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Objectives: The objective of this study was to use computed tomography (CT) imaging to quantify chemotherapy-induced changes in body composition (BC) in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult (AYA) patients with lymphoma and to compare image-derived changes in BC measures to changes in traditional body mass index (BMI) measures., Methods: Skeletal muscle (SkM), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volumes were manually segmented using low-dose CT images acquired from a 10-year retrospective, single-site cohort of 110 patients with lymphoma. CT images and BMI percentiles (BMI%) were acquired from baseline and first therapeutic follow-up. CT image segmentation was performed at vertebral level L3 using 5 consecutive axial CT images., Results: CT imaging detected significant treatment-induced changes in BC measures from baseline to first follow-up time points, with SAT and VAT significantly increasing and SkM significantly decreasing. BMI% measures did not change from baseline to first follow-up and were not significantly correlated with changes in image-derived BC measures. Patients who were male, younger than 12 years old, diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and presented with stage 3 or 4 disease gained more adipose tissue and lost more SkM in response to the first cycle of treatment compared to their clinical counterparts., Conclusions: Standard of care CT imaging can quantify treatment-induced changes in BC that are not reflected by traditional BMI assessment. Image-based monitoring of BC parameters may offer personalized approaches to lymphoma treatment for pediatric and AYA patients by guiding cancer treatment recommendations and subsequently enhance clinical outcomes., Key Points: • Standard of care low-dose CT imaging quantifies chemotherapy-induced changes in body composition in pediatric, adolescent, and young adults with lymphoma. • Body mass index could not detect changes in body composition during treatment that were quantified by CT imaging. • Pediatric and AYA patients who were male, younger than 12 years old, and diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and presented with stage 3 or 4 disease gained more adipose tissue and lost more skeletal muscle tissue in response to the first cycle of treatment compared to their clinical counterparts., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to European Society of Radiology.)

Charcot neuropathic osteoarthropathy (CN) is a serious and potentially limb-threatening complication for patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral arterial disease. In recent decades, nuclear medicine-based approaches have been used for non-invasive detection of CN; however, to date, a positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclide specifically focused on targeted imaging of active bone remodeling has not been explored or validated for patients with CN. The radionuclide 18 F-sodium fluoride (NaF) has historically been used as a bone imaging probe due to its high sensitivity for targeting hydroxyapatite and bone turnover, but has not been applied in the context of CN. Therefore, the present study focused on novel application of 18 F-NaF PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging to three clinical cases of CN to evaluate active bone remodeling at various time courses of CN. PET/CT imaging in all 3 cases demonstrated focal uptake of 18 F-NaF in the bones of the feet afflicted with CN, with bone retention of 18 F-NaF persisting for up to 5 years following surgical reconstruction of the foot in two cases. On a group level, 18 F-NaF bone uptake in the CN foot was significantly higher compared to the healthy, non-CN foot ( p = 0.039). 18 F-NaF PET/CT imaging may provide a non-invasive tool for monitoring active bone remodeling in the setting of CN, thereby offering novel opportunities for tracking disease progression and improving treatment and surgical intervention., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Tram, Chou, Patel, Ettefagh, Go, Atway and Stacy.)