considerada resistente, uma vez que os valores de perda de massa foram sempre inferiores a 10%. ABSTRACT Natural resistance to decay is one the most important properties of the wood mainly in the case of the eucalypt wood that have a poor tractability with chemicals substances. The aim of this work was to determine the natural resistance of seven eucalypt wood species in accelerated laboratory essay to the fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum that causes the brown-rot. It was usedwood from the 16 year-old species Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus tereticornis, E. paniculata, E. pilularis, E. cloeziana, E. urophylla and E. grandis growing at the Experimental Forestry Station of the University of São Paulo - Brazil. Regarding to decay that was caused by the fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum, the eucalypt wood may be considered resistant, as it showed mean weight loss values lower to 10%.

Submitted by Morgana Andrade (morgana.andrade@ufes.br) on 2011-01-27T11:10:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 24241.pdf: 1240803 bytes, checksum: 7cf2f6e30bac27175f279152fefbb6a4 (MD5) license_rdf: 21504 bytes, checksum: cfe16b28a928230b24b965de15e8a5ff (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros(patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2011-03-14T13:53:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 24241.pdf: 1240803 bytes, checksum: 7cf2f6e30bac27175f279152fefbb6a4 (MD5) license_rdf: 21504 bytes, checksum: cfe16b28a928230b24b965de15e8a5ff (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2011-03-14T13:53:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 24241.pdf: 1240803 bytes, checksum: 7cf2f6e30bac27175f279152fefbb6a4 (MD5) license_rdf: 21504 bytes, checksum: cfe16b28a928230b24b965de15e8a5ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-01 As variações de umidade e da densidade do lenho das árvores são as principais causas dos defeitos de secagem, como o empenamento e fendilhamento das peças de madeira. Os tipos de madeira presentes em um tronco estão relacionados com as variações dessas duas importantes propriedades físicas. Os gradientes de umidade e da densidade da madeira de sete espécies de eucalipto foram avaliados nas direções radial e longitudinal do tronco de árvores recém-abatidas. Os resultados apontaram uma maior homogeneidade de distribuição de umidade dentro das árvores de E. paniculata e E. citriodora, indicada pelos coeficientes de variação e desvio-padrão. O diferencial de umidade da madeira nas regiões internas do tronco de E. paniculata e E. citriodora foi de 20% e de E. urophylla e E. grandis, de 80%. A densidade básica da madeira aumentou na direção radial do tronco, e cada espécie de eucalipto apresentou um modelo de variação. ABSTRACT The occurrence of high moisture and density gradients inside of the tree is related with drying defects, especially those characterized by warp and split of the wood. The unequal behavior of wood pieces due to variation of these two properties can be attributed to differences within the wood that constitutes the log. Considering the importance of knowing the moisture and density gradients in eucalyptus trees, this work had as objective evaluating the variations of the moisture content and specific gravity in the radial and longitudinal directions of the trees of seven eucalypts species. Based on the results concerning the moisture distribution inside the tree, there was a great homogeneity in the species of E. paniculata and E. citriodora, sustained by the low values of variation coefficient and standard deviation. In these species, the moisture differential among the inner and outer parts of the log rarely reached 20%, while for the logs of E. urophylla and E. grandis, this diferencial reached 80%. In spite of the specific gravity general increased in the direction pith-to-bark, each species presented a specific profile of variation, also with variants for each height of the log.

A study of colour assessment, using the CIEL*a*b* system, was conducted with samples of Eucalyptus grandis wood thermally treated by the Brazilian industrial process of thermal modification, VAP HolzSysteme®, at three different temperatures, i.e. 140, 160 and 180 °C. Previous to the treatment, the samples were classified into three groups according to their distance to the wood pith, on the radial direction. All thermally modified samples presented a noticeable colour change, confirmed by high values of ΔE*. As the intensity of the treatment increased, the eucalypt samples presented an increase of red colour tone (a*) (up to 160 ºC) and a decrease of colour lightness (L*). Significant colour differences were found among the classified groups, for both untreated and thermally modified samples. The eucalypt samples groups showed different colour responses when thermally treated at 140 and 160 ºC. At 180 ºC the groups didn’t show a significant colour response variation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) through the doctoral grant of Carolina Griebeler by means of the “Ciência sem Fronteiras” program.