Search

Collaborative public innovation literature suggests that collaboration with multiple partners may provide the necessary learning to respond to the complex problems facing city governments. However, scarce research has been developed to (1) scrutinize the nature of the new knowledge needed by city governments, and (2) understand how the different types of partners contribute to government’s learning. This study shows that a government’s election of different types of partners influences the scope of the knowledge developed (knowledge breadth), the level of refinement of that knowledge (knowledge depth), and the extent to which knowledge is difficult to document in writing (knowledge tacitness).

Vulnerability in urban areas has been on the rise following the global political and economic restructuring processes that have taken place since the 1980s. This increase in vulnerability has sparked a growing awareness of the need to understand the impact of these processes on the most vulnerable neighborhoods and areas of cities so as to develop effective policy responses. Although this vulnerability has become more evident in larger cities, this casuistry can also be seen in medium-sized cities. This paper examines the level of vulnerability of different neighborhoods in the medium-sized European city of Vitoria-Gasteiz (Basque Country, Spain), using a methodological approach which combines the analytic hierarchy process and geographic information systems, based on a number of indicators for different economic, demographic and migratory status-related dimensions. The results reveal a synthetic map of the vulnerability of neighborhoods in Vitoria-Gasteiz that shows an uneven impact of structural processes and policy initiatives implemented over decades. The paper concludes that synthetic maps of vulnerability make it possible to show the different realities in the urban framework and can contribute to defining public interventions tailored to these specific problems.

[SPA] En las últimas décadas la industria textil ha experimentado importantes transformaciones tanto positivas como negativas derivadas del vigente modelo de desarrollo económico en el que opera: innovación, investigación y adopción de tecnologías más competitivas por una parte, y consumo excesivo de recursos, uso de productos tóxicos, fomento del sobreconsumo o generación de residuos, por otra. En consecuencia, en este trabajo se profundiza en el estudio de la cadena de suministro en la industria textil, y en particular, en el impacto que tienen los distribuidores sobre la misma y en las tendencias hacia una cadena más sostenible en el futuro. El análisis muestra claramente que los distribuidores pueden desempeñar un papel decisivo para cambiar las reglas del juego en la industria textil y poder así avanzar hacia la implantación de una cadena de suministro más sostenible, protegiendo a los agentes que llevan a cabo las mejores prácticas y creando conciencia entre los consumidores, mediante la adopción de medidas como la ralentización del flujo de materiales, la circularidad, la transparencia, la trazabilidad o la cooperación. La sostenibilidad en la industria textil ha dejado de ser una opción y ha pasado a ser una obligación., [ENG] In recent decades, the textile industry has undergone important positive and negative transformations derived from the current economic development model in which it operates: innovation, research and adoption of more competitive technologies on the one hand, and excessive consumption of resources, use of toxic products, support for overconsumption or generation of waste on the other. Consequently, this paper explores the supply chain in the textile industry, in particular the impact of retailers on the supply chain and the trends towards a more sustainable supply chain in the future. The analysis clearly shows that retailers can play a decisive role in changing the rules of the game in the textile industry to move towards the implementation of a more sustainable supply chain, protecting best practice players and raising awareness among consumers, by adopting measures such as slowing down the flow of materials, circularity, transparency, traceability or cooperation. Sustainability in the textile industry is no longer an option but an obligation.

Mindfulness has recently been identified as an antecedent of proenvironmental behavior. This study aims to consolidate and expand recent research findings by suggesting that mindfulness is associated with pro environmental behavior through cognitive reappraisal and climate change awareness. Our findings showed that mindfulness correlated with proenvironmental behavior through both cognitive reappraisal and climate change awareness. Moreover, nature connectedness was found to negatively moderate this relationship: for individuals with greater levels of nature connectedness, the influence of mindfulness on proenvironmental behavior was diminished. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed.

[spa] Hoy en día, vivimos en un mundo repleto de constantes avances tecnológicos, lo que está provocando una continua y permanente adaptación por parte de la sociedad y de las empresas. En este contexto, desde hace unos años, los blogs, foros, vídeos y las distintas redes sociales están revolucionando la comunicación. Por ello, el objetivo de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado es estudiar y comparar algunas de las redes sociales más utilizadas en la actualidad., [eng] Nowadays, we live in a world full of constant technological advances, which is causing a continuous and permanent adaptation on the part of society and companies. In this context, for a few years, blogs, forums, videos and the different social networks have been revolutionizing communication. Therefore, the objective of this Final Degree Project is to study and compare some of the most used social networks today.

Purpose – This paper aims to propose and examine the relationship between students’ perception of service quality and dimensions and their academic achievement. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the resource-based view, a conceptual relationship between service quality and dimensions and academic achievement is proposed and tested with a sample of 380 STEM university students who attended secondary schools in a region of Spain. Findings – Service quality and four of its dimensions (i.e. empathy, reliability, responsiveness and assurance/confidence) could contribute to students’ academic achievement. The expected effect of tangible elements on academic achievement was not supported by the data. Results were controlled for student’s personal factors that have proven important in explaining academic achievement in previous studies (i.e. need for cognition, need for emotion and self-efficacy). Originality/value – Previous research has extensively studied factors affecting students’ academic achievement. However, the direct relationship between service quality and student’s academic achievement has been rarely proposed and examined. Service quality has been mostly viewed as a precursor of student satisfaction and loyalty. This research views service quality as a school higher-order capability that supplements students’ capabilities

[EN]The COVID-19 pandemic has induced a process of digital acceleration and has likely changed the attitudes of local public managers toward information and communication technology (ICT). While this attitude change has been reasonably argued, it has not been systematically measured. This study narrows this gap by measuring the attitudes of public managers before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, this study finds that the pandemic has led public managers to be more confident in the capacity of ICT to help cities achieve their economic, social, and environmental goals and respond to challenges. Both explicit and implicit measures confirmed attitude changes. The explicit measures also indicated that the change in public managers' attitude toward ICT was similar to their change in attitude toward scientific progress and greater than their change in attitude toward other issues that have played a major role during the pandemic, namely, climate change, citizen participation, and privacy.

Purpose – Intellectual capital creation (ICC) in networks has been considered as central to the processes for responding to wicked problems. However, our knowledge on the factors that explain ICC in networks is limited. We take a step towards filling this research gap by drawing on an extended view of social capital to identify specific network features that should explain ICC heterogeneity in engineered intergovernmental networks. Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 655 local authorities participating in 8 networks was used to test the framework proposed. Data analysis followed a three-step approach. Firstly, confirmatory factor analysis was applied to assess the convergent and discriminant validity of the measures. Secondly, a non-parametric median test was conducted to determine whether the variables under study were statistically different for the eight networks. Lastly, the structural model underlying the conceptual framework was tested. Findings – We found that the eight intergovernmental networks studied differed significantly in their levels of social interaction and ICC. At a structural level, three variables usually considered representative of social capital (social interaction, trust, and shared vision) and two supplementary variables (shared resources and shared decisions) were proven to have significant direct and/or indirect effects on ICC. Originality/value – No previous cross-sectional research has studied the link between the creation of social capital and intellectual capital in engineered intergovernmental networks. As our research focuses on networks and climate change, it contributes to the fourth and fifth stages of intellectual capital research.

This research proposes an integral model of cocreation processes before, during, and after a trip affecting customer value and anteceded by tourist expertise. Beyond prevailing task-related (coproduction) processes and the more recently contemplated social processes, we consider mental cocreation using the concept of mental time travel (forward and backward). Findings from 428 tourist responses reveal the great potential of these novel cocreation forms, showing that imagining a forthcoming trip and remembering the travel afterwards are important affective value drivers, as is interacting with locals and employees. Overall, these play a more prominent role than task-related processes. Likewise, we found that tourist expertise is a major antecedent of cocreation and precursor of value. Managers could encourage tourist cocreation by applying customer education strategies, stimulating activities with high community contact, and using virtual tools to intensify thoughts and memories of past and future travel experiences. Technology may be key in achieving this.

Our knowledge of how tourists could co-create value in the pre-travel stage is limited. This should be particularly worrying for tourism providers, as they could gain competitive advantage by improving their understanding of these processes and responding accordingly. Based on service-dominant logic, this study explores this gap in research by identifying three value co-creation processes that occur before a trip (travel organization, information seeking, and mental time travel) and examining the contribution of tourist expertise on each of these processes. Although previous studies tend to assimilate co-creation with “tasks,” this study focuses on mental time travel, which is the only pre-travel value co-creation process that contributes value to the consumer without involving costs. An empirical study with 984 French and Spanish tourists was conducted, the results of which corroborate the particular salience of expertise predicted by service-dominant logic.

The success of collaborative networks relies on interactions between participants, which involve costs and are uncommon. We argue that participation in interactions is explained by participation attitudes, which, in turn, stem from motivations; and we propose a model that links a wide range of motivations and attitudes. It was tested with a survey that involved 120 public managers who participated in a pro-sustainability network of municipalities in Zaragoza. While the links between motivations and attitudes are complex, it was found that organisational-level internal motivations and managers’ identification with the network are more powerful than external rewards for preventing free-rider behaviours.

[ES] En el mundo del desarrollo urbano el concepto de Smart City (también SC o Ciudad Inteligente) está de moda. Sin embargo, a pesar de su amplio uso sigue siendo un término bastante confuso y sin una base conceptual sólida, utilizándose, a menudo, para definir un amplio abanico de soluciones. No obstante, debido a las tendencias demográficas y a los nuevos requerimientos de la población, nunca ha sido tan imperiosa la necesidad de organizar y reorganizar las ciudades y los pueblos de una manera inteligente. A través de este trabajo se analiza exhaustiva y ampliamente la conceptualización del término de la siguiente forma: 1) Los problemas que impulsan a la generación de la SC, 2) Cómo la SC puede ser la solución a esos problemas, 3) La complejidad definitoria del término, 4) El uso de terminologías similares, 5) Por qué acaba la SC por dominar el discurso urbano, 6) La dicotomía entre tecnólogos y humanistas en la SC, 7) Los orígenes de la SC y su desarrollo histórico, y 8) El estado actual de la SC., [EN] In the urban development´s world the concept of Smart City (also SC) is fashionable. However, despite its wide use, it remains a rather confusing term with no sound conceptual base, often used to define a wide range of solutions. Nevertheless, due to demographic trends and the new requirements of the population, the need to organize and reorganize Cities and towns in an intelligent manner has never been so imperative. Through this work the conceptualization of the term is thoroughly and comprehensively analyzed as follows: 1) The problems that drive the generation of the SC, 2) How the SC can be the solution to these problems, 3) The defining complexity of the term, 4) The use of similar terminologies, 5) Why the SC ends up dominating the urban discourse, 6) The dichotomy between technologists and humanists in the SC, 7) The origins of the SC and its historical development, and 8) The current state of the SC.

336 p., For some time now, new marketing paradigms are trying to set aside traditional and product-focused views of management and marketing strategies. Technological challenges, volatile customer needs, and alternative marketing application subjects and fields have pushed the discipline of marketing towards more adapted and generalizable marketing perspectives, leaving behind the long-established four Ps of marketing (Product, Place, Promotion, Price) and similar. These new paradigms emphasize especially the active role of customers in value creation, the inherent service-for-service nature of exchanges, the relevance of multisided resources, the formation of both planned and unintentional institutionally handled networks, and the interest on `experiences'. Among the propositions found, value co-creation is one of the most appealing and recurring. However, the lack of specification has transformed co-creation into an overused interpretation, a jumble of many different ideas (e.g., co-production, interactions, citizenship behaviors), and a concept at risk of turning into an "all and nothing"-type useless expression. Therefore, we need first, a conceptual underlying support that would lead the definition and implications of co-creation, and second, a practical backing that would demonstrate its empirical and contextual convenience.The objective of this study is to provide an empirical and context-driven approach of value co-creation, based on the service-dominant logic (SDL). In the conceptual concern, we believe that though in a meta-theoretical level, SDL provides a well-founded baseline framework for value co-creation, supplying a complete narrative and a number of premises centered on a comprehensive view of value co-creation. In the empirical concern, we chose place marketing in general and tourism in particular to situate our co-creation framework. Specifically, the research is focused on the tourism experience co-creation, which is thought to match the investigation r

This paper studies multilevel networks, in which municipalities collaborate with higher tiers of government (upward collaboration), with peers (outward) and with local stakeholders (inward) to discover innovative ways to create public value. A set of hypotheses was developed on the effects of three forms of collaboration (i.e. inward, outward, and upward) on two types of innovation (i.e. exploitative and explorative innovation). A range of network and municipality characteristics was also considered. The model was tested by capturing the perceptions of 656 municipal representatives. The research findings provide evidence of complex links between forms of collaboration and types of innovation.

364 p., El objetivo de esta investigación es contribuir a la mejora del conocimiento de los factores explicativos de los distintos resultados del pre-desarrollo de la innovación; es decir, el proceso precedente a la toma de decisión formal en relación a si continuar con una idea innovadora o darla por concluida. Este proceso se denomina comúnmente Fuzzy Front End (en adelante, FFE). Nuestro estudio se focaliza en el desarrollo de nuevos productos altamente innovadores. Nuestro enfoque es novedoso desde tres puntos de vista. En primer lugar, el proceso FFE no se considera uniforme tal y como algunas investigaciones previas, fundamentalmente cualitativas, habían sugerido. En segundo lugar, se examina una amplia gama de factores explicativos del FFE, incluidos los factores vinculados a la innovación abierta, a la empresa y a las personas. En tercer lugar, esta investigación examina información procedente de tres fuentes de información diferentes: (1) entrevistas en profundidad con expertos en innovación; (2) una fuente secundaria de datos obtenida del Instituto Vasco de Estadística (Eustat); y (3) una encuesta ad-hoc que proporcionó información de una muestra representativa de 190 empresas innovadoras. Utilizando diversas fuentes de información, hemos podido triangular los datos cuantitativos obtenidos y controlar la validez y el sesgo del método común. Esta investigación realiza las siguientes aportaciones principales : (1) el éxito en cada una de los tres resultados del FFE estudiados, es decir creatividad de la idea, definición del producto y definición del proyecto, se explica por diferentes factores; (2) los factores relacionados con la empresa son relevantespara explicar los resultados del FFE; en particular, la flexibilidad estratégica; (3) la innovación abierta influye en los resultados finales, principalmente a través de la calidad de la red de innovación abierta, pero no a través de su amplitud y profundidad, como la mayoría de las investigaciones anteriores habían s

The traveler (or city-customer) should be viewed as a major co-creator of the value extracted from her or his destination (or city) experience. Consumer resources such as energy, mental disposition, expertise, or involvement may be crucial to explain the final value perceived. It is not clear, however, how effectively the concept of co-creation has been incorporated within place marketing. This research takes a step forward toward covering this gap by: (1) drawing on service-dominant logic and related perspectives to propose a co-creation-led, baseline framework; (2) conducting a systematic review of quantitative place-marketing research that has attempted to incorporate the value co-creation perspective; (3) critically reviewing these research efforts; and (4) providing future research avenues. Overall, this research shows that quantitative place-marketing literature is advancing towards incorporating the co-creation proposal, although that is primarily so in destination and hospitality contexts. There is still a long way to go, however, before a consensus is reached on many fundamental aspects.

This article presents a systematic literature review of 109 articles (1992–2015) dealing with Local Agenda 21 processes worldwide. It analyzes two essential elements of Local Agenda 21: (1) the holistic approach of the sustainable development concept and (2) the main driving forces behind such processes. It shows that, although at the beginning, sustainability was seen as a natural extension of environmental policy work, it has been perceived over recent years as a guiding principle applied to issues of environment, economic development, and social welfare, and Local Agenda 21 is perceived as a coherent approach to sustainability planning. In addition, Local Government Strategy is the main typology followed, although it suffers from important limitations. Future studies could focus on local sustainability process outcomes. Further quantitative studies would be welcome, given the qualitative case study dominance in the field. We conclude with a research agenda to tackle theoretical, methodological, and empirical lacunae.

[ES] Sin apenas darnos cuenta, las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) han pasado a formar parte de nuestra vida, revolucionando todos los ámbitos de nuestra economía y de nuestra sociedad. Ya nada es igual a como lo era ayer. La tecnología ha cambiado tanto el modo en el que se hacen los negocios, la forma en la que nos relacionamos con los demás, como nuestros hábitos de ocio y de consumo. A lo largo del presente trabajo, analizaremos con detenimiento el fenómeno de Internet y las redes sociales, así como el impacto que están teniendo tanto en la sociedad como en el tejido empresarial español. En este marco, describiremos y haremos un análisis comparativo de las redes sociales más comunes en España, y contemplaremos las posibilidades que ofrecen éstas para su utilización en el marco de las estrategias de marketing., [EN] Without even realizing, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have become part of our lives, revolutionizing all fields of our economy and our society. Nothing remains the same as it was yesterday. Technology has changed the way we do business, we relate to other people, how we get information, and our leisure and consumption habits. Along the following project, we will thoroughly analyze the phenomenon of Internet and social networks, as well as the impact these are having both in society and the Spanish business network. In this framework, we will describe and make a comparative analysis of the most common social networks in Spain, as well as contemplate the possibilities they offer for being used within the framework of marketing strategies.

[ES] En el presente trabajo se ha tratado de analizar la evolución de las políticas tecnológicas y de innovación en la Comunidad Autónoma de Euskadi (CAE), en las últimas tres décadas, prestando especial atención a la política de clusters. Es evidente el avance tecnológico e innovador experimentado por Euskadi en este período, basado en la estrecha cooperación desarrollada entre las universidades, las instituciones públicas y las empresas privadas. En este marco, la CAE fue pionera en el diseño y puesta en marcha de una política de clusters a principios de los años noventa. Tras más de dos décadas de funcionamiento de dicha política, ésta parece haberse consolidado existiendo en la actualidad 13 asociaciones cluster en Euskadi., [EN] In this work, we have tried to analyse the evolution of the technological policy and innovation policy in the Basque Country, during the last three decades, with a special attention to the cluster policy. It is clear that the Basque Country has progressed in technology and innovation during this period, based on the cooperation between the Universities, the public institutions and the private companies. Within this framework, the Basque Country has been the leader in the design and start up of the cluster policy at the early nineties. After more than two decades of work of this policy, it seems to be consolidated. Nowadays, there are 13 cluster associations in the Basque Country.

En los últimos años, alcanzar la Economía Verde parece ser la aspiración perseguida por la sociedad, dado que representa un paso decisivo para lograr el Desarrollo Sostenible y con ello una ciudad sostenible. Sin embargo, las ciudades de todo el mundo han experimentado cambios en su fisonomía debido a los continuos procesos de urbanización que han fomentado un crecimiento desmedido de las mismas, además de generar una serie de efectos negativos que las alejan del camino hacia la sostenibilidad. De tal manera, que a medida que dicho crecimiento aumenta, cada vez son menores las áreas verdes localizadas en las periferias de las ciudades. Para responder a estos problemas asociados al crecimiento urbano y, por ende, al consumo de tierra, se han diseñado diversos instrumentos entre los que destaca la práctica de los Anillos Verdes, siendo el estudio de dicha práctica el objetivo de este trabajo. Con el fin de tener una amplia visión de la implementación de la práctica de los Anillos Verdes, en primer lugar, se describen de manera general algunos casos a nivel internacional, para, a continuación, profundizar en algunas de las principales prácticas europeas y españolas, confirmando, de este modo, que representan una práctica muy extendida en Europa, mientras que en España todavía se encuentran en un estado emergente., In the last years, reaching the Green Economy has become the aspiration pursued by society, because it represents an important step in order to reach the Sustainable Development and therefore, the sustainable city. However, cities around the world have experienced changes in their appearance, due to continuous urban processes have promoted a disproportionate growth of them, and negative effects for sustainability too. In such a way that, when the growth increases, green areas localised in the peri-urban zones decrease. To answer these problems associated with urban sprawl, and therefore, land consumption, several tools have been designed but Greenbelt practice stands out among the rest, being the study of this practice the aim of this paper. In order to have a wide view about the implementation of Greenbelt practices, firstly, some international cases are described in a general way, and then, we go into detail about some of the main European and Spanish practices, confirming, in this way that, Greenbelts represent a widespread practice in Europe, whereas, they are still at an emergent stage in Spain.

Resumen (ESPAÑOL) En el presente trabajo se ha tratado de analizar la evolución, tanto del concepto de Desarrollo Sostenible, como de la herramienta Agenda 21 Local, verificando la creciente preocupación que se está extendiendo en la ciudadanía, en las instituciones y en las empresas, así como la irreversibilidad de la mayoría de los resultados alcanzados. En este marco, se han estudiado los casos concretos de la implantación de la Agenda 21 Local en Europa, España, Euskadi y Getxo, por ser este último el municipio en el que resido. Con este estudio, se confirma la hipótesis de que, aunque en la implantación de la Agenda 21 Local se aprecia un esfuerzo realizado notable, queda todavía mucho camino por recorrer en la senda hacia la sostenibilidad., Summary (ENGLISH) The aim of this work is to analyze the evolution of the Sustainable Development´s concept and the tool Local Agenda 21, verifying the growing concern that is spreading among citizens, institutions and companies, and verifying the irreversibility of most of the results achieved. Within this framework, the specific cases of the implementation of Local Agenda 21 in Europe, Spain, Basque Country and Getxo have been studied, being the last one the town in which I reside. The study confirms the hypothesis that although in the implementation of the Local Agenda 21 it is appreciated a remarkable effort, there is still a long road on the path towards the sustainability.

628 p., En la presente Tesis Doctoral, ofrecemos un análisis de la Agenda 21 Local y de los logros alcanzados en la consecución de un Desarrollo Sostenible, gracias al apuesta en marcha de estos programas. Con este fin, hemos centrado primero el marco institucional y conceptual del desarrollo Sostenible, realizando un recorrido por la Teoría del Crecimiento y del Desarrollo Económico. A continuación, presentamos las singularidades que afectan a los proceso de Agenda 21 Local, analizando las bases metodológicas y el entramado político-institucional que rodea a estos programas con el objeto de proceder al posterior estudio de la situación actual de la Agenda 21 Local en tres ámbitos de aplicación: a nivel internacional, mostrando un especial interés por el ámbito europeo, región que se ha erigido en líder y principal promotor de estos procesos a escala planetaria; a nivel estatal, realizando un análisis comparativo de las actuaciones y financiación otorgada por los distintos Gobiernos Autonómicos, aspectos ambos que se consideran de vital importancia para la difusión de la Agenda 21 Local; y en el marco de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco, incidiendo tanto en las actuaciones realizadas por el Gobierno Vasco, como en las desarrolladas por las Diputaciones Forales y los distintos municipios involucrados. Posteriormente, realizamos una Evaluación de las Políticas de Agenda 21 Local para el Territorio Histórico de Bizkaia, paliando el Análisis Factorial Múltiple y el Análisis Cluster sobre un Sistema de Indicadores de Desarrollo Sostenible definido en base al propuesto por la Diputación de Bizkaia. Finalmente, destacamos las conclusiones más relevantes, resaltando las distintas debilidades apreciadas en estos procesos, y sugerimos varias propuestas de mejora que consideramos pueden ser de utilidad en estos procesos.