Search

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) complicated with osteoporosis (OP) is a chronic degenerative bone disease commonly found in postmenopausal women. Also, it's an important risk factor affecting the quality of life and mental health of middle-aged and elderly women. Currently, the etiology and pathogenesis of KOA complicated with OP are not clear in Western medicine, and the correlation between KOA and OP is also controversial. Based on the pathological characteristics of KOA and OP and the physiological characteristics of postmenopausal women, this paper summarized the etiology and pathogenesis of KOA complicated with OP into four aspects: Weakness, Stasis, Phlegm, and Depression. Besides, this paper sorted out the progress of modern medicine and original research related to KOA complicated with OP based on these four aspects mentioned above and explored the similarities of etiology and pathogenesis of KOA complicated with OP between traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine. Therefore, it's better to understand the pathogenesis and development of postmenopausal KOA complicated with OP more comprehensively and scientifically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The upper airway cough syndrome (UACS) is a common chronic cough in children, and it has gradually increased in recent years. Chinese medicine believes that the main location of the disease is nasopharynx, which is closely related to the spleen and kidney. The most common pathological factor is wind, phlegm, deficiency and stasis, and the basic pathogenesis is upward inversion of lung Qi. Chinese medicine treatment mainly focuses on the combination of disease and syndrome differentiation, the combination of body and syndrome differentiation, staged Chinese medicine differentiation and treatment, cold and heat syndrome differentiation, viscera syndrome differentiation, Chinese medicine external treatment and combination of Chinese medicine and western medicine in order to regulate lung Qi. This article mainly elaborates on the differentiation and treatment of Chinese medicine for pediatric UACS, as well as its clinical treatment effects to provide some reference for further research on the treatment of pediatric UACS with Chinese medicine.

Data on benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) are presented: prevalence, etiology and pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Clinical observations demonstrating successful recognition and treatment of BPPV are presented.

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin secretion defects or insulin resistance. The global incidence of DM has been gradually increasing due to improvements in living standards and changes in dietary habits, making it a major non-communicable disease that poses a significant threat to human health and life. The pathogenesis of DM remains incompletely understood till now, and current pharmacotherapeutic interventions are largely inadequate, resulting in relapses and severe adverse reactions. Although DM is not explicitly mentioned in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory and clinical practice, it is often classified as “Xiaoke” due to similarities in etiology, pathogenesis, and symptoms. With its overall regulation, multiple targets, and personalized medication approach, TCM treatment can effectively alleviate the clinical manifestations of DM and prevent or treat its complications. Furthermore, TCM exhibits desirable therapeutic effects with minimal side effects and a favorable safety profile. This paper provides a comprehensive comparison and contrast of Xiaoke and DM by examining the involvement of TCM in their etiology, pathogenesis, treatment guidelines, and other relevant aspects based on classical literature and research reports. The current TCM experimental research on the treatment of DM by lowering blood glucose levels also be generalized. This innovative focus not only illuminates the role of TCM in DM treatment, but also underscores the potential of TCM in DM management.

Introduction. Despite that ovarian carcinosarcoma (OCS) is an extremely rare disease, it is of great medical and social importance by taking into account very high level of overall mortality, recurrence, metastasis, and economic costs.Aim: to summarize current data on various aspects of OCS.Materials and Methods. The search strategy for English written papers published in databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar was based on the following keyword queries: «ovarian carcinosarcoma», «etiology and pathogenesis», «epidemiology», «classification», «clinical picture», «diagnosis», «treatment». The search depth was limited within the years 2010–2022, by prioritizing the search depth within the last 5 years (2017–2022).Results. We found 48 articles in English, published from 2016 to 2022, of which 47 (97.9 %) articles were published within the last 5 years. Scientific data are represented by studies with a small patient sample and with low evidence base. The results of the analysis for identified publications showed a limited, fragmented and inconsistent scientific data both in terms of etiology, pathogenesis and treatment, as well as an impact of OCS stages, age and other risk factors on the likelihood of relapses.Conclusion. The lack of extensive clinical studies along with observed substantial number of controversial issues may be accounted for by OCS low prevalence and complex pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the results obtained during the generalization of scientific knowledge provide a realistic insight into the current state of global science about this medical and social disease and may be used to improve the diagnostics and treatment of OCS patients.

Chronic cough is one of the common diseases in pediatrics, and its occurrence, development and regression are closely related to the theory of xuanfu. Our team believes that the core pathogenesis of this disease is the deficiency of vital qi and the invasion of evil qi, resulting in a loss of control of the xuanfu. Among them, the deficiency of zang-fu organs and the loss of nourishment of the xuanfu are the basis of the disease; the accumulation of phlegm and food and the stagnation of the xuanfu are the root cause of the disease; the wind evil triggers the xuanfu to be the cause of the disease. In children, the lung, spleen and kidney are often deficient, making it easy for the xuanfu to lose its nourishment, which in turn affects the function of the xuanfu in transporting fluids, and when the xuanfu is stagnant due to deficiency, evil qi has an opportunity to take advantage of it;In addition, if the spleen and stomach are not nourished, and the transportation and transformation are not normal, it is easy to accumulate dampness and produce phlegm, or if food stagnates in the middle jiao and stagnates in the xuanfu channel, it will affect the smooth flow of qi and lay the hidden danger for the development of disease;If the cough is triggered by wind pathogen, the internal and external evil qi will interact with each other and the xuanfu will malfunction, resulting in the failure of lung qi to diffuse and purify and coughing, and the condition will linger. In treatment, our team adopted the principle of promoting the situation and removing the stagnation in the xuanfu by dispelling wind evil, resolving phlegm and removing stagnation, and reinforcing vital qi and supplementing deficiency to open up the xuanfu. At the same time, we pay attention to the application of the characteristic medicine to unblock the xuanfu, especially the medicine to regulate qi to unblock the xuanfu, the medicine to dredge the meridians to unblock the xuanfu and the medicine to invigorate the blood to unblock the xuanfu, so as to restore the function of the xuanfu of the lung, then the disease can be cured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dampness is one of the important external pathogens in Chinese medicine, and with the changes in peoples living habits, dampness syndrome is becoming more and more common. Due to the different characteristics and functions of different parts of the body, the pathogenesis of dampness is not the same when it attacks, so it is helpful to examine it before clinical treatment. Dampness forms through inner unbalance or invades through external environment. This paper discusses the clinical manifestations of dampness in various parts of the body and highlights the similarities and differences in the pathogenic mechanisms of dampness, taking into account the pathogenic characteristics of dampness as a clue for the external dampness invasion pathway from the surface to the inside. In addition, this paper also explains the disease mechanism of dampness syndrome in the context of western medical research, so as to provide research evidence for the integration of Chinese and western medicine and to improve medical treatment in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin secretion defects or insulin resistance. The global incidence of DM has been gradually increasing due to improvements in living standards and changes in dietary habits, making it a major non-communicable disease that poses a significant threat to human health and life. The pathogenesis of DM remains incompletely understood till now, and current pharmacotherapeutic interventions are largely inadequate, resulting in relapses and severe adverse reactions. Although DM is not explicitly mentioned in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory and clinical practice, it is often classified as "Xiaoke" due to similarities in etiology, pathogenesis, and symptoms. With its overall regulation, multiple targets, and personalized medication approach, TCM treatment can effectively alleviate the clinical manifestations of DM and prevent or treat its complications. Furthermore, TCM exhibits desirable therapeutic effects with minimal side effects and a favorable safety profile. This paper provides a comprehensive comparison and contrast of Xiaoke and DM by examining the involvement of TCM in their etiology, pathogenesis, treatment guidelines, and other relevant aspects based on classical literature and research reports. The current TCM experimental research on the treatment of DM by lowering blood glucose levels also be generalized. This innovative focus not only illuminates the role of TCM in DM treatment, but also underscores the potential of TCM in DM management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Chinese medicine (CM) has a long history in the treatment of psoriasis, and its different understanding angle and treatment mode from modern medicine have unique wisdom. In this article, we consulted a large number of literatures and collected data in order to systematically clarify how CM understands psoriasis, including the classification and judgment of syndrome types, the diagnosis and thinking of etiology and pathogenesis, the application of treatment ideas, principles, methods and various prescriptions, and suggestions on patient care, so as to provide a clear CM treatment process and experience for the world clinic. In addition, we analyzed the efficacy and safety through clinical data, and summarize the methods and prescriptions worthy of promotion, so as to provide reference for doctors to prescribe prescriptions and medication. Finally, we found that compared with modern medicine, CM has unique advantages in the treatment of psoriasis, including the uniqueness of syndrome classification, the abundantly and flexibility of treatment ideas. Not only many famous doctors have studied the ideas in ancient books, but also made great efforts to innovate, which has left a lot of valuable experiences for clinical practice. Moreover, a large number of treatment methods, prescriptions and medicines have achieved high effectiveness and safety in clinical practices for many years, which has been proved to be worthy of clinical reference and in-depth research. In addition, we also think about the deficiencies of CM in the treatment of psoriasis and the direction of breakthrough combined with modern medicine. The treatment of psoriasis with CM is worth popularizing, and we hope it can benefit more patients.

This paper summarized the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), TCM formula, diet and nutrition guidance and oral care. The targeted TCM nursing interventions by syndrome differentiation were carried out, helping to relieve disease-associated symptoms and pain, and achieving better patient compliance with treatment. (本文从慢性盆腔炎的中医病因病机、中药组方、饮食指导、中药口服护理等方面进行了总结, 通过辨证用药, 实施针对性的中医护理干预, 有助于改善慢性盆腔炎患者的临床症状, 缓解疼痛, 且患者更易于接受。)

The denotation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) terminology is one of the core issues in TCM theoretical studies. Fundamentally, it is about the relationship between "term and matter". Studying TCM terminology is of significant importance as the denotation of TCM terminology tends to change between "analogy" and "definition". The denotation could refer to the "definition" in some cases and "analogy" in others, causing confusion and inconsistency. This paper takes terminology of TCM etiology and pathogenesis as examples to analyze the different forms of "definition" and "analogy" of TCM etiology and pathogenesis, then analyzes the transition mechanism of cognition from "definition" to "analogy" and from "analogy" to "definition" based on the similarity of metaphor. After analyzing the rationale of "definition" and "analogy" in the terminology, it is concluded that TCM has no independent system of language and adopts single-focus presentation of metaphorical cognition. These two features explain the underlying rationale. This paper also analyzes whether wind and cold or bacteria and virus are the etiologies of exogenous disease. It is stated that the etiologies should be "something like wind", "something like cold" and "something like damp" and expounds the significant of studying TCM language from the perspective of metaphorical cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxin damaging the brain collaterals and toxin damaging the vessels and collaterals are important modern interpretations of the occurrence and development of stroke. The theory that "toxins can destroy the physique and damage the brain collaterals" also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of symptomatic cerebral artery stenosis. This paper explains the disease occurrence from healthy qi deficiency, analyzes the influence of fire toxin, turbid toxin and other toxin damages on cerebral vascular stenosis, as well as the pathological development from "collateral deficiency" to "collateral stagnation" and further to "collateral damage". It was concluded that "collateral deficiency and toxin damage" is the core pathogenesis of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (symptomatic cerebral artery stenosis). Parallel treatment of strengthening the deficiency, eliminating toxins, and dredging collaterals should be applied at specific stages. Invigorating qi and eliminating toxins should be distinguished from clearing heat and eliminating toxins. Besides, stage-tailored treatment should also be emphasized, which may provide reference for clinical treatment of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese medicine (CM) has a long history in the treatment of psoriasis, and its different understanding angle and treatment mode from modern medicine have unique wisdom. In this article, we consulted a large number of literatures and collected data in order to systematically clarify how CM understands psoriasis, including the classification and judgment of syndrome types, the diagnosis and thinking of etiology and pathogenesis, the application of treatment ideas, principles, methods and various prescriptions, and suggestions on patient care, so as to provide a clear CM treatment process and experience for the world clinic. In addition, we analyzed the efficacy and safety through clinical data, and summarize the methods and prescriptions worthy of promotion, so as to provide reference for doctors to prescribe prescriptions and medication. Finally, we found that compared with modern medicine, CM has unique advantages in the treatment of psoriasis, including the uniqueness of syndrome classification, the abundantly and flexibility of treatment ideas. Not only many famous doctors have studied the ideas in ancient books, but also made great efforts to innovate, which has left a lot of valuable experiences for clinical practice. Moreover, a large number of treatment methods, prescriptions and medicines have achieved high effectiveness and safety in clinical practices for many years, which has been proved to be worthy of clinical reference and in-depth research. In addition, we also think about the deficiencies of CM in the treatment of psoriasis and the direction of breakthrough combined with modern medicine. The treatment of psoriasis with CM is worth popularizing, and we hope it can benefit more patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eight extraordinary vessels originate from the prenatal qi, and the original qi runs in them. The occurrence and development of tumors are regulated by genes and closely related to congenital basis. However, nowadays most physicians treat tumors from the perspectives of postnatal zang-fu organs while pattern differentiation and treatment from the perspective of congenital extraordinary vessels has not received due attention. Based on relevant records in Huangdi Neijing (Huangdi' s Internal Classic), this paper discusses the direct and indirect relationships between tumorigenesis and congenital condition, and suggests the possible circulation of the congenital qi in the kidney-twelve meridians-extraordinary vessel pathway to elucidate the relationship between congenital extraordinary vessels and tumorigenesis and development. The treatment characterized by unblocking, supplementing and purging should be flexibly adjusted according to the deficiency and excess of the extraordinary vessels, the stage of tumor development, and the stage of treatment. In addition, the eight extraordinary vessels should be treated based on their different characteristics. It' s hoped that the analysis of the etiology and pathogenesis in TCM differentiation and treatment of tumors and the treatment principles and methods will be enriched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary osteoporosis is a common chronic metabolic disease, which seriously affects the quality of life of middle-aged and elderly people. However, there are many adverse reactions in the treatment of primary osteoporosis with western medicine. Therefore, we should take the advantage of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of primary osteoporosis. It is believed in traditional Chinese medicine that the kidney is the congenital origin, storing essence, producing marrow, and dominating the bone. It is believed that the spleen is the acquired foundation, which is in charge of the limbs, and coordinates with the muscles, and is the source of Qi and blood. The spleen and the kidney have the relationship of mutual support one to another. The normal exertion of their functions depends on the stimulation and promotion of Yang Qi. As one of the important theories of traditional Chinese medicine to understand diseases, the core idea of thought of paying importance to Yang is that Yang governs Yin and obeys the view, and that the treatment of diseases should pay attention to protect Yang Qi and make good use of the warming Yang herbs. From the point of view of thought of paying importance to Yang, this paper discusses the relationship between spleen-kidney Yang deficiency and primary osteoporosis, and explores the efficacy and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of primary osteoporosis combined with the modern medicine for warming kidney and invigorating spleen. It is suggested that attention should be paid to warming the kidney and invigorating the spleen in the treatment of primary osteoporosis. However, the research on relevant mechanism of action in treating primary osteoporosis is still insufficient. It is believed that we should strengthen the research on the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine for warming the kidney and invigorating the spleen in the treatment of primary osteoporosis, and explore the combination of traditional Chinese medicine theory and modern science, in order to carry forward the advantage of the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a review of the understanding of psoriasis-like diseases such as ganxian （干癖, chronic eczema） and baibi （白疮, psoriasis） by generations of TCM physicians, it is believed that the proposal of the three patterns of "blood heat, blood dryness, and blood stasis" in the classic treatment plan was great inheritance and innovation of pattern differentiation and treatment of psoriasis. However, there were still limitations in ideas of pattern differentiation, which made it difficult to objectively and comprehensively reveal the etiology and pathogenesis of psoriasis. In accordance with the theory of correspondence between human beings and nature in Neijing （Internal Classic）, incorporating clinical practice and modern research, and based on the holistic "heaven-earth-man" pattern differentiation and the idea of seeking the root to treat the disease", the present research discussed the etiology and pathogenesis of psoriasis in an objective and in-depth manner. It was pointed out that cold was an important factor in the occurrence and development of psoriasis. The reason for and mechanism of the fact that psoriasis is often severe in winter and mild in summer were explained. In addition, both the proposed "new plan" and "classic plan" for pattern differentiation and treatment of psoriasis were discussed thoroughly. It is believed that the new plan enjoys both breadth and depth in its ideas of pattern differentiation, is more objective and practical than the classic plan, and warrants validation and promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS) is not only a typical allergic disease but a common and refractory disorder of the respiratory system with high prevalence rate and complex pathogenesis. Due to limited therapies, CARAS is prone to recurrent attacks. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), characterized by overall pattern differentiation and systemic therapy, has been proved to be valuable in the treatment of CARAS. Literature on CARAS was reviewed in terms of its etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment with TCM. Based on that, it is concluded that the special-diathesis constitution is the primary constitution of patients with CARAS, that latent pathogen attacks the lung is the core pathogenesis, constitution-disease-pattern differentiation is the way of diagnosis and treatment in clinical prevention and treatment, and the randomized controlled trial and large-sample real-world research would be the directions of future clinical study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are a type of cell signaling proteins that are mostly produced by macrophages. They are essential for a variety of biological activities involved in normal development. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is the newest and youngest member of the FGF endocrine subfamily, along with fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). In this study, we conduct a systematic review of all known literature to identify the risk of elevated FGF23 in the cardiovascular system. The analysis includes the risk of cardiovascular disease for both primary and secondary causes of elevated FGF23, such as chronic renal insufficiency. This systematic literature review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) standards. A total of 4,793 records were identified across different databases. After that, 273 records were retrieved and reviewed. After carefully examining the titles and summaries of each report, 249 additional entries were eliminated. About 24 studies from the remaining records were chosen by primary and secondary authors for screening, and they performed a quality assessment using common quality check tools. Finally, this review included 11 studies. Following a thorough analysis, we came to the conclusion that FGF23 can be regarded as a novel biomarker and should be included in the group of heart biomarkers that have already been identified, such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), for the early identification of a variety of highly prevalent cardiovascular disorders., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Amaravadi et al.)

Chloasma has always been a difficult-to-treat disease in the medical and cosmetic community due to its refractory and disfiguring nature. Various treatment methods used in the treatment of chloasma have turned out to be ineffective，which highlights the importance of prevention and management. The etiology and pathogenesis of chloasma should be taken into account throughout the entire treatment process under the principle of "preventive treatment of disease" in traditional Chinese medicine. Early intervention in the occurrence, development, and prognosis of chloasma is beneficial to support the healthy qi， reduce the incidence and improve the curative rate. Specifically speaking, before the onset of disease, adjustment should be made to keep regular hours of daily life，strengthen the physique? avoiding overstrain ? and removing triggers etc. Five-phase musical intervention on the basis of constitutional identification can also be offered to prevent the disease from occurring. After the onset of disease，comprehensive therapies should be adopted to prevent the disease from progression； during recovery period，proactive management to consolidate the treatment effects to cure the disease and avoid relapses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erythema tuberculum is a common disease in dermatology and difficult to treat. Chang an cheng's skin under the successive generations of the successor, unique, unique experience. Yan xiaoning summarized the etiology and pathogenesis of nodular erythema as heat and humidity toxicity, and divided the syndrome differentiation into two syndromes: wind and heat toxicity containing moisture and heat. The prescription drug emphasizes in the overall concept of the foundation, both inside and outside treatment, treatment of the need to reconcile, both the spleen and stomach for the specimens. In this paper, Professor Yan Xiaoning's experience in the treatment of erythema nodule is summarized, and case 1 is attached as evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Back in the era relying on physical perception only, the internal changes of the body can only be perceived by inference through external observation and analysis of the cause through the effects， and expressed with metaphorical cognition. The etiology and pathogenesis theory of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the product of such cognitive approach. This paper explored the origins of the theory that came from clinical practices and that cannot be perceived physically，with etiology and pathogenesis of TCM as the main line， and taiyang wind-stroke pattern and Guizhi Decoction (Cinnamon Twig Decoction, GZT) in Shanghai Lun (On Cold Damage) as an example. Metaphorical cognition is used to analyze taiyang wind-stroke pattern and GZT，including how cold damage was stated and what was the difference between the language used for the statement and the daily language used at that time； Why GZT has the effect of releasing the muscle and regulating the nutritive and defensive level ； Why the etiology and pathogenesis theory works well，and what are the new findings from the etiology and pathogenesis theory. At last，it reveals the differences between the logical determination of propositions and the fact test, with the logical determination of the truth and falsity of conditional propositions and the verifiability of the etiology in TCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemic necrosis of femur bones is a world problem that has not yet been fully cured in the development of orthopedics around the world, and the motherland medicine has named it "bone erosion". As bone necrosis progresses, it can lead to irreversible bone damage, which often causes severe hip disability. Modern medicine is mostly through surgical intervention, but its long-term effect is not clear. And Chinese medicine has great advantages in the treatment of the disease and economic, from the treatment of this theory, looking for the basic factors causing disease, and gradually by the modern medical community attention. This paper makes a review by consulting the literature of Chinese medicine for bone necrosis in the past 5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary osteoporosis is a common bone metabolic disease in middle-aged and elderly people. According to clinical characteristics, it belongs to bone callus and bone flaccidity in traditional Chinese medicine. In the ancient disease records, the pathogenesis is believed to be related to the liver, the spleen, and the kidney. Traditional Chinese medicine has a unique advantage in the prevention and treatment of primary osteoporosis. The life-gate as the motive force is the root of the storing essence and qi and plays an important role in regulating the functional activities of the organs. Based on the life-gate theory, we explore the etiology and pathogenesis of primary osteoporosis and the current status of modern experimental and clinical research. The prevention and treatment mechanism of osteoporosis should be guided under the traditional Chinese medicine theory. This may provide a new idea for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives an update on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It points out the role of acetylcholine and glutamatergic components of neurotransmission in the pathogenesis of the disease, as well as their interactions, which is important to keep in mind to have a potentiated response to therapy that includes both these components. Different approaches to AD therapy are considered on the basis of the current ideas on the pathogenetic mechanisms of a degenerative process and with regard to the clinical features of the disease (the nature of the psychopathological symptoms of the disease and its stage). Particular emphasis is placed on compensatory therapy for deficient cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Whether psychopharmacological agents may be used and psychotherapeutic work with the relatives of patients with AD should be done are also highlighted. Data on the efficiency of replacement therapy for different dementia stages, which promotes a delay in degenerative processes and a definite stabilization of the mental status, are presented.

Copyright of Nursing of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nasal polyposis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal and paranasal sinuses mucosa, characterized by prolaps of edematous mucosa, most commonly from the area of anterior ethmoid. The mean histological characteristics are proliferation of pseudostratified respiratory epithelium, thickening of the basement membrane, focal fibrosis and eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltration of the lamina propria. Although etiology is unknown, two hypotheses are dominant among the scientists: ”hypothesis of staphylococcal superantigens“ and ”hypothesis of immune barrier dysfunction“. Although we have not yet achieved a full understanding of the precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this disease, it is known that nasal polyposis is associated with intensive chronic inflammation, followed by dysregulation of chemotaxis, migration, activation and function of eosinophils. A great number of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules are involved in the regulation of these complex mechanisms. After activation, eosinophils produce and release enzymes, which can lead to the damage of mucosa and tissue remodeling. Hyperactive eosinophils release a new amount of chemokines and cytokines, attracting new eosinophils into the site of inflammation, and may cause the persistence of chronic inflammation.

Acne has different features according to different pathogenesis. Acne treatment and choice of medicine should base on etiology analysis and syndrome differentiation treatment according to different individual constitutions. The development of acne cosmetics should be guided by traditional medicine theory. The acne products should be designed according to the features of the different types: lung-heat type, accumulated dampness/heat type, phlegmstatic coagulation type, and disharmony of Chong and Conception Channels type. Composing prescriptions should follow the principle of "Principal, Assistant, Complement and Medating guide" and give full play of the advantages of the significant curative effect and less side effect of traditional Chinese medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Funnel chest is the most common chest deformity characterized by the depression of sternum and rib cartilages. In spite of the centuries-old history of pectus excavatum investigation, plenty of publications on etiology and pathogenesis and many theories on this theme no one of them is generally accepted. This article is to summarize the modern views on the etiology and pathogenesis of funnel chest.

Liver cirrhosis remains a major public health issue. Liver fibrosis leading to cirrhosis is the terminal stage of various chronic liver diseases. Inflammatory cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis. Patients with cirrhosis often have hematological abnormalities, such as anemia and thrombocytopenia, which have multifactorial etiologies. Anemia in cirrhosis could be related to bleeding leading to iron deficiency anemia or other nutritional anemia such as vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. The pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia in liver cirrhosis has been postulated to range from splenic sequestration to bone marrow suppression from toxic agents, such as alcohol. It often complicates management due to the risk of bleeding with severely low platelets. This review aimed to highlight pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis, hematological abnormalities in liver cirrhosis, and their clinical significance., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Lingas et al.)

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas, which can progress to severe AP, with a high risk of death. It is one of the most complicated and clinically challenging of all disorders affecting the abdomen. The main causes of AP are gallstone migration and alcohol abuse. Other causes are uncommon, controversial and insufficiently explained. The disease is primarily characterized by inappropriate activation of trypsinogen, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and destruction of secretory cells. According to the revised Atlanta classification, severity of the disease is categorized into three levels: Mild, moderately severe and severe, depending upon organ failure and local as well as systemic complications. Various methods have been used for predicting the severity of AP and its outcome, such as clinical evaluation, imaging evaluation and testing of various biochemical markers. However, AP is a very complex disease and despite the fact that there are of several clinical, biochemical and imaging criteria for assessment of severity of AP, it is not an easy task to predict its subsequent course. Therefore, there are existing controversies regarding diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, their effectiveness and complications in the treatment of AP. The main reason being the fact, that the pathophysiologic mechanisms of AP have not been fully elucidated and need to be studied further. In this editorial article, we discuss the efficacy of the existing diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, complications and treatment failure in the management of AP., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article., (©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Basing upon the study of conjunctive tissue frame and unstriped muscles of colon from autopsy material, as well as analysis of over 2000 clinical observations the authors set forth a new concept of etiopathogenesis of infant's chronic constipations by interpreting the functional disorders as a consequence of genetically determined status of conjunctive tissue frame. principles of conservative therapy and indications to surgery correction are considered.Key words: chronic constipation, etiology and pathogenesis, treatment, lactulose, surgical intervention, children.

Lung toxin refers to the external or internal toxic substances accumulated in the lung, resulting in physiological disorder of Zang-fu organs, and abnormal circulation of qi, blood, and body fluids. Lung toxin mainly includes phlegm and stasis toxin, obstructs lung collaterals and leads to the occult development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, which falls into the category of lung bi-syndrome in Traditional chinese medicine. This disease tends to linger, damage healthy qi, affect physique, and often presents with unfavorable prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Qian Yi stated that kidney tends to be deficient rather than excessive, a general consensus about absence of kidney excess pattern has been reached among traditional Chinese practitioners in the ancient time. However, Huangdi’s Internal Classic (Huangdi Neijing) has specifically recorded the pulses, symptoms, manifestations, and treatments of kidney excess pattern. Shenqi Wan (Kidney-qi pill) for complex pattern of deficiency and excess, which was created by Zhang Zhongjing, demonstrated morbid dampness was the main cause of kidney excess pattern. Dampness-heat and phlegm-heat is now considered as the dominant cause. In clinical practice, the principle of “treating an excess pattern by purgation” should be followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent achievements in the understanding genetic and biochemical mechanisms of the involvement of antioxidant defense enzymes in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma have been summarized and discussed in this review. We concluded that genetically determined abnormalities in the functioning of antioxidant defense enzymes may play a substantial role in the development of bronchial asthma. Variation in genes for antioxidant defense enzymes in combination with pro-oxidant effects of the environment are responsible for a imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant processes with the shift of the redox state towards increased free radical production and induction of oxidative stress in the respiratory system, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis is a common disease in the elderly. In the field of traditional Chinese medicine, the prevention and treatment of this disease is mainly from the following aspects; (1) The kidney governing the bone theory. The kidney is the congenital origin, and the kidney stores the essence, governing the bone marrow, and is closely related to reproductive, endocrine, and gonadal system. The physiology of the kidney strongly correlates with the development and the destroy of the bone. The sign of bone atrophy appears on the bone, but orgins from the kidney. (2) The relevant theory of the kidney and the spleen. The spleen is an acquired origin, and the spleen governs the transport of the essence of water and grain. The spleen-Qi transports the essence to the whole body, losses in the lung, then next arrives in the kidney. So, the spleen and the kidney can promote each other and depend on each other. It is often said that the disease is together with the spleen and the kidney. The spleen and the kidney deficiency is the main pathological change of osteoporosis. (3) Blood stasis theory. Patients with osteoporosis have organ dysfunction and meridian-Qi disorder, affecting the circulation of Qi and blood, leading to Qi and blood running sluggish, pain, and dysfunction. Blood stasis can lead to disturbance of Qi and blood circulation, so nutrients can not nourish the organ and bone, causing empty of the spleen and the kidney, which all aggravate osteoporosis. (4 while the kidney stores the essence and governs lli) The liver stagnation theory. The liver stores the blood and governs the muscle, e bone. The liver and the kidney are under the same coke, and the essence and the blood can transform mutually. The stagnation of liver-Qi leads to the stagnation of lire, which can easily bum the Yin of the liver, leading to the liver Yin deficiency. With the liver Yin and blood deficiency, no essence can nourish the bone, ultimately leading to bone atrophy. Therefore, the clinical medication should be flexible and changeable. However, it should follow the trealment of nourishing kidney and strengthening bone, invigorating spleen and benefiting Qi, activating blood to promote blood circulation, and dispering stagnated liver Qi for relieving Qi stagnation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the sixth most prevalent cancer of the gastrointestinal system but the most prevalent cancer of the biliary tract. This tumor is a highly fatal condition. The importance of early diagnosis cannot be overstated because GBC develops quietly with late detection. Several genetic and environmental variables have been associated with the onset of GBC. Cholelithiasis and chronic inflammation from the biliary tract and parasite infections are prime examples of environmental factors that significantly influence the development of GBC. Abnormal pancreaticobiliary duct junction and biliary cysts are examples of congenital causes. In the past decade, new imaging technologies and a more radical and aggressive surgical approach have improved patient outcomes and aided prolonged survival for GBC patients. This review article focuses on the epidemiology of GBC, its risk factors, and clinical characteristics., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Halaseh et al.)

ABSTRACT Introduction. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is defined in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition as persistent or recurrent deficiency (or absence) of sexual fantasies/thoughts, and/or desire for or receptivity to sexual activity, which causes personal distress. As a largely subjective experience, sexual desire may or may not be accompanied by externally observable changes in sexual behavior. Aim. Describe the models of understanding HSDD and the contributing factors to provide the basis for a diagnostic interview and guidance for care for healthcare professionals as a standard operating procedure method. Review of the literature. Results. There are several models which have been developed to describe sexual desire, although there is still no universally accepted definition or description of it. The models are generally divided into more general two-factor models (e.g., excitation-inhibition, appetitive-consummatory) or more specific multifactorial models (in which the different components of sexual activity and their interaction are delineated). The etiology of the disorder is generally considered as multifactorial. Biomedical factors like diseases, drugs, and hormones, and psychological factors like life events, sexual biography, affective state, etc., as well as interpersonal factors like partner satisfaction, communication, duration of the relationship, and sociocultural factors interact with each other and contribute to the individual experience of desire or lack or absence of desire. In analogy to the multifactorial pathogenesis the therapeutic approach is usually multidimensional and includes basic counseling, individual and couple psychotherapy, hormonal and psychopharmacological treatment. Conclusion. The standard operation procedure for HSDD in women must be based on a biopsychosocial, multidimensional, and integrative perspective. Bitzer J, Giraldi A, and Pfaus J. Sexual desire and hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women. Introduction and overview. Standard operating procedure (SOP part 1). J Sex Med **;**:**-**. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Herpes zoster in HIV/AIDS patients is characterized by high incidence, wide skin damage, intractability, long course, and high recurrence rate. It is an important opportunistic infection among HIV/AIDS patients. By summarizing clinical practice and the theories in ancient books and recent manuscripts, we argue that the key to pathogenesis is the exogenous pathogenic toxin and endoretention of damp heat, resulting in herpes in the skin. HIV/AIDS herpes zoster localizes in the liver and gallbladder, in addition to being closely related to the heart and the spleen, according to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theories. The syndrome types of HIV/AIDS herpes zoster include heat stagnation in the liver channel, spleen deficiency with dampness, qi-stagnation, and blood stasis. In this article, we discussed clinical research of HIV/AIDS herpes zoster in TCM with reference to its disease characteristics, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and syndrome differentiation, in addition to the treatment of HIV/AIDS herpes zoster patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Der Pathologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The increase of triglyceride (TG) can induce coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, pancreatitis and other diseases and is the most common inducing factor of acute pancreatitis (AP) second only to biliary tract disease and drinking. The pathogenesis of hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis (HLAP) is not exactly clear, but it may be related to the toxic effect of the increase of free fatty acids produced by TG decomposition on the pancreas itself, microcirculation disorder of the pancreas, and calcium overload. At present, non-surgical therapy is the main treatment for HLAP. The key to preventing recurrence is to reduce blood lipids, change the diet structure, and reduce weight. This study aimed to treat HLAP with modified Dachengqi decoction combined with conventional therapy, based on the "six-hollow-organs to be unblocked" theory., Methods: Forty patients with HLAP who received treatment in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Puding County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from September 2016 to August 2019 were selected and divided into a control group and an intervention group, each with 20 cases, following a random number table. The control group was treated with conventional therapy while the intervention group was treated with modified Dachengqi decoction combined with conventional therapy., Results: After treatment, the cure rate and the total effective rate were 60% and 95% respectively in the intervention group, and 25% and 75% respectively in the control group (P<0.05). The TG, serum amylase, leukocyte count, and neutrophil ratio of the two groups decreased significantly after treatment, and there was a greater decrease in the intervention group than that in the control group, with this being significantly different between the two groups. The gastrointestinal function score, total score of the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II), and the pain score of the visual analog scale (VAS) decreased markedly in the two groups after the treatment, with scores in the intervention group being significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05)., Conclusions: Modified Dachengqi decoction combined with conventional therapy has a better therapeutic effect on HLAP than conventional therapy.

In the present review we have analyzed and summarized recent literature data on genetic and biochemical mechanisms responsible for involvement of antioxidant defense enzymes in the etiology and pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. It has been shown that the mechanisms of asthma development are linked with genetically determined abnormalities in the functioning of antioxidant defense enzymes. These alterations are accompanied by a systemic imbalance between oxidative and anti-oxidative reactions with the shift of the redox state toward increased free radical production and oxidative stress, a key element in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.